MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES ➔ The circumference of a circle is subdivided into 400 parts called

grads.
MERIDIAN:
MIL
➔ The direction of a line is usually defined by the horizontal angle it
makes with a fixed reference line or meridian. ➔ Circumference is divided into 6400 parts called mils or 1600
mils is equal to 90 degrees.
FOUR TYPES OF MERIDIAN: ➔ Commonly used in military operations as in fire direction of
TRUE MERIDIAN artillery units.

➔ “Astronomic or geographic meridian. RADIAN

➔ Generally adapted reference line in surveying practice.
➔ Line passed through the geographic north and south poles of the
earth and observer’s position.
ASSUMED MERIDIAN
➔ Another measure of angles used frequently for a host of
calculations.
➔ 1 Radian is defined as angle subtended at the center of a circle
by an arc length exactly equal to radius of the circle.
➔ 1 radian equal 180/π

➔ Arbitrary chosen fixed line of reference, which is taken for DESIGNATION OF NORTH POINTS
convenience. TRUE NORTH
MAGNETIC MERIDIAN (COMPASS) ➔ North point of the true meridian
➔ Fixed line of reference lies parallel with the magnetic lines of force ➔ Star, asterisk, or the TN symbolizes it.
of the earth. MAGNETIC NORTH
➔ A freely suspended magnetic needle that is only influence by
Earth’s magnetic field ➔ North point that is established by means of a magnetic compass
needle when there are no local attraction affecting it.
GRID MERIDIAN ➔ Usually symbolized by a half arrowhead or the letters MN
➔ Fixed line of reference parallel to the central meridian of a system of
plane rectangular coordinates.

GRID NORTH
UNITS OF ANGULAR MEASUREMENT ➔ North point, established by lines on a map, which are parallel to a
selected central meridian.
➔ Full arrowhead or the letters GN symbolizes it.
DEGREE
ASSUMED NORTH
→ Sexagesimal system used in which the circumstances of a circle is
➔ Used to portray the location of any arbitrarily chosen north point. A
divided into 360 parts or degrees.
small blackened circle or the letters AN symbolizes it.
➔ The angle of 1 degree is defined as the angle, which requires 1/360
DIRECTION OF LINES
of the rotation needed to obtain 1 complete revolution.
➔ Basic unit; further subdivided into 60 minutes and minutes to ➔ “HORIZONTAL ANGLE” between the line and an arbitrary chosen
60 seconds. reference line called a meridian.
GRAD

➔ Unit of measure in the centesimal system.

BASIC REQUIREMENTS DETERMINING AN ANGLE

KINDS OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES

DEFLECTION ANGLES

➔ Angle between a line and the prolongation of the preceding line.

➔ Always accompanied either by “R”(CLOCKWISE) or
L( COUNTER-CLOCKWISE)

R(+) L(-)

KINDS OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES

INTERIOR ANLES

➔ The angles between adjacent line in a closed polygon.

ANGLES TO THE RIGHT

➔ Measured clockwise from the preceding line to succeeding line.

BEARINGS
CLOSED POLYGON: CLOCKWISE INETRIOR ANGLES(ANGLES TO
➔ The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle between the
THE RIGHT)
reference meridian and the line.
➔ Quadrant system is used to specify bearings such that a line may
fall under one of the following quadrants: NE NW SE and SW.
➔ Each quadrant is numbered from 0 to 90° from either the north or
south end of the meridian to the east or west end of the reference
parallel.

BEARING ANGLES

➔ From EITHER NORTH OR SOUTH of the meridian TO THE EAST

CLOSED POLYGON: CLOCKWISE INETRIOR ANGLES(ANGLES TO OR WEST end of the reference parallel.
THE LEFT)

S 35°W
FORWARD AND BACK BEARINGS

COMPUTE THE ANGLES AOB, COD, EOF AND GOH FROM THE
FOLLOWING SET OF LINES WHOSE MAGNETIC LINES ARE GIVEN.

1.) OA, N 39° 25’ E AND OB, N 75° 50’ E

2.) OD, N34° 14’ E AND OC, N35° 22’ W

3.) OE, S15° 04’ E AND OF, S36° 00’ W
4.) OG, N70° 15’ W AND OH, S52° O5’
AZIMUTHS

➔ Azimuths of a line is its direction as given by the angle BETWEEN

THE MERIDIAN AND THE LINE MEASURED in a CLOCKWISE
DIRECTION FROM EITHER THE NORTH OR SOUTH branch of
the meridian.
➔ It may range from o to 360° and letters are not required to identify
quadrants.

AZIMUTHS OBSERVED FROM NORTH

AZIMUTH: ALWAYS CLOCKWISE either from SOUTH OR NORTH.

COMPUTE THE ANGLES APB, CPD AND EPF FROM THE

FOLLOWING SET OF LINES WHOSE AZIMUTHS ARE GIVEN.

➔ AZIMN OF LINE PA = 39° 48’

AZIMN OF LINE PB = 115° 29’

➔ AZIMN OF LINE PC = 320° 22’

AZIMN OF LINE PD = 62° 16’

➔ AZIMN OF LINE PE = 219° 02’

AZIMS OF LINE PF = 154° 16’
 COMPARISON OF AZIMUTHS AND BEARINGS

AZIMUTHS BEARINGS
Vary from 0 to 360° Vary from 0 to 90°
Require only a numerical value Require 2 letters and a
numerical value
Geodetic, astronomic, magnetic, Same as Azimuth
grid, assumed, forward or back.
Measured clockwise only Measured clockwise or
counterclockwise
Measured either from North only Measure from North and South
or from South only on a
2.) AZIMN OF LINE PC = 320° 22’ AND AZIMN OF LINE PD = 62° particular survey
16’
MAGNETIC DECLINATION

➔ Or magnetic variation, the angle of the horizontal plane between

magnetic north (the direction the north end of a magnetized
compass needle points, corresponding to the direction of the Earth’s
magnetic field lines) and true north( the direction along a meridian
towards the geographic North Pole.
➔ Deflection of the needle may be eastward or westward off the
true meridian.

3.) AZIMN OF LINE PE = 219° 02’ AND

AZIMS OF LINE PF = 154° 16’

SAMPLE PROBLEM:

Assume the magnetic bearing of a property line was recorded as S 43°

30’ E in 1862. At that time the magnetic declination at the survey located was 3°
15’ W. What true bearing is needed for a subdivision property plan?
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1: TRAVERSING

➔ The act of marking the lines

➔ Means of determining the relative locations of points.

SAMPLE PROBLEM2

Assume the magnetic bearing of line AB read in 1878 was N26° 15’ E.
The declination at the time and place was 7° 15’ W . In 2000, the declination
was 4° 30’ E. The magnetic bearing in 2000 is needed.