EO208 Electromagnetics (1)

Homework 2

1. (a) What is the “physical meaning” of the gradient of a scalar function V?

(b) What is the formula for in spherical coordinates?
(c) How is the directional derivative dV/dl along a certain direction ( ) related to ?
Given a scalar function

determine
(d) the magnitude and the direction of the maximum rate of increase of V at the point P(2, 1, 3),
(e) the rate of increase of V at P in the direction of the origin.

2. (a) Find the divergence of the following radial vector fields: F = aRRn.
(b) From (a), what is this divergence when n = -2?
(c)What is the geometrical definition of ‧F?
(d) Use this geometrical definition to evaluate ‧F at the origin (R = 0) when n = -2. Why is
this result inconsistent with Part (b)?

3. Cheng, P.2-29.

4.
(a) Calculate the net outward flux of through the spherical surface .
(b) What is the outward flux of through the upper-hemispherical surface (上半球面)?
(c) What is the outward flux of through the lower-hemispherical surface (下半球面)?

5. Verify the first null identity:

×(V)≡0
by expansion in general orthogonal curvilinear coordinates (u1, u2, u3).
6. A vector field .

(a) Evaluate the line integral by choosing the following path:

(0,0,0)(1,0,0)(1,1,0)(1,1,1), all along straight line sections.

(b) Use Stokes’s theorem to prove that is path-independent.

(c) F can be expressed as the gradient of a scalar function Φ(x, y, z), find this Φ(x, y, z).

7. Given the vector function A = aφ sin (φ/2), verify Stokes’s theorem over the hemispherical surface
and its circular contour that are shown in the figure below.