PASSIVE DESIGN

APPROACH

AC19UAR033
INFANT SHETHEK B S
INTRODUCTION:
India is a developing nation, and its economy is primarily driven by its Industrial, transport and commercial needs.
In India the fundamental requirements of buildings design are the creation of a comfortable and energy efficient internal
environment. The successful design of buildings relies on an appropriate understanding of the climatic nature of
the environment.
Consequently, buildings often have a poor indoor climate, which affects comfort, health and efficiency. The problem is
found in cooling and heating of buildings account today for high energy consumption.
The concept emphasizes architectural design approaches that minimize building energy consumption by integrating
conventional energy-efficient methods.

AIM:
To study and understand the various passive cooling and heating techniques and principles which could be popularised and
put to practice in the residential buildings towards a sustainable built environment.
THE OBJECTIVES:
1. To identify conventional energy consumption techniques for cooling and heating building. To incorporate energy saving
techniques and materials in the design
2. To provide a functional and aesthetically design buildings
3. To propose a design of building with minimum consumption of energy for cooling and heating ventilation
SCOPE
•Passive cooling and heating technique can significantly increase your comfort and reduce your energy bills.
•Passive cooling and heating technique is the least expensive means of cooling, especially in environmental terms.

METHODOLOGY
TOPIC SELECTION
2 LITERATURE STUDY
2.1 PASSIVE DESIGN
'Passive design' is design that works with the local climate to maintain a comfortable temperature in the home. Good passive
design should reduce or eliminate the need for additional heating or cooling depending on your location and often relies on an
active occupant to work properly. Passive design is a term used to encompass a wide range of strategies and options resulting in
energy-efficient building design and increased occupant comfort. The concept emphasizes architectural design approaches that
minimize building energy consumption by integrating conventional energy-efficient methods, such as building siting, an
efficient envelope, appropriate amounts of fenestration, increased day-lighting design, and thermal mass.Passive becomes very
effective with the use natural energy to conserve conventional energy for achieving thermal comfort.

2.2 PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES

Certain passive building elements have inherent synergies and can be combined to produce different and potentially greater
improvements in comfort and building energy performance. However, combining elements incorrectly or using certain elements
in isolation can negatively impact thermal comfort and building energy efficiency

2.3 PASSIVE COOLING

Passive cooling is considered an "alternative" to mechanical cooling that requires complicated refrigeration systems.
By employing passive cooling techniques into administrative building, mechanical cooling and will be eliminated or
reduced it to a minimum. Passive cooling is based on the interaction of the building and its surroundings. Before
adopting a passive cooling strategy, matching of local climate must be ensured. It is evident that the total energy
consumption of buildings for cooling purposes varies as a function of the quality of design and climatic conditions.
Passive cooling strategies prevent the building from overheating by blocking solar gains and removing internal heat
gains (e.g., using cooler outdoor air for ventilation, storing excess heat in thermal mass).
2.4 PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES

The passive cooling techniques which will aid the cooling of the buildings are as follows:

2.4.1 A) EVAPORATIVE COOLING

Evaporative cooling is a technique based on the effect of evaporation as a heat sink.

Evaporative cooling lowers the indoor air temperature by evaporating water. The cooling of
air is obtained as an amount of sensible heat is absorbed by the water and used as a latent
source for evaporation.

2.4.2 AIR MOVEMENT

Convective air movement relies on hot air rising and exiting at the highest point,
drawing in cool air from shaded external areas over ponds or cool earth. Convection
produces air movement capable of cooling a building but has insufficient air speed to
cool the occupants. Clerestory windows spin away roof ventilators, and vented
ridges, eaves and ceilings will allow heat to exit the building in nil breeze situations
through convection.
2.4.3 EFFECTS OF THERMAL MASS
Thermal mass can have a negative impact on energy performance in some cases, where there is no opportunity to
release heat into ambient air (in climates with no diurnal swing) or there is no opportunity for solar gains to be absorbed
and stored (in climates with cold temperatures and low solar incidence.

D) THERMAL INSULATION

Thermally insulating materials are poor thermal conductors that slow the rate of heat losses and gains to and from the
outside Effective thermal insulation is one of the most critical design parameters of building envelope. This reduction of
heat transfer is expressed in terms of R-value and U-Value. Minimum R-Values and maximum U- values for key building
envelope components are prescribed by current building energy standards.
Thermal insulation also impacts the surface temperature on the envelope interior, which
directly impacts thermal comfort. Interior envelope surface temperatures must remain high
enough during winter to avoid condensation and maintain occupant comfort
TYPES OF PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEMS
COOLING WITH VENTILATION

1. Comfort Ventilation. Ventilation during the day and night to increase evaporation from the skin and thereby increasing thermal
comfort.
ü Night Flush Cooling: Ventilation to precool the building for the next day

RADIANT COOLING

i. Direct Radiant Cooling: A building's roof structure cools by radiation to the night sky
ii. Indirect Radiant Cooling: Radiation to the night sky cools a heat-transfer fluid, which then cools the build

EVAPORATIVE COOLING

i. Direct Evaporation: Water is sprayed into the air entering a building. This lowers the air's temperature but raises its humidity
ii. Indirect Evaporative Cooling: Evaporation cools the incoming air or the building without raising the indoor humidity Direct Coupling
An earth-sheltered building loses heat directly to the earth
ii Indirect Coupling: Air enters the building by way of earth tubes

2.6 PASSIVE COOLING CONTRIBUTING ELEMENTS Elements that contribute to achievement of passive
cooling include the following:
1. Passive ventilation.
2. Passive evaporative cooling.
3. Thermal mass.
4. High thermal mass with night ventilation.
5. Central atriums and lobbies
6. Wind towers
7. Buffer spaces and double facades 7. Fixed/operable external shading
8. Low window to wall area ratio (S/W).
9. Nocturnal cooling.
10. Earth-tempering ducts.
11. Orientation.
12. Effective shading (including planting)
13. Green roof. 14. Green wall.
15. Landscape.
16. Ventilated exterior wall
17. Courtyard system.

2.7 PRINCIPLES OF PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES

Passive cooling techniques in buildings have proven to be extremely effective and can greatly contribute to decreasing the cooling load
of buildings. Efficient passive systems and techniques have been designed and tested. Passive cooling has also proven to provide
excellent thermal comfort and indoor air quality, together with very low energy consumption.

2.8 NATURAL VENTILATION

Natural ventilation is an important and simple technique that when appropriately used may improve thermal comfort conditions in indoor
spaces, decrease the energy consumption of air-conditioned buildings, and contribute to fight problems of indoor air quality by
decreasing the concentration of indoor pollutants It must be recognized that natural ventilation is not just an alternative to air
conditioning. Instead, it is a more effective instrument to improve indoor air quality. protect health, provide comfort, and decrease
unnecessary energy consumption. Given the great inequalities in terms of income and energy use in the world, what natural ventilation
may offer is a function of the actual needs, the characteristics of the building as well as the type of energy used, and the services
and systems employed.
NATURAL VENTILATION CONCEPT

The driving force is the first aspect to be applied which can be wind, buoyancy or a combination of both. While the second as pect is
ventilation principle used to exploit the natural driving forces to ventilate a space. This can be done by single-sided ventilation, cross
ventilation, or stack ventilation. The third aspect is the characteristic ventilation element used to realise natural ventilation. The most
important characteristic elements are wind towers, wind scoops, chimneys, double façades, atria, and embedded ducts

NATURAL DRIVING FORCE

There are only two fundamentally different types of natural driving forces available thermal buoyancy and wind

TYPES OF NATURAL VENTILATION OPENINGS

There are several types of ventilation opening but the common ones
are:

I. SINGLE SIDED VENTILATION

II. CROSS VENTILATION

Cross-ventilation is the case when air flows between two sides of a

building envelope by means of wind-induced pressure differentials
between the two sides. The ventilation air enters and leaves
commonly through windows, hatches or grills integrated in the
façades. The ventilation air moves from the windward side to the
leeward side.

STACK VENTILATION

Stack ventilation occurs where the driving forces promote an outflow from the building, thereby drawing fresh air in via
ventilation openings at a lower level. Fresh air typically enters through ventilation openings at a low level, while used and
contaminated air is exhausted through high-level ventilation openings (a reversed flow can occur during certain conditions).
Designing the outlet to be in a region of wind-induced under-pressure can enhance the effectiveness of stack ventilation.
ADVANTAGES OF PASSIVE COOLING

Adoption of passive cooling strategies in design of buildings gives the following advantages :
a) Economic: The installation of mechanical equipment means a capital cost and also the recurrent cost of energy consumed and
system maintenance.
b) Ecological/environmental: Passive buildings impose the least load on the ecosystem, consume less energy and produce less
amount of waste such as carbon emission.
c) Aesthetic: Passive buildings are more likely to be in sympathy with their environment, and more likely to increase diversity and
interest
NET STUDY
In order to see the practical use of above listed parameters in providing natural cooling in hot-dry climate regions, a residential
building of Allur village Chitapur Taluka in Kalaburagi city of Karnataka State in India have been considered. Description of house
is given below:
ABOUT THE VILLAGE ALLUR: LOCATION:
Chit Tapurs located at 17 12*N 77.08*E it has an average elevation of 403mts. The town is spread at an area of 35km. chit Tapur
taluk has borders only with other talukas of Kalaburagi district. It borders Kalaburagi to northwest, chincholi taluk to north, Sedam
taluk to the east, yadgir taluk to south east, shahpur taluk to the south and jewargi to the west. Kanga river flows in this taluk. Allur
is a small village/hamlet in Chitapur Taluka of Kalaburagi District of Karnataka state. It comes under Chitapur Taluka panchayath,
Kalaburagi division. The village is 18kms away from Chitapur Taluka. It has its own historic background. There are ancient, ruined
temples and mosques scattered in this area which probably belonged to the Rashtrakutas.
CLIMATE : Climate in this area is Hot dry climate and the village is too hot during summers. The highest day degree temperature
during summers is around 34*C – 42*C. Average temperature in January is 27*C and 29*C in February. According to 2017 weather
survey reports, the average rainfall was 410mm per year, the maximum wind speed was 20mph. the average humidity was 56% and
average pressure was 1009mb.
ARCHITECTURE:
Buildings in this village are usually constructed by stone in Islamic Architecture or Chalukya Architecture by Rashtrakutas. One of the
most significant influences on vernacular arcitecture is the micro climate of the area in which the building is constructed. Buildings in
warm climate , in contrast , tend to be constructed of lighter materials and to allow significant cross – ventialation through openings in
the fabric of the building
ABOUT THE HOUSE:
Lifestyle: Lifestyle of an area is determined by the activities performed by the people & the activities performed in context to housing.
A rural house has to incorporate a large multitude of activities within it. The activities inside & those in the surroundings of a house,
shows the life of a villager & his family members as a daily routine. The people use different spaces in the house for fulfilling their
activities. The aim of vernacular architecture was catered to large families to live under one roof & enjoy the commonly owned
facilities of the homestead.
The house is located behind Angal Basveshwara temple. The main door facing towards east .
This is one of the well-preserved houses of Allur. The façade is usually symmetrical around a central projection. The tallest and most
impressive feature of the house. There is a huge front façade made of stone and a little of wood, it acts as an entrance to the house.
There are two doors in the entrance one for the main entry to the house, and the other door is for the entry of the cows. As we proceed
towards inside, there is a central courtyard which is open to sky and as a teak wood pillar on all side. In hot dry and hot humid climates,
courtyard is the centre of the building provides a comfortable place for living. The courtyard makes a plan internally oriented and
prevents the internal spaces from solar radiations and hot-and-dusty​

winds. It always shaded throughout the day even if the building is oriented to any direction. In the evening, air temperature falls
considerably due to reradiation to the night sky. Around this courtyard we find a mezzanine floor on the either side. At one side it is
used for storing of grains and fodders for the cattles and on the either side it is used for sleeping. Central courtyard has a sloping stone
roof to face the onslaught of the torrential monsoon. A narrow corridor runs all around the courtyard connecting to the room
➢ It has an open roof space in the middle, so that the rainwater is collected within, and excess water is drained out Both the families
share separate kitchen, separate puja room separate bedroom, and one common hall, the rooms are symmetrically divided from the
padasala. In the upper floor there are eight rooms which consist of two halls and six rooms which are used mainly for sleeping and
storing grains and drying grains.
 Light and ventilation is obtained through small windows and openings. The house is made primarily of stone.
➢ The principle building material is stone and wood. The house is totally made using locally available materials accessible around
area to suit the climatic and traditions of the owner. The lime plaster is used to help to keep the insects’ away and also reflected
sunlight to reduce the heat within the house. The roof of the house is also covered with flat stones, slabs, packed with mud. The
wooden pillars support the roof. The kitchen is at the rear of the house or even a little away to keep the smoke away. There was a
separate toilet area for ladies which are placed at the rear side of the house.
➢ The unique feature of that house is that men and women share kind of respect, status and position. The whole façade is
constructed using Shahabad stone. Small windows are provided so that hot air should not enter the building. The design criteria in
this Hot Dry region are to resist heat gain & promote heat loss & increase thermal capacity because of high temperature, low
humidity, hot winds & clear sky with high solar radiation.

PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES OF THE RESIDENCE: The

Planning Concept:
It is 150 years old two-storied building. Plan of the building is simple, square and symmetrical about NorthSouth axis. The building is
functionally convenient. The main entrance is from the Eastern side. The first entry leads to Jhalaji and goes to the open courtyard.
Then it goes to main building. The plan of the building is compact. All rooms are arranged around central courtyard. Doors of all the
rooms are opened to the central courtyard. On the left side they have cattle shed which has a separate entry beside the main door and
on the right side there is a fodder store room for the cattles which has a mezzanine floor used for storage purpose.
In the first floor again, rooms were surrounded on all the four sides. Window openings were very small. Windows had a high sill level
and windows were covered with the jali works from outside. Another strong feature which makes the internal space cool is the lattice
girder or jharokha. It is a prominent element of vernacular architecture of hot dry climate. On one hand jharokha provides privacy and
it controls the airflow and lower down the temperature of internal spaces on the other, when there is sunshine outside during the day
time the internal spaces are not clearly visible from outside. However, a diffused light is spread throughout the interiors. To get a clear
outside view, a cut out is provided at eye level for the viewer on the floor. In the third floor the western side is fully co vered with the
rooms. This creates a shadow in the courtyard from the west side in the hot afternoons during summer thus creating natural co oling
effects to the rooms below where maximum activities take place.

External walls are 900 mm thick and internal walls 450 mm. Materials used for the construction of walls are stone, mud and lime mortar.
The time-lag factor of external walls is more than 12 hours. So, it absorbs the heat during daytime and release at night. Thus, it maintains
daytime comfort, but at night hours some discomfort is felt during summer because of small ventilation. Small openings are provided to
get required ventilation and to stop solar radiation, glare and dust. Roof is made with well-compacted lime surkhi on which Shahabad
stones are laid. The roof is supported by the wooden columns and rafters on which lime surkhi is compacted. The buildings function
according to seasonal changes. In summer, one feels cool and comfort inside during daytime. Courtyard and roof top are used for sleeping
as the rooms remain hot at night due to small ventilation. During winter, the heat stored in walls during daytime radiate at nights in the
rooms and provides the comfort without using mechanical system. But throughout the year the building is comfortable without using
artificial systems of cooling. At close sight, the textures of the walls and roofs in rural houses express the earthiness and simplicity of rural
lifestyles. The rural craftsman is in total control, producing a variety of textures. In areas which abound in stone, the roughhewn stone in
mud mortar with natural colours, covering a wide range, is generally left completely exposed. These wall textures have a kind of perennial
beauty in spite of the coarse finish. Where mud mortar and whitewash are used, one finds a reposeful smoothness and whiteness which
contrast with the natural strong colours of the roofing. The study of the vernacular architecture principles is not just to c opy them in the
present context but to have a better understanding of the environment, life style, tradition and culture of the society and their
influence on the built forms of the vernacular residences have evolved in response to the climate, life style and availability of the
materials and techniques specific to that region which ultimately lead to sustainability. The vernacular dwellings strongly express
that more than quantity of spaces such as variety and size it is the quality of spaces with most efficient use those matters. Sp atial
flexibility and the climate conscious design approach have been adopted in these structures which enhances the qualitative aspects of
each and individual space. The desirable thermal comfort conditions are achieved in these houses with no or minimum use of
mechanical devices. Thermal comfort is all achieved mainly due to its planning aspects in terms of its plan, elevation, sections, form
and other architectural details of the structure. The materials used and the techniques adopted may be expensive and time consuming
in the present condition but the context and relevance of these aspects in satisfying the users need is highly appreciable and the
essence of these need to be explored in modern context.
CONCLUDING REMARKS: From the case study of the above residence following are the
conclusions:

(i) The energy consumed in the residences for the thermal comfort can be reduced by the climatic consideration
of that region and by using a better degree of natural conditions.
(ii) The most important factor is the relation between the interior and exterior environment, building form,
orientation and the materials used for the construction.
(iii) Considering the sun path and the wind direction create the natural comfort in the building.
(iv) In hot dry climate the building orientation should always be north-south i.e. longer sides of the rectangle
should be facing along north and south.
(v) Landscape can also be a passive cooling technique which controls wind, solar radiation and extreme
temperature.
(vi) Along with the wind direction if a buffer space or a water body is provided then the intensity of heat is
reduced until it reaches inside. All the service areas like toilets, stairs, and stores can be provided on western
sides so that the other habitable rooms are cool.
(vii) Courtyard is the important feature of the vernacular architecture. All the rooms of the house will be
surrounded all around this rectangular opening which act as a source for natural light and ventilation and provide
shaded spaces.
(viii) Thicker walls act as a cooling technique as the intensity of heat reduces by the time it enters inside thus
providing a comfortable indoors.
(ix) The window sizes are small and the window sill is also high thus reducing the heat gain and increase the
light penetration. The ventilators are also provide very high thus it helps in removing the hot air from inside.
This paper has reviewed the passive techniques applied In Kalaburagi to achieve thermal comfort. These
vernacular houses had been constructed with some underlying principles conveyed from one generation to other,
to make it respond positively to the prevailing climatic condition. The vernacular housing has efficiently been
PASSIVE HEATING
Passive heating uses free heating direct from the sun to dramatically reduce the cost of heating your home. Passive heating is most
appropriate in mixed (temperate) or cold climate zones
Effective passive heating has 5 main elements:
•Letting the sun in to your home - solar radiation travels through glass areas exposed to full sun. Window orientation, shading,
frames and glazing type will all affect how well this process works.
•Storing the sun’s heat inside your home - trapped heat is absorbed and stored by materials with high thermal mass inside the
home. This heat is released at night when the house starts to cool down.
•Ensuring good heat distribution - heat released from thermal mass is distributed to where it is needed through good design of air
flow and convection. Direct re-radiation to areas of need is most effective, but heat can also be conducted through building
materials and distributed by air movement. Floor plans should be designed to ensure that the most important rooms (usually living
areas used during the day and evening) face north and receive the best winter solar access.
•Ensuring that heat is not lost - appropriate house shape and room layout will reduce heat loss. Heat loss occurs from all parts of
the building, but mostly through the roof. In cool and cold climates, compact building shapes that minimise roof and external wall
area are more efficient. Heat loss is further minimised with appropriate choice of windows and curtains or blinds, and well-insulated
walls, ceilings and floors.
•Ensuring that cold air does not enter your home - infiltration of cold air is minimised with airlocks, draught sealing, airtight
construction detailing and high-quality windows and doors.
PASSIVE HEATING PRINCIPLES
Passive heating design relies on greenhouse principles to trap solar radiation. Heat is gained when shortwave radiation from
the sun passes through glass, where it is absorbed by building elements and furnishings and re-radiated as longwave
radiation. Longwave radiation cannot pass back through glass as easily as shortwave radiation, so the temperature inside the
room increases.

PASSIVE HEATING TECHNIQUES

Passive heating is the spontaneous warming effect resulting from the absorption of solar radiation wherein solar energy is exploited to
induce heat flow from the affected surface to indoor air, as well as promote heat storage within the building structure.
Passive heating technique generally used in cold climates. In the climatic zones requiring indoor space heating, it may be explored to
use the following strategies:
DIRECT GAIN METHOD
Direct gain is a passive heating technique that is generally used in cold climates. It is the simplest approach and is therefore widely
used. In this technique, sunlight is admitted into the living spaces directly through openings or glazed windows. The sunlight heats the
walls and floors, which then store and transmit the heat to the indoor environment. The main requirements of a direct gain system are
large, glazed windows to receive maximum solar radiation and thermal storage mass .
II) INDIRECT GAIN
. A thermal storage wall may be placed between the glazing and habitable space which prevents solar radiation from directly entering the
living space.
• The solar energy incident on wall is absorbed by the wall and then indirectly transmitted to the habitable space over a longer time.
systems that indirectly exploit solar gains for heating the building. These systems absorb the solar radiation on the envelop e of the building
and then allow it to penetrate to the living space. The thermal mass operates like a regulator between the collecting surface and the inside.
The thermal wall (mass, Trombe or water wall), the thermal storage roof and the wall between a sunspace (conservatory) and the living
space
 GLAZED ATRIUM
This is a northem climate variant of the open courtyard a building form with a long architectural tradition in most parts of the world.
The addition of roof glazing provides protection from rain and wind, and a moderate resistance to heat flow. Usually located centrally
within a building, with the glazing mainly confined to its roof. The large area. of glazing on the envelope of these structures entails the
admission of considerable amounts of solar. The atrium temperature is higher than those of the adjoining indoor spaces but within the
comfort range; heat can flow naturally to adjoining rooms by opening doors or windows. Where the parent building is mechanically
heated such heat flow can be expected to displace conventional heating thus saving energy.

SOLARIUM (ATTACHED GREEN HOUSE / SUNSPACE)

Sunspaces are essentially used for passive heating in cold climates. This approach
integrates the direct gain and thermal storage concepts. Solar radiation admitted directly
into the sunspace heats up the air, which, by convection and conduction through the mass
wall reaches the living space. A solarium essentially consists of a sunspace, or a
greenhouse constructed on the south side (in the northern hemisphere) of the building with
a thick mass wall linking the two. The sunspace can be used as a sit-out during day as it
allows solar radiation but keeps out the surrounding cool air. At night, it acts as a buffer
space.
THERMAL STORAGE WALL
Thermal storage wall systems are designed primarily for space heating purposes. In this approach, a wall is placed between the living
space and the glazing such that it receives maximum solar radiation (generally the southern face of the building in the northern
hemisphere). This prevents solar radiation from directly entering the living space; instead, the collection, absorption, storage and control
of solar energy occur outside it. The glazing reduces heat loss to the ambient. Windows can also be integrated into the thermal storage
wall to provide light, view and some direct gain heating. Movable insulation can be applied outside the glazing façades or in the airspace
between the glazing and the storage wall to reduce heat loss at night. Shading and reflecting devices are typically placed on the exterior.
Different types of storage walls are discussed in this section.
(A) TROMBE WALL
A Trombe wall is a thermal storage wall made of materials having high heat storage capacity such as concrete, bricks or compo sites of
bricks, block and sand. The external surface of the wall is painted black to increase its absorptivity and is placed directly behind the
glazing with an air gap in between. Solar radiation is absorbed by the blackened surface and is stored as sensible heat in the wall. In an
unvented wall, the stored heat slowly migrates to the interior, where it heats the adjacent living space. If properly designed, the wall can
provide adequate heat to the living space throughout the night. Some of the heat generated in the air space between the glazing and the
storage wall is lost back to the outside through the glass. The hotter the air in the airspace, the greater is the heat loss. This heat loss can
be reduced by venting the storage wall at the top and bottom. Such units are called as 'vented Trombe walls.
(C) TRANSWALL
Transwall is a thermal storage wall that is semi-transparent in nature. It partly absorbs and partly transmits the solar
radiation. The transmitted radiation causes direct heating and illumination of the living space. The absorbed heat is
transferred to the living space at a later time. Heat loss through the glazing is low, as much of the heat is deposited at
the centre of the Transwall ensuring that its exterior surface does not become too hot. Thus, the system combines the
attractive features of both direct gain and Trombe wall systems.
A Transwall has three main components:
• Container made of parallel glass walls set in metal frame.
• Thermal storage liquid, which is generally water.
• A partially absorbing plate set at the centre of the Transwall, parallel to the glass walls.

IV)THERMAL CHIMNEYS
This system is a kind of modified trombe wall that is incorporated into the roof.
A thermal chimney is essentially a collector panel with minimum thermal inertia on the south facade of the building.
It absorbs incident solar radiation and heats up the air inside the space.
A thermal chimney employs convective currents to draw air out of a building. By creating a warm or hot zone with an exterior exhaust
outlet, air can be drawn into the house ventilating the structure.
Sunrooms can be designed to perform this function. The excessive heat generated in a south facing sunroom during the summer c an be
vented at the top. With the connecting lower vents to the living space open along with windows on the north side, air is drawn through
the living space to be exhausted through the sunroom upper vents. (The upper vents from the sunroom to the living space and any side
operable windows must be closed and the thermal mass wall in the sunroom must be shaded.)

ISOLATED GAIN
In isolated gain systems, the solar radiation collection and storage are thermally isolated from the living spaces of the building. This
allows in a greater flexibility in the design and operation of the passive concept. The most common example of isolated gain is the
natural convective loop. In this system, solar radiation is absorbed to heat air or water. The warm air or water rises and passes through
the storage, transferring its heat. The cooler air falls onto the absorber to get heated up again. Thus, a 'thermos phoning heat flow
V) SUNSPACES/SOLARIA
It is an integration of direct gain and thermal storage concepts.
Sunspace types according to the type of partition between the sunspaces
• Solar radiation admitted into the sunspace heats up the air, which by convection and conduction through the mass wall reaches the
habitable space.
It essentially consists of a greenhouse constructed on the south side of the building with a thick mass wall linking the two.
Sunspace types according to the type of partition between the sunspace and the adjacent room: T1-sunspace with a thermal storage wall
and a direct system; T2-sunspace with a transparent partition; T3-sunspace with a thick thermal storage wall: T4- sunspace with a
Trombe wall

PASSIVE DAYLIGHTING
Passive daylighting is a strategy used in building design to maximize the use of natural daylighting as a source of illuminat ion in a
building without relying on active or mechanical systems like electric lighting or HVAC (heating, ventilation, air conditioning).
Passive daylighting design principles focus on the orientation, size, and location of windows, sky lighting, and other openings in
building to optimize the amount of natural light that enters the space. It also involves the use of shading devices, such as overhangs, fins,
louvers, and blinds, to reduce glare and direct sunlight during certain of the day.
PASSIVE DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
Every building is different, which is why architects customize passive daylighting strategies based on the building’s locatio n and its
intended use. The goal of daylighting is to collect enough daylight in the summer to turn off electric lights and collect as much as
possible in the winter to help heat the building.
BUILDING ORIENTATION.
 Light direction is important. Light that comes from the south is usually best for daylighting as sunlight is consistent throughout
the day and year. This orientation can also be used for solar heat gain. Light that comes from the north is the next best, as the
sunlight is as consistent as the south, just in a lower quantity. Light that comes from the east and west should be avoided if
possible. Sunlight at these orientations is harsh, it only occurs during half the day, and the height of the sun changes throughout
the year, making sunlight harder to control. Architects design buildings so that the rooms that require the most daylight (like front
entrances) face north or south, while rooms that require less daylight (like storage rooms) face east or west.
 WINDOWS.
 To bring as much light into the building as possible, architects use windows with tall head heights. They can also use uniform
windows (horizontal ribbon windows) across the entire façade to light the space evenly. HMC Architects used this technique when
we designed the Frontier Project. We also used bilateral window placement–windows facing each other from opposite or adjacent
sides–to light the entrance from every angle.
SKYLIGHTS.
 Skylights allow daylight to enter from above, which is useful in spaces at the center of the building where light from
windows can’t reach. As with windows, uniform skylight spacing results in uniform lighting. Architects can also place skylights
high above the floor, allowing the light to diffuse before it reaches the ground.
 CLERESTORIES.
 Windows that are high above eye level, or clerestories, can light up an entire room. Architects usually combine clerestories with a
reflective roof material or paint. The light enters through the clerestories and reflects off the roof, spreading very diffuse light
around the room below.
 EXTERNAL SHADING SYSTEMS.
 At certain times of the day at each orientation, the light will be too bright and may produce a strong glare inside
the building. To prevent this, architects design custom external shading systems to protect windows and other
transparent openings. These systems usually include a combination of horizontal and vertical elements, but vary
depending on the geographical location, climate, and building orientation.
 LIGHT SHELVES.
 A reflective horizontal shelf placed above windows reduces glare and directs light deeper into the space.
SOLAR TUBES.
•These channel sunlight from the roof through a narrow opening. During the day, they look like ordinary ceiling lamps, but they
are powered by the sun rather
•electricity. These work well when placed directly above desks, where people need plenty of light.
LIGHT WALL COLOURS.
•Light, reflective paint helps light to bounce around the room and makes the space feel brighter.
PARAMETRIC MODELLING, DAYLIGHT SIMULATION, AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI).
•Modern architecture firms use parametric software to generate optimized daylighting strategies for buildings. Daylight
simulation software analyzes the building geometry and calculates the anticipated daylighting levels throughout the building at any
given time of year. AI is the latest development, and its potential yet to be seen, but it is capable of synthesizing massive data sets in
seconds to automatically generate a solution, then learn from the solution to create a more efficient solution.

NET STUDY
Passive Heating Systems: A Case Study in a Brazilian Mountainous Region
Introduction
Over the last decades several studies have focused on developing, during the early building design stage, a systematic approach
adapted to human requirements and prevailing climatic conditions. Attempts have been made to define the appropriate building
design strategies for a given region according to their climate and specific needs. Olgyay , in the 1960s, was the first to propose
this systematic approach of bioclimatic building design. His method was based on a “bioclimatic chart” showing the human
comfort zone in relation to the dry bulb temperature (vertical axis) and relative humidity (horizontal axis). The effects of mean
radiant temperature, wind speed and solar radiation were also considered. Afterwards, bioclimatic charts based on typical
psychrometric charts were developed by Givoni . More recent works included the control potential zones and the graphical
design tool involving comfort triangle charts thermal comfort can be defined as the “condition of mind which expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment”. Furthermore, user’s thermal comfort sensation is a cognitive process which depends
on several circumstances apart from the air temperature. However, even though climates and cultures differ around the world,
the indoor air temperature selected by people under the same conditions (relative humidity, air velocity,
physical activity, among others) is very similar “during hundreds of years man has developed some constructive techniques to
obtain the internal comfort considering the local climatic conditions, the available materials and other conditions relating to
culture”. The result of this global effort was the creation of a sustainable (or bioclimatic) architecture concept, which refers to
an alternative method of construction in which passive technologies are utilized with the aim of improving energy efficiency
based on the use of the local climate conditions. The bioclimatic design benefits from the climate to bring its occupants as
close to the comfort conditions as possible. It is necessary to use several strategies adapted according to the season,
disposition of buildings (orientation related to the sun and wind, aspect ratio), space (site planning), air movement,
openings (size-position, protection) and the building envelope (walls, construction material-thickness, roof construction
detailing) . In summer, for example, it is necessary to cool the building using intensive ventilation (cooling strategy). On the
other hand, in winter, it is important to benefit from the solar contributions and to be protected from the cold (heating
strategy). The objective of this research was to develop construct and test a passive heating system in a residence located in
the Brazilian city of Petrópolis, a mountainous region with a humid subtropical climate and a rigorous winter. Considering the
limited quantitative studies available for the Brazilian climatic conditions, this approach becomes extremely relevant in ord er
to highlight the importance of the bioclimatic design. The proposed objective was achieved with the installation of a prototype
system in a room of the residence studied, which was monitored by measuring and analyzing a series of parameters such as air
temperature, relative humidity and absolute pressure. The results were then compiled and compared to an adjacent room in
which no heating system was installed. The main contribution of this research was the development and validation of a
practical solution to reduce thermal discomfort in the internal environment, mitigating the need for major interventions. In this
way, the system was proved to be technically feasible, which allows its future application on a large scale. Following
this introduction, this paper is structured into four additional sectors. Section 2 presents the conceptual background of the
research based on a literature review, which culminates in research questions development. Section 3 describes the details of
the research methodology procedures. Section 4 presents research findings and discusses the implications of the study results.
Finally, Section 5 summarizes the study conclusions, as well as exposes work limitations and directions for further research

CONCEPTUALBACKGROUND
Architecture has the mission to protect humans from external undesirable conditions, providing a comfortable and
functional indoor habitat. In turn, bioclimatic architecture proposes to solve these issues using strategies that take
advantage of local climatic conditions, trying to reduce to the maximum the use of equipment powered by electricity or any
other kind of fuel. Thus, thermal comfort and the use of passive systems to solve this problem are directly linked to
sustainability and cost reduction. In fact, once buildings begin to use passive heating or cooling systems.
METHOD AND MATERIALS
The current case study adopts a quantitative methodological approach in order to increase research reliability. The first step was the
selection of the ideal site for the study. The Brazilian city of Petropolis, located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, was chos en because it
presents a favorable climate for the use of passive heating systems, since it presents summers with mild temperatures and strict
winters, with average temperature of 10 °C in the coldest months. The second step was the selection of the building to be studied.
The residence has three floors built in masonry and wooden windows and doors. The third step of the research was the selection of
the rooms where the measuring points were installed. In this sense, a solar chart was developed to identify the trajectory of the
incident sun on the vertical surfaces of the residence, so that it was possible to determine the façades with higher solar incidence
during the day, mainly in the afternoon, taking advantage of this resource to the maximum. Then, two adjacent rooms were chos en,
both located on the same facade, which receives more sunlight. presents the two selected rooms. The room marked in blue did not
receive a heating system, while the room marked in pink was chosen to receive the intervention proposed by this study. After
choosing the rooms to be studied, the fourth step was to identify the best passive heating system to be used in this case study. An
analysis of the constructive parameters of the building was made and it was observed that the major problem came from air
infiltration through windows without adequate sealing.
greenhouse system as the most appropriate for this situation, because in
addition to storing the heat from the sun, this system prevents the infiltration
of air, since a perfect seal of the internal and external environment is
performed, minimizing the heat losses in the night, which is the biggest
problem faced by the residence, thus responding to . In this way, the system
will contribute to the thermal comfort of the residence, as well as to the well-
being of its residents. The fifth step was the development of a prototype that
would maximize the occurrence of the greenhouse effect in the room. For
this purpose, a glass box of 1.33 m long by 1.15 m wide and 0.15 m thick
was constructed, presenting an air volume of 0.23 m3. This glass box
consists of an aluminium structure that supports six millimetres thick glass
plates, around a window oriented to the facade with greater solar incidence
during the day, causing the desired greenhouse effect. After the prototype
installation, two measurement points were selected (white circles), one in
each room,
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
After 24 hours of measurements, a set of indices was obtained for air temperatures, relative humidity and absolute pressure in
each studied room. These two last parameters did not present significant variations; however, the air temperature did indeed
vary considerably, Readings were performed in each room with windows and doors closed. The air temperature in the external
environment was also checked hourly, in order to allow comparison and verification of the system effectiveness. The
instrument used in the measurements was the thermal stress meter, model AK887, brand AKSO, and readings were carried out
on May 4, 2019, which corresponds to half of autumn in the southern hemisphere. The analysis of Table 1 shows that Room 1,
which received the passive heating system, remained warmer than the external environment throughout the measurement
period, while Room 2, which received no intervention, presented lower temperatures than the external ambient, resulting in
thermal discomfort for its occupants. Thus, through the analysis of Table 1 last column, it is possible to observe that the glass
box implementation around the window in order to reduce heat loss through air infiltration and increase solar energy capture
promoted a constant positive difference in the air temperature between the environments with and without the heating system.
This can be especially verified between 12:00 and 15:00, when the solar incidence on the façade of the building reaches its
maximum value. presents the air temperature variation in the external environment and in Rooms 1 and 2.
CONCLUSIONS
The evolution of the built environment is intrinsically related to the efficient use of energy, and an increasing number of
scholars have been devoting themselves to the study of new materials and techniques that can reduce the need for energy
resources without causing thermal discomfort in its occupants. This phenomenon indicates that there is a growing consensus
on the relevance of the construction sector as a promoter of sustainable practices, since it accounts for a considerable share of
global energy consumption. In this sense, the research findings not only significantly increase the existing body of knowledge
on energy efficiency, but also provide practical support for the selection of passive heating systems in regions with a humid
subtropical climate and a rigorous winter. This study successfully answered the three research questions providing practical
implications for engineers, architects and researchers. The environment was analysed, and it was concluded that there was
permeability between the internal and external environment, enabling air infiltration and preventing solar heat retention. A
greenhouse system was then selected since it stores the incident solar energy in the window during the day while it stops the
infiltration of air, allowing to retain the heat and to warm the room. A prototype was then built and installed in one of the
rooms of the residence, while another remained without interventions. After 24 hours of measurements, it was concluded that
the passive heating system installed effectively promoted an increase in the air temperature, providing greater thermal comfo rt
to its occupants. This research is subjected to some limitations that should be considered, and some may serve as a stimulus
for future work. The research design provides a snapshot of a specific room, in a specific residence and in a specific climate;
therefore, further studies could test the system applicability in different locations. The research findings are also clearly limited
in terms of sample size. Although 24 hours is considered an acceptable period of time, generalization of results should be do ne
with caution, since it does not represent all possible climatic variations. A more extensive sample should be considered in
future studies to overcome this problem. Associated with this limitation is the fact that the orientation of the sample was done
in a partial way. In fact, rooms located on the diametrically opposite facade to those selected may present different results , but
the investigation of these differences was not included in the scope of the article. For future research, it would be also
interesting to examine the behavior of the studied environments during the winter, since this study was realized in autumn.
Finally, current research can be extended in several directions; however, it is important to emphasize the need to invest in
better sealing projects since an improvement in the window frames performance can minimize the need for passive heating
systems.
CONCLUSION:
passive cooling and heating technique is the bare minimum costly method for cooling and heating of a home in both natural
and money terms.passive cooling needs to cool both the building and the people in it. whereas passive heating needs to
maintain the temperature inside the building during winter season. Both these techniques maximise the efficiency of the
building envelope. These techniques use natural form of ventilation. Placing appropriate windows and glazing to minimise
unwanted heat gains and maximise ventilation, effective shading including planting. Adequate levels of appropriate insulation
and thermal mass construction will increase the building efficiency.
Use of light-coloured roofs and walls to reflect more solar radiation and reduce heat gain Air movement is the most important
element of passive cooling and heating. Elevated structures can increase exposure to breezes. Moderate south facing glass
areas are required for cross ventilation and day lightning

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