SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY

LESSON 1: Historical Developments of Science, Technology & Society

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
- deals with learning new - creating or inventing
facts (discoveries). things that fulfill our
needs

Note: Science contributes to technology, Technology contributes to science.

Science, technology

Ancient Times
and Society

Middle Age

Modern Age

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ANCIENT TIMES

1. STONE AGE
a. Paleolithic (2.5 million years ago to 10,000 B.C.)
b. Mesolithic (10,000 B.C. to 8,000 B.C.)
c. Neolithic (8,000 to 3,000 B.C.)
2. Bronze Age (3,000 to 1,300 B.C.)
3. Iron Age (1,300 B.C to 900 B.C.)

1. STONE AGE

A. PALEOLITHIC PERIOD (Old Stone Age)

- Early human lived in caves or simple huts or tepees
- HUNTER-GATHERERS
- Used basic stone and bone tools, as well as crude stone axes for hunting.
B. MESOLITHIC PERIOD (Middle Stone Age)
- Humans used small stone tools crafted with points and attached to antlers

C. NEOLITHIC PERIOD (New Stone Age)

- Switched from hunter-gatherers to AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION

2. BRONZE AGE
- Weapons and tools for animal domestication
- Advances in architecture and art; potter’s wheel; textiles
- BEGINNING OF RELIGION
- Pyramids by Egyptians

3. IRON AGE
- Mass production of steel tools and weapons
- Metal is more precious than gold

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN “ANQUITY”

(600 through 529 BCE)
- Rise of Greek civilization
- Developed institutions such as ACADEMY, LYCEUM, AND MUSEUM
- WAR BETWEEN RELIGION AND SCIENCE (dark ages)

MIDDLE AGES
(530 through 1452)
- Use of currency replaced by BARTER
- Technological revolution took place
- Vast improvements in communication and transportation
- Poverty was endemic
- Revival of western science
- Development of Chinese philosophy

MODERN AGE
- The twentieth century witnessed the GREATEST CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY AND
SCIENCE
- GREAT DEPRESSION, WORLD WARS AND COLD WAR. THE CIVIL RIGHTS AND
WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENTS were greatly impacted
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY
LESSON 2: The Impact of Copernican and Darwinian Revolution to Society

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (PERIOD OF

ENLIGHTENMENT)
- Explained the emergence or birth of modern
Science as a result of these developments
from various disciplines of Science.

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
- Ignited Scientific revolution CHARLES DARWIN
- HE DID NOT DO ANYTHING - Changed our concept of
EXTENSIVE SUCH AS OBSERVING the world’s creation and its
HEAVENLY BODIES OR INVITING evolution.
PEOPLE TO TEST HIS IDEAS. - Used observation and test
- Used THOUGHT EXPERIMENT

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINES SOCIETY

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION / COPERNICAN HELIOCENTRISM
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION / ORIGIN OF SPECIES

1. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473 – 1543)

- Polish ASTRONOMER
- FATHER OF MODERN STRONOMY
- First modern European scientist to propose that Earth and other planets REVOLVE
AROUND THE SUN or THE HELIOCENTRIC THEORY OF THE UNIVERSE

o NICOLAUS COPERNICUS: AGAINST THE PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM

PTOLEMY / GEOCENTRIC MODEL

- Alexandrian geographer and astronomer
- GEOCENTRIC MODEL/PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM, where Earth is
the center of the Universe. Remained Europe’s accepted
cosmology for more than 1,000 years
-

o Nicolaus Copernicus Death and Legacy

- Died MAY 24, 1543, the year his major work was publishes, saving him from the outrage
of some religious leaders who later condemned his heliocentric view of the universe.
- EARLY 17TH CENTURY, GALILEO AND JOHANNES developed and popularized
Copernican theory.
- LATE 17th CENTURY, acceptance of the Copernican theory spread among non-
catholic countries
- LATE 18TH CENTURY, Copernican view of the solar system was almost
UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED.

2. CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN (1809-1882)

- British NATURALIST AND BIOLOGIST
- Known for THEORY OF EVOLUTION and UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROCESS OF
“NATURAL SELECTION”
o NATURAL SELECTION - species that successfully adapted or evolved to meet the
changing requirements of their natural habitat thrived and reproduce, while those
species that failed, died off.
- Embarked a FIVE-YEAR VOYAGE around the world on HMS BEAGLE
- In 1859, he published his landmark book ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS
OF NATURAL SELECTION
- The PACIFIC ISLANDS OF GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO IN SOUTH AMERICA were
of his particular interest.

 THEORY OF EVOLUTION // NATURAL SELECTION

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY
LESSON 4: The Impact of Freudian and Mesoamerican revolution to Society

PSYCHOANALYSIS
SIGMUND FREUD (1856 – 1939)
- A method through which an
- Austrian Neurologist analyst unpacks unconscious
- Developed conflicts based on free
PSYCHOANALYSIS associations, dreams, and
fantasies.

THEORIES
Psychoanalytic Theory by Freud was inspired by his colleague, JOSEF BREUER.
- Posited that neuroses had their origins in deeply traumatic experiences that occurred in
the patient’s past
- The original occurrences had been forgotten and hidden from consciousness.

THREE ESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE HUMAN PERSONALITY

ID
- Primitive, IMPULSIVE, AND IRRATIONAL unconscious operates solely on the
outcome of pleasure or pain.
- Responsible for instincts to sex and aggression

EGO
- “I” people perceive that evaluates the outside physical and social world and
makes the plan accordingly.
- MEDIATES BETWEEN ID AND SUPEREGO

SUPEREGO
- MORAL VOICE AND CONSCIENCE
- Violating it results in feelings of GUILT AND ANXIETY

PSYCHIC ENERGY – the id was the basic source of this energy. Libido or sexual urges
was a psychic energy that drives all human actions.
 OEDIPUS COMPLEX – Between the ages of THREE TO FIVE, a normal part of the
development process, all kids are sexually attracted to the parent of the opposite sex
and in competition with the parent of the same sex. (BOYS)
ELECTRA COMPLEX - Between the ages of THREE TO FIVE, a normal part of the
development process, all kids are sexually attracted to the parent of the opposite sex
and in competition with the parent of the same sex. (GIRLS)
DREAM ANALYSIS – People dreamed for a reason; to cope with problems the mind is
struggling with subconsciously and cannot deal with consciously. DREAMS ARE
FUELED BY A PERSON’S WISHES.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

MAYANS CIVILIZATION
- One of the famous civilizations lasted for approx. 2000 years
- MAYANS developed the technology for growing DIFFERENT CROPS and BUILDING
ELABORATE CITIES USING ORDINARY MACHINERIES AND TOOLS.
- Built HYDRAULICS SYSTEM
- HIEROGLYPHS; photographic writing system
- In Mayan mathematics, Zero (0) is supposed to be equal to infinity.

AZTEC CIVILIZATION
- Fearless warriors and pragmatic builders

OLMEC CIVILIZATION
- Does not have writing system
- RUBBER – extracted latex from rubber trees growing in the region and mixed it with juice from
morning glory wines to produce rubber.

STAGES OF EROGENOUS ZONES

- Successful completion of these stages led to the development of a healthy personality.
- FIXATION at any stage prevents completion, therefore the development is unhealthy,
fixated personality as an adult.

1. ORAL STAGE (Birth to 18 Months)

- Child become focused on ORAL PLEASURES SUCH AS SUCKING.
- Difficulties at this stage could led to an oral personality in adulthood centered around
SMOKING, DRINKING ALCOHOL, BITING NAILS, AND CAN BE PESSIMISTIC,
GULLIBLE, AND OVERLY DEPENDENT ON OTHERS.
 2. ANAL STAGE (18 Months to 3 Years)
- Focus of pleasure is on ELIMINATING AND RETAINING FECES AND LEARNING TO
CONTROL THIS DUE TO SOCIETAL NORMS.
- Fixation can lead to PERFECTIONISM OR THE OPPOSITE; MESSY AND
UNORGANIZED.

3. PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6 Years)

- Pleasure moves to the genitals.
- Boys develop an unconscious sexual desire for their mothers and fear that because of
this, their fathers will punish them by castration.
- A fixation could lead to confusion over sexual identity or engaging in sexual deviances.

4. LATENCY STAGE (6 to Puberty)

- Sexual urges remain largely repressed at this age.

5. GENITAL STAGE (Puberty onwards)

- Individual switching their interest to members of opposite sex.

NOTES:
1. MESOAMREICAN REVOLUTION – most important era in the human history.
2. PACIFIC OCEAN AND GULF OF MEXICO – two bodies of water that have close
proximity to the Mesoamerican region.
3. POTATOES AND CORN – staple foods originated from Mesoamerican region.
4. SIGMUND FREUD – famous figure in the field of psychology.
5. FREUD’S METHOD – unorthodox focuses on human sexuality and the evil nature of
man.
6. PSYCHOANALYSIS – scientific way to study human mind and neurotic illnesses.