LEA MAE J.

MEJIDO BSED -1A ENGLISH GEC 6 – Readings in Philippine History

INSTRUCTOR: Ms. Pave Love Manalili Cabundoc
REVOLTS AND REVOLUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES

 began in 1896 and really ended only in 1901.

 At first it was a war of independence against the SPAIN.
 After the discovery of the katipunan, Bonifacio gathered his men in the hills of
balintawak.
 August 26, 1896, the fiery Bonifacio stopped all the talking. “there is no other
way,” he told them, “enough is enough!”
 Causes of the Revolution
 the abuses of Spanish officials and priests
 Persecution of Filipino leaders who defended the rights of their fellow
countrymen
 Filipinos desire to regain their indindependence
 Discovery of the Katipunan and Bonifacio’s call for revolution

The Discovery of the Katipunan

Father Mariano Gil was the parish curate of Tondo Manila. He was one of the friars who
had earlier warned the Spanish civil authorities about the existence of a secret society.
He immediately rushed to the headquarters of the Manila Police.

The Cry of Pugadlawin

 Bonifacio wanted the wealthy Filipinos to help finance the Katipunan in its
struggle to free the country from Spain .He ordered some of his trusted men to
approach the rich Filipinos Like Francisco Roxas.Some refused to help the
Katipunan, with a few exceptions like the physician Dr. Pio Valenzuela.
 Bonifacio decided to move to Balintawak.He ordered his “Runners” to inform all
Katipuneros that there would be a meeting in Balintawak with about 500
Katipuneros.
 This event which happened on Aug 23,is known as the Cry of Pugadlawin.It
symbolized the determination of the Filipinos to fight for independence even unto
death.

The Fighting Begins

 Bonifacio advised his men to retreat to another sitio called Pasong Tamo. The
rebels, believing their weapons were inferior to those of the civil guards, also
retreated towards Balara, From here they proceeded to Marikina and on to
Hagdang Bato. On Aug 28,Bonifacio issued a manifesto telling the people to take
up the Filipino cause.He also set the attack on the city of Manila for Aug 29,1896
Martial Law
 The first shots of the Philippine Revolution were fired the next day between
several Katipuneros and a patrol of Spanish civil guards. That happened in the
sitio of Pasong Tamo in Kalookan. However, the first real battle of the revolution
took place on August 30, 1896. Bonifacio, with about 800 Katipuneros, attacked
the Spanish arsenal in San Juan del Monte, which is now the municipality of San
Juan in Metro Manila. The Spaniards were outnumbered and weak. But
reinforcements turned the tide in their favor. The Katipuneros were forced to
retreat. They left more than 150 Katipuneros dead and many more captured.

 The revolution spread to several Luzon provinces nearby. This prompted

Governor-General Ramon Blanco to place the first eight provinces to revolt
against Spanish sovereignty under martial law. They were Manila, Laguna,
Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija.
 Governor-General Blanco also included in the decree the condition that anyone
who would surrender within 48 hours after its publication would not be tried in
military courts. Some Katipuneros were duped into surrendering, only to be
subjected to torture. Due to torture, some Katipuneros revealed the names of
some of the other Katipuneros.
 Hundreds of suspects were arrested and imprisoned. Those from the provinces
were brought to Manila. Fort Santiago became so crowded that many Filipinos
who were thrown there for suspicion of involvement in the revolution were
suffocated to death. Hundreds of heads of families were transported to the
Carolines or to the Spanish penal colony in faraway Africa.

 The greatest victory in battle of the Filipino was won by Emilio Aguinaldo in the
battle of Binakayan, Cavite on November 9 to 11, 1896
 The Filipinos freedom fighters fought with crude weapons; bolos, clubs, stones,
bamboo spears, old muskets, and homemade guns (paltik).

Emilio Aguinaldo
 At 17 years old, he was elected a barangay head (cabeza de barangay)
 At 26 years old he became the captain (municipal mayor) of Kawit, like his late
father
 He was also elected as a President of the first Revolutionary Government by the
Tejeros Assembly
 On November 1, 1897, Aguinaldo was again elected President of the Biak-na-
bato Republic.
 On June 23, 1898 to January 23, 1899 he became president of the second
revolutionary Government.
 January 23, 1899 he became president of the first Philippine Republic
 President Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans at Palawan, Isabela on
March 23, 1901.He surrendered and the Philippine became a colony of the
United states

Hilaria del Rosario-

 The first wife of Monte Christo Oct. 12, 2016 17 likes. 27,628 views Aguinaldo.
They had seven children.
 After his first wife died, he married Maria Agoncillo.
 President Aguinaldo died at the Veterans Hospital in Quezon City on February 6,
1964, at the age of 95.
 His mansion at Kawit Cavite is now a national shrine.
  Melchora Aquino
 Melchora’ Aquino de Ramos (January 6, 1812 – March 2, 1919) was a Filipina
revolutionary who became known as “Tandang Sora” (“Elder Sora”) because of
her age.
 She is also known as the “Grand Woman of the Revolution” and the “Mother of
Balintawak” for her contributions.

Rizal Execution

Tejeros Assembly
 On March 22, 1897, the Magdiwang and Magdalo councils met once more, this
time at the friar estate house in Tejeros, a barrio of San Francisco de Malabon.
This convention proved even stormier than the Imus meeting and, as in Imus, the
declared objective of the meeting was not even discussed.
 According to Jacinto Lumbreras, a Magdiwang and first presiding officer of the
Tejeros convention, the meeting had been called to adopt measure for the
defense of Cavite. Again this subject was not discussed, and instead, the
assembled leaders, including the Magdiwangs, decided to elect the officers of the
revolutionary government, thus unceremoniously discarding the Supreme
Council of the Katipunan under whose standard the people had been fighting and
would continue to fight.

Another Meeting at Tejeros

 Aguinaldo, who was at Pasong Santol, a barrio of Dasmariñas, was notified the
following day of his election to the Presidency. At first, he refused to leave his
men who were preparing to fight the enemy, but his elder brother, Crispulo
Aguinaldo, persuaded him to take the oath of office, promising to take his place
and would not allow the enemy to overrun the place without dying in its defense.
Aguinaldo then acceded to his brother’s request and proceeded to Santa Cruz
del Malabon (now Tanza), where he and the others elected the previous day,
with the exception of Bonifacio, took their oath of office.
 Meanwhile, Bonifacio and his men, numbering forty-five, again met at the estate-
house of Tejeros on March 23. All of them felt bad about the results of the
previous day’s proceedings, for they believed that anomalies were committed
during the balloting. Convinced that the election held was invalid, they drew up a
 document, now called the Acta de Tejeros, in which they gave their reasons for
not adopting the results of the convention held the previous day.

 From Tejeros, Bonifacio and his men proceeded to Naik in order to be as far as
possible from Magdalo men who, they thought, were responsible for the
commission of anomalies during the Tejeros election. Aguinaldo, wanting to bring
back Bonifacio to the fold, sent a delegation to him to persuade him to cooperate
with the newly constituted government. But Bonifacio refused to return to the
revolutionary fold headed by Aguinaldo.

The Naik Military Agreement

 Bonifacio’s anger over what he considered an irregular election and the insult
heaped on him by Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, rankled for long. At Naik, they drew
up another document in which they resolved to establish a government
independent of, and separate from, that established at Tejeros. An army was to
be organized “by persuasion or force” and a military commander of their own
choice was to take command of it.

 Among the forty-one men who signed it were Bonifacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio del
Pilar and Severino de las Alas. The document posed a potential danger to the
cause of the Revolution, for it meant a definite split in the ranks of the
revolutionists and an almost certain defeat in the face of a united and well-armed
enemy.

The Execution of Bonifacio

Andres Bonifacio and his death.

 Andres Bonifacio and his brother were found guilty despite insufficient evidence
to prove their alleged guilt and recommended to be executed. The Bonifacio
brothers were executed on May 10, 1897 in the mountains of Maragondon.
Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio’s death demoralized many rebels from
Manila, Laguna and Batangas who had come to help those in Cavite, and caused
them to quit. In other areas, some of Bonifacio’s associates like Emilio Jacinto
never subjected their military commands to Aguinaldo’s authority.
The Biak-na-bato
 Maragondon, Cavite, became the new rebel capital after the Spanish forces had
captured Naic. However, many of the Spanish soldiers had just arrived from
Spain and they suffered greatly from the tropical climate.
 General Camilo de Polavieja requested that he be relieved as governor-general.
On April 23, 1897, he was replaced by former governor-general of the
Philippines, Fernando Primo de Rivera. Against Primo de Rivera, Aguinaldo and
his men were forced to retreat to Batangas Province by Spanish forces.
 The Spaniards gained control of practically the whole of Cavite. Thus, Primo de
Rivera extended a decree granting pardon for those Filipinos surrendering
beyond the initial deadline of May 17. There were some Filipinos who took
advantage, but the others continued their fight.

The Biak-na-bato Republic

 After the death of Bonifacio, the revolutionary went from bad to worse for the
filipinos.
 Lasted only a short time, from November 1 to December 30, 1897. •
 Aguinaldo was again elected as President of the biaknabato Republic

Pact of Biak-na-Bato
 The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on December 14, 1897, created a truce
between Spanish colonial Governor-GeneralFernando Primo de Rivera and the
revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution.
Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were given amnesty and monetary
indemnity by the Spanish Government, in return for which the revolutionary
government would go into exile in Hong Kong. Aguinaldo had decided to use the
money to purchase advance firearms and ammunition later on return to the
archipelago

The Failure of the Truce

 The death of Bonifacio was a turning point in the Revolution. The stewardship of
the Revolution was left to Aguinaldo and the elite. But the Filipinos and the
Spaniards faced a long haul. Aguinaldo’s troops were being routed in Cavite
and, thus, his revolutionary government moved to the more secluded Biak-na-
Bato in Bulacan. At this time, Aguinaldo’s commitment to the revolutionary cause
became suspect. His military advisers persuaded him to issue a declaration that
his Biak-na-Bato government was willing to return to the fold of law as soon as
Spain granted political reforms. These reforms included the expulsion of the
hated Spanish friars and the return of lands they appropriated from the Filipinos;
Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes; freedom of the press and religious
tolerance; equality in treatment and payment for both peninsular and insular civil
servants; and equality for all before the law. This pronouncement by Aguinaldo
proved that he and the ilustrados were willing to return to the Spanish fold
provided there were reforms and the ilustrado interests were met.

 The standoff in the battlefield prompted both sides to agree to an armistice. The
Truce of Biak-na-Bato stipulated that Spain would pay financial remuneration to
the Filipino revolutionaries in exchange for the surrender of arms and the
voluntary exile abroad of Aguinaldo and the other leaders. Toward the end of
December 1898, Aguinaldo and the other revolutionary leaders went into
voluntary exile in Hong Kong and they were given the initial sum of 400,000
pesos, most of which were deposited in a Hongkong bank and used later on to
purchase more weapons. Distrust on both sides resulted in the failure of the
truce. Both sides were only biding time until they could launch another offensive.

In the fall of 1896, Filipino nationalists revolted against the Spanish rule that had
controlled the Philippines since the sixteenth century. Led by Emilio Aguinaldo
(1869-1964), the 1896 revolt carried the Filipinos to an anticipated war with
Spain and an unanticipated war with the United States. Historians suggest that
the roots of the Philippine revolution began with building of the Suez Canal in
1869. With access to Europe, Filipinos were exposed to new ideas about
freedom and returned home questioning Spanish rule. In 1872, there was a
small revolt in the Cavite Province which launched the revolutionary cause.

Twenty years after the 1872 revolt, Filipino nationalists began to organize
secretly. In 1892 Jose Rizal founded Liga Filipina, and in 1895 Andres Bonifacio
organized the Katipunan, a fraternal brotherhood of Filipino nationalists
committed to independence. Emilo Aguinaldo joined the Katipunan in 1895 and
became its leader in the Cavite Province. Once initiated, Aguinaldo became
known as Magdalo, named after Mary Magdalene. In 1896 the armed struggle
began in Manila and quickly spread throughout the country. Aguinaldo defeated
Spanish forces in several battles and rose to become the leader of Katipunan.
Aguinaldo had Bonifacio arrested and executed in 1897.

When the United States and Spain went to war over Cuba, the Philippines joined
the side of the U.S. On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared the independence of
the Philippine islands, and in January 1899 he became the president. While the
Filipinos believed that a U.S. defeat of Spain would lead to a free Philippines,
the U.S. refused to recognize the new government. Outraged by the betrayal,
the Philippine republic declared war on the United States. Emilo Aguinaldo, after
fighting with the U.S. against Spain, was captured by the U.S. military in 1901
and declared allegiance to the United States. By the end of the Philippine War in
1902, more 40,000 Filipinos and 4,000 American soldiers were dead.
 Quiz: (20 pts.)

 What can you say about Philippines Revolution?

 What was the cause of the Philippines Revolution?