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BASIC TISSUE TYPES AVASCULAR

− nourishment by diffusion through basal lamina

1. epithelium 3. muscular tissue
2. connective tissue 4. nervous tissue
CLASSIFICATIONS OF EPITHELIUM

EPITHELIUM
NUMBER OF CELL LAYERS

− sheet of cells that covers external surface o simple – 1 layer

− lines the internal surface o stratified – many layers
− the functional capabilities of each epithelial tissue type o pseudostratified – all cells attached to basement
and relate them to tissue structure membrane

MORPHOLOGY OF CELLS
FUNCTIONS
o simple squamous – flat cells
TRANSCELLULAR TRANSPORT o simple cuboidal – cells same height as width
o simple columnar – cells taller height than width
− ion and water transport across epithelia
MORPHOLOGY OF SUPERFICIAL CELLS AT FREE SURFACE
ABSORPTION (ENDOCYTOSIS)
o stratified squamous
− process of transport from an organ/ duct’s lumen to o stratified cuboidal
capillaries near epithelial basement membrane o stratified columnar
− involves movement from the apical to basolateral cell
membrane domains
− example: epithelium of the gallbladder where it serves to
concentrate bile

SECRETION (EXOCYTOSIS)

− involves transport in the other direction from the

capillaries into a lumen
− removes water from neighboring interstitial fluid or
plasma and releases it as part of the specialized aqueous
fluids in such organs

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

− apical occluding junctions necessary to maintain tight

separation of the apical and basolateral compartments of
either side of the epithelium
EPITHELIAL TISSUES IN THE BODY
PROTECTION
organ system epithelium
blood vessels circulatory simple squamous
esophagus digestive stratified
GENERAL STRUCTURE squamous
intestine/stomach/ digestive simple columnar
SPECIALIZED LAYERS gallbladder
thyroid endocrine simple cuboidal
− lines external surface skin integumentary stratified
squamous
SHEET OF CELLS fallopian tubes reproductive simple columnar
testes reproductive stratified cuboidal
− lying close to each other trachea respiratory pseudostratified
bronchioles respiratory simple cuboidal
BASEMENT MEMBRANE kidney urinary simple squamous
tubules urinary simple cuboidal
− separates epithelium and connective tissue bladder/ureter urinary transitional
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ACCORDING TO MODE/ SITE OF SECRETION

− how gland discharge its secretory products

o exocrine – into epithelial surface

SPECIALIZATIONS AT THE SURFACE OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
o endocrine – into blood
o paracrine
FREE SURFACE
ACCORDING TO NATURE OF SECRETION
− exposed to air
− specializations o serous glands – watery
o microvilli – fingerlike projections (brush border of o mucous glands – slimy thick secretions
kidney) o sero-mucous – mixed
o stereocilia – very long microvilli (vas deferens)
o cilia – actively motile processes (oviduct) ACCORDING TO GLAND CELL PARTICIPATION

LATERAL SURFACE − whether cell producing secretions are released with

secretory products
− contact with other cell
− specializations o apocrine – apical cytoplasm
o junctional complex o merocrine – cell remain intact
o zonula adherens – belt desmosomes o holocrine – entire cell discharged
o zonula occludens – tight junctions
o macula adherens - desmosomes GLANDS AND EXAMPLE
o gap junction – couples adjacent cells metabolically gland example
o lateral interdigitations – irregular finger-like simple straight tubular intestinal glands
projections simple coiled tubular sweat glands
simple branched tubular gastric glands
BASAL SURFACE simple unbranched alveolar tarsal glands
compound tubular testes
− resting on basement membrane compound tubule-alveolar pancreas
o basal lamina – type IV collagen compound saccular mammary gland
o hemidesmosomes – resemble half of desmosomes unicellular glands goblet cell
o basal plasma – membrane infoldings- ion multicellular glands salivary glands
transporting epithelia
endocrine thyroid gland
exocrine intestine
GLANDS serous parotid
mucous sublingual
sero-mucous submandibular
− epithelial tissues grow downward into underlying
connective tissue apocrine mammary
holocrine sebaceous glands

CRITERIA TO CLASSIFY GLANDS CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS

ACCORDING TO MORPHOLOGY 1. immotile cilia syndrome – genetic

2. epithelial cells tumor
o simple gland o carcinomas – malignant
– simple straight tubule, simple coiled tubule, simple o adenocarcinomas – affects glands
branched tubular, simple unbranched alveolar, and simple 3. bullous pemphigoid – autoimmune disease
branched saccular 4. acne-holocrine sebaceous glands
5. metaplasia – one type of epithelium undergo
o compound glands transformation to another type
– compound tubular, compound alveolar, compound o example: smokers (pseudostratified to stratified
tubule-alveolar, and compound saccular squamous)

ACCORDING TO NUMBER

o unicellular glands – single cell functioning as gland

o multicellular glands – many cells
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EXAMPLES