Planning

Techniques , Tools
and their
Applications
Honesty Group 2
Lesson Objectives:

K : Identify the different techniques and tools.

S : Create planning techniques and tools.
A : Appreciate the application of appropriate
planning tools and techniques
Table of contents

01 Planning 04 Scenario
Techniques Planning

02 Forecasting 05 Benchmarking

03 Contingency 06 Participatory
Planning Planning
Planning Techniques is a method or
processes followed by planners in
preparing or evaluating their plans,
programs, and policies.

For effective planning in today’s

dynamic environment, different
techniques and tools must be
used.Here are the definition and
examples of some planning
techniques and tools.
01 Planning
Techniques
Anything - any
Forecasting
• Forecasting is the process of predicting the future by
analyzing past and present events. It helps in determining
future business operations and managerial decisions.

• Forecasting considers past performance, current trends, and

anticipated changes. Managers must consider economic,
political, and social conditions when planning operations and
organizational setups for the future.

02 Forecasting
On the basis of the definition, the following features of forecasting
can be identified:

1. It relates to future events.

2. It is needed for planning process
3. It defines the probability of happening of future events.
4. Forecasting is made by analyzing the past and present factors
5. The analysis of various factors may require the use of statistical
and mathematical tools and techniques.

02 Forecasting
Steps in Forecasting:
1. Developing the 2. Estimation of
Basis: Future Operations:
Future business Managers must use
operations data from
estimates will be systematic
determined through investigation into
systematic analysis the economy and
of the economy, industry to estimate
products, and future business
industry. operations scale,
considering planning
premises. 02 Forecasting
Steps in Forecasting:

3. Regulation of 4. Review of the

Forecasts: Forecasting Process:
Managers must After identifying
constantly compare deviations from
actual operations managers' forecasts,
with forecasts to it's crucial to review
identify deviations, the procedures used
ensuring more to improve the
realistic future forecasting method.
predictions.

02 Forecasting
Contingency Planning
• Business contingency plan is a course of action that your organization
would take if an unexpected event or situation occurs. Contingency can be:
➢ Positive- surprise influx of money
➢ Negative- fire, flood, data breach, major network failure

Contingency plans are crucial for businesses and governments to prepare for
potential threats and ensure appropriate responses are practiced before a
crisis hits.

03 Contingency
Planning
• Contingency planning can be thought as a proactive strategy while crisis
management is more of a reactive strategy.
➢ Contingency plan- helps to ensure you are prepared for what may come
➢ Crisis management plan- empowers you to manage the response after the
incident occurs.

• Contingency factors
➢ may offer alternative courses of action when the unexpected happens or
when things go wrong
➢ called “trigger points” indicate when the prepared alternative plan should
be implemented.

03 Contingency
Planning
are you?
Scenario Planning
Scenario planning involves making assumptions about the future and
identifying uncertainties in the business environment, predicting changes and
potential realities in the future.

Illustrative Examples:
a. Farmers use scenarios to predict whether the harvest will be good or
bad, depending on the weather.
b. Military institutions use scenario planning in their operations to cope
with any unlikely situations, anticipating the consequences of every
event.
04 Scenario
Planning
Scenario planning is a long-term contingency strategy that involves
identifying future states of affairs and preparing alternative plans to address
future changes or challenges.

Some examples of changes or challenges that may arise in future scenarios

are:
A. environmental pollution
B. human rights violations
C. climate and weather changes
D. earthquake damages to communities, and others

04 Scenario
Planning
Benchmarking
It refers to another planning technique that generally involves external
comparisons of a company’s practices and technologies with those of other
companies.

Its main purpose is finding out what other people and organizations do well
and then plan how to incorporate these practices in the company’s
operations.

05 Benchmarking
Planning
Techniques:
➢ External benchmarking- to achieve superior performance
➢ Internal benchmarking- to encourage employees working in different
wok units to learn and improve by sharing one another’s best practices.

Three Ways to Use Benchmarking:

1. Process Benchmarking
Understanding and optimizing processes involves comparing performance
against internal and external benchmarks, focusing on how top performers
complete tasks to enhance efficiency and effectiveness.
05 Benchmarking
Planning
2. Strategic Planning
This involves comparing strategies, approaches, and models to enhance
strategic planning and prioritize priorities, identifying strategies underpinning
successful companies and enhancing competitiveness.

3. Performance Benchmarking
Benchmarking involves comparing outcomes internally or externally,
comparing the performance of different teams, such as HR or marketing, to
gauge overall success.

05 Benchmarking
Planning
Origami
-
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Participatory Planning
• Participatory planning is:
➢ an urban planning paradigm that emphasizes involving the entire
community in the strategic and management processes of urban planning; or,
community-level planning processes, urban or rural
➢ often considered as part of community development
➢ aims to harmonize views among all of its participants as well as prevent
conflict between opposing parties

06 Participatory
Planning
➢ marginalized groups have an opportunity to participate in the planning
process
➢ a planning process that includes the people who will be affected by the
plans and those who will be asked to implement them in all planning steps.

• Positive results of Participatory Planning:

➢ Creativity
➢ Increase acceptance
➢ Understanding of plans
➢ Commitment to the success of plans

06 Participatory
Planning
Q & A (Start with "I believe" and end with " And I Thankyou")

1. What are the useful planning tools and techniques that are currently used
in many organizations?

2. Which is a better planning tool: forecasting or benchmarking?

Explain your answer.

3. How does the Planning Techniques affects our daily lives?

Thank you!