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CRPSCI 1100-Module4
CRPSCI 1100-Module4
Overview
This module features the plant cell functions, structure, and parts. It
also classifies the different plant tissues. In addition, plant different organs
were also discussed.
Objectives
Upon the successful completion of this module, you are expected to:
Pre-Assessment (Optional)
Before you proceed to the discussion section of this module, I want you to answer the
questions based on what you have learned in biology or grade school science subjects
about cell. Register first using your clsu2 email as student in the
https://www.thinglink.com. Upon clicking the answer, once it is in red colored it means
incorrect, while in white colored is the correct one. Kindly open the pre-assessment
(optional), once you are already ready.
Discussion
This section begins with the detailed discussion of the plant cells, differences between
prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells. It then moves on the presentation of the different
plant cells parts and its functions. Moreover, classification of plant tissues was also
presented. The last part of this section provides the different plant organs.
PLANT CELL
The plant cell is the basic structural and physiological unit of plants in which most
reactions characteristic of plant life occurs. Particularly, the vitally important functions
include manufacture, transport and storage of food, uptake and transport of water,
provision of structural strength, suppression of water loss and division to attain new
forms. These cells with specialized forms and functions develop from a pool of fairly
simple embryonic cells through the process of cell differentiation, forming tissues that
make up the organ and the entire plant.
1. Cell wall – the non-living portion of a cell; made up of cellulose, pectic substances
and lignins. It protects the protoplast, provides external structure and in some tissues
(e.g. bark and wood) may act as strong support to the plants (Fig.3).
Fig. 4. Nucleus
2.2.Cytoplasm – the liquid matrix of the cell with the following organelles:
Vacuoles – serve as storage reserve for water-soluble pigments, anthocyanin (blue and
red pigment) inorganic salts, alkaloids and other toxic products (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. Vacuole
PLANT TISSUE
It is an organized group of cells with common origin and functions.
Classification of Tissues
1. Meristematic tissue – composed of cells whose main function is dividing. These
cell factories occur in developing embryos in the tips of roots and stems and in the
leaves and floral primordia. They are found in three regions of the plant (Fig.6): 1.1.
Apical meristem – located at the tip of roots and stems, produces cells resulting to
longitudinal or primary growth of the plant.
1.2. Lateral meristem – located in the cambium region and is responsible for the
annual increase in plant diameter.
1.3. Intercalary meristem – found at the base of the grass leaf and internode,
and is important for regrowth after defoliation as in grazing or ratooning of rice.
2.2. Complex tissue – consists of two or more types of cells. Examples of this are the
xylem tissue and the phloem tissue, which both contain parenchyma,
collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells.
2.2.1. xylem tissue – specialized cells in plants that transport water and
minerals from the soil through the plant.
2.2.2. phloem tissue – specialized cells in plants through which carbohydrates
and other nutritive substances are translocated
2.3. Tissue system – consists of two or more tissues working together in a single
function
2.3.1. Dermal tissue system – the epidermis and bark
2.3.2. Ground tissue system – pith and cortex
2.3.3. Vascular tissue/conducting tissue - composed of the phloem and xylem
tissues.
2.3.4. Secretory tissues of plants
2.3.4.1. Those found outside the plant.
2.3.4.1.1. Nectaries - Occur on various parts of the plant. In flowers, they
are called floral nectarines and they secrete nectar that attracts
insects for pollination.
ma
Vascular Xylem Tracheids and Hollow, thick walls Xylem tubes
vessel of dead cells conduct
elements water and
minerals
Phloem Elongated living
Sieve tube cells lacking Phloem
elements nuclei; thick cell tubes
walls; sieve conduct
plates with pores sugars and
connect other nutrients
successive cells
to form sieve
Companion cells tube
Involved in
Small elongated transport by
living cells with phloem’s
nuclei; adjacent sieve tube
to sieve tube elements
elements in
phloem
PLANT ORGAN
The plant organ is next higher level of organization above the plant tissue. It is
made up of different types of tissue. The plant organs are the leaf, stem, root, flower,
seed and fruit.
1. Leaf
The leaf is a vital agricultural structure, producing plant foods on which growth
and development depend. There are 5 types of leaves; foliage leaves, budscales,
floral bracts, sepals, and cotyledons. Foliage leaves are the most prominent.
Functions:
∙ Food synthesis. Leaves manufacture food by the process of
photosynthesis. Foliage leaves do this function.
∙ Protection. This role is performed by non-foliage leaves (bud scales, floral
bracts, and sepals) through protection of vegetative and floral buds. ∙
Storage. Cotyledons or seed leaves store food that is used by seeds during
germination.
Types Of Stem:
∙ Trunk – main axis of the stem system.
∙ Branch – lateral portion of the tree and originates from the trunk or from
another branch.
∙ Shoot – composed of stem and leaves developed from the bud. ∙ Twig –
shoot that attained one year of growth and the leaves have fallen. ∙
Terminal bud – special meristem that become inactive.
∙ Spurs – short stems that bear leaves or fruits and leaves.
Modified Stems:
∙ Rhizome – An unusually thickened and horizontally growing underground
stem. example: ginger
∙ Stolon – An unusually slender and prostrate above-ground stem as in
Bermuda grass
∙ Runner. example: strawberry
∙ Tuber– example: Irish potato
∙ Bulb - a stem modified as bulb example: onion, tulip
∙ Crown – modified stem with very short internodes (ex. Pineapple, most
forage grasses
∙ Tendril – slender stem above the ground use for climbing
Fig. 16. Examples of modified stem
Internal Structure of the Stem and its Function
∙ Epidermis: Outer protective layer of the stem. It is usually one-cell thick
and often bears trichomes.
∙ Vascular bundles: Comprised of the conducting tissues, xylem and phloem.
∙ Ground tissue: Mostly parenchyma tissue that occurs in two regions in
dicots:
∙ Cortex: Ground tissue that occurs between the epidermis and the ring of
vascular tissue.
∙ Pith: Ground tissue in the center of the stem. It is specialized for storage.
Not readily discernable in monocots.
3. Root
The root is the underground vegetative organ of plants.
Functions:
∙ Roots anchor plants in the soil, holding stems upright and preventing
toppling by wind.
∙ Roots absorb the nutrients and water used by plants in photosynthesis and
other physiological functions.
∙ Modified roots have storage roles, as occurs in sweet potato where they
are the economic part of the plant. Aerial roots occur in certain species,
where they provide additional support for the plant through attachment
to physical support.
Modified Roots:
∙ aerial roots – orchids
∙ prop roots – corn
∙ storage roots – sweet potato
4. Flower
Flowers are modified or specialized leaves that enclose the reproductive organs of
seed plants. Flowers exhibit great diversity within the seed plants, which make them
of great aesthetic and taxonomic value. Of greater significance, however, is their role
in sexual reproduction and the development of seeds and fruits, which are essential
for human and animal nutrition and the perpetuation of cultivated and native plants
(Fig.19).
Kinds of flowers:
∙ Regular - all the petals are of the same size and shape
∙ Irregular - the petals are not alike in size and shape
∙ Complete - contains all the floral parts
∙ Incomplete - missing one or more of the floral parts
∙ Perfect - contains both stamen and pistil
∙ Imperfect - missing either stamen or pistil. Flowers with the stamen only
are called staminate, and those with pistil only are called pistillate. Plants
with both staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant, such as
corn, are said to be monoecious, and those with them in different plants,
such as papaya, strawberry and date palm, are said to be dioecious.
Fig. 19. Differences of complete to incomplete flower
There are many different flower structures, but all flowers have certain
structures in common. A flower is carried on a stalk called a pedicel, the apex of
which is enlarged to produce a receptacle.
The receptacle carries four types of structures: Flowers having these parts
are commonly found in dicot plants
1. Sepal- collectively called calyx
2. Petals- collectively called corolla; the calyx and the corolla are collectively
called perianth.
3. Stamens- collectively called androecium; contains the anther and filament.
4. Pistil - collectively called gynoecium; contains the stigma, style and ovary.
Cereals and grasses lack both petals and sepals. In the grass flower (called a
floret), these structures are replaced by two bracts, the lemma and palea. The
spikelets are grouped together to form the inflorescence.
5. Seed
The seed is a propagational unit of a flowering species and the economic part in
grain crops. Even though seeds of different species vary greatly in size and
structure, they all consist of embryo with associated reserves encased in a
protective seedcoat.
General parts of the seed:
∙ The seedcoat/testa - covers the seed
∙ The embryo - the young plant, including the cotyledon
∙ The endosperm - a nutritive substance which provide the embryo with energy
and raw materials for its development
6. Fruit
The fruit of a plant is its mature ovary, to which is attached a variety of
associated parts which are the residues of the floral parts.
Function:
The fruit protects the seed and aids in its dissemination. For example, the pits of
fruits such as plums will germinate and grow after an animal or a human being has
eaten the fruit and discarded the pit.
Classification of fruits:
a. Based on the origin
1. Multiple fruit - is a fruit resulting from the development of separate flowers
in a compact inflorescence. Examples: jackfruit (langka), pineapple, durian,
ficus
2. Aggregate fruit - arises from the development of separate pistils in one
flower. Examples: atis, guyabano, strawberry, ilang-ilang
3. Simple fruit - arises from a single ovary. Examples: chico, papaya
1.2. Drupe or stone fruit - derived from a single carpel, endocarp hard and
one-seeded; example, pili nut, coconut, mango, avocado, olive,
sineguelas.
1.3. Pome – derived from several carpels, receptacle fleshy, outer portion of
pericarp fleshy, inner portion papery; example, apple, pear.
Summary
✔ Plant cells vary based on structure, parts and functions.
✔ Plant tissue can be classified into meristematic tissue or permanent tissue. Each
has a specific location (roots or stem) and functions that is responsible for
growth of a plant.
✔ Plant organs are composed of root, stem, leaves, flower, fruit, and seed.
Post-Assessment
Acronym Meaning (Tagalog or English). Based on what you have learned in the
module, use the word P-L-A-N-T, and create meaning each letters. It could be a word or
phrase (example: P-roduces fruit). Each letter will be scored 2 points. The file attached
could be access by downloading it before you can edit. It is located in the assessment
activity.
.
RUBRICS: (Content = 10pts; Punctuality = 5pts)
CRITERIA 5 points 2 points O point
CONTENT Completed the The acronym
acronym used was
meaning using inappropriate
appropriate word (without
word the context of
(understandab the
le and within topic) or
the phrase and
context of the misspelled
topic) or word or phrase.
phrase and
correct
spelling.
Reference
Acquaah, G. 2002. Principles of Crop Production: Theory, Techniques, and Technology.
Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey, U.S.A.
Barden, J. A., R. Gordon Halfacre, and D. J. Parish. 1987. Plant Science. Mc Graw-Hill
Book Company.
Hartmann, H. T., A. M. Kofranek, V. E. Rubatzky, W. J. Flocker. 1988. Plant Science.
Growth, Development and Utilization of Cultivated Plants. 2nd edition. Prentice
Hall. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Hopson, J. and N. Wessels 1990. Essentials of Biology. McGraw-Hill, Inc., U.S.A.
WALTON, P. D. 1988. Principles and Practices of Plant Science. Prentice Hall.
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
Janick, J. 1972. Horticultural Science. Second Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company San
Francisco. 586pp.
Lantican, R.M. 2001. The Science and Practice of Crop Production. SEAMEO-SEARCA
and UPLB, College, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
Parker,R. 1998. Introduction to Plant Science. Delmar Publishers. Albamy, New York.
USA. 704pp