ICT
– Do a structured walkthrough
Programming Cycle
2nd Quarter
Program Development Life Cycle (PFLC) –
• Contains five (5) phases of program
development:
1. Analyzing
2. Designing
3. Coding
4. Debugging and Testing
5. Implementation and maintaining
application software.
5 STEPS OF THE PROGRAMMING CYCLE
Problem Analysis –
• Methodical investigation of a problem
• Separation of the problem into smaller related units
for further detailed study.
Steps:
a. Define the problem and the users
b. Determining the desired outputs
c. Determining the desired inputs
d. Determine the desired processing
e. Double-check the feasibility of
implementing the program.
f. Document analysis
Program Design –
• Selecting the best method for solving the problem.
• Involves determining the sequence of processing
steps withing individual programs; including:
– Algorithm using Pseudocoding and
flowcharting.
– Design details using algorithm, flowchart,
and Pseudocode.
a. Algorithm – A list of instructions
for carrying out some process step
by step.
b. Flowchart – A visual outline of an
algorithm in which the steps and
processes to be followed are
represented by symbols.
c. Pseudocode – An algorithm
written in normal human-language
statements to describe the logic
and processing flow of the
program.
– Determine the program logic using a top-
down approach and modularization:
Program Coding –
• Converts the steps depicted in in the program
flowchart into readable instructions that make up
the actual program.
• Can be written at machine or high-level language
(Basic, C++, Visual Basic, Java)
• Follow the syntax
– Syntax – The grammar of the programming
language. It contains rules governing the
structure and content of the statements.
Program Testing & Debugging –
• Involves running various tests, such as: desk-
checking and debugging (Called alpha testing) and
then running actual or real data to make sure the
program works.
Steps:
a. Perform desk-checking – Simply reading
through (proofreading), or manually testing
the solution design to make sure that it is
free of errors and that the logic works.
b. Debug the program – After desk-checking,
the programmer needs to compile the
source code to convert it into an object code
- Source Code – Refers to the
instructions in a programming
language.
- Object Code – Refers to the instructions
in a machine language, which is the
language of the computer.
The process of converting a source code
into an object code is called compilation.
c. Run real data
• During compilation, some errors (bugs) may be
encountered, causing the program’s failure to
produce the desired output.
• The programmer needs to go through the process of
detecting, locating, and removing these errors
(debugging) in order for the program to be able to
solve the problem at hand.
 Three (3) types of errors:
1. Syntax Error – Most common error, caused
by typographical error or failure to strictly
follow the syntax.
2. Run-Time Error – Software error that occurs
while a program is being executed, as
detected by a compiler or other supervisory
program. Most commonly occurs in numeric
calculations
3. Logic Errors – Caused by incorrect use of
control structures. These errors are much
more difficult to detect than syntax error
because the computer cannot tell an error
in logic in a program.

Program Documentation Maintenance –

• The programmer makes a detailed description on
how the program was created.
• Contains brief narrative process undergone by the
program.
Steps:
a. Prepare user documentation (printed or
online manuals).
b. Prepare operator documentation (used for
computer operators who need information
on what to do when the program
malfunctions).
c. Prepare program documentation (consists
of written, graphic, and electronic
descriptions of what program is and how to
use it).
d. Maintain program (maintenance is any
activity designed to keep the program error-
free, up-to-date, and in good working
condition).