DN XUT HALOGEN CA HIDROCACBON

I/ KHI NM, PHN LOI 1. Khi nim: Khi thay th mt hay nhiu nguyn t hiro trong phn t hirocacbon bng cc nguyn t halogen ta c dn xut halogen ca hirocacbon, thng gi tt l dn xut halogen. V d: CH4 CH2 = CH2 C6H6 Hidrocacbon CH3Cl CH2 = CH Cl C6H5Br Dn xut halogen 2. Phn loi: a) Da vo gc Hidrocacbon: + Dn xut halogen no, mch h VD: CH3Cl; metyl clorua + Dn xut halogen khng no, mch h VD: CH2 = CHCl: vinyl clorua + Dn xut halogen thm VD: C6H5Br phenyl bromua b) Da vo bc C lin kt vi nguyn t halogen VD: CH3 CH2Cl; CH3 CHCl CH3; (CH3)3CCl II/ TNH CHT VT L iu kin thng cc dn xut ca halogen c phn t khi nh nh CH3Cl, CH3Br, l nhng cht kh Cc dn xut halogen c phn t khi ln hn th lng, nng hn nc (v d: CHCl3, C6H5Br...) hoc nhng dn xut polihalogen c phn t khi ln hn na th rn (v d: CHI3). Mt s dn xut hal c hot tnh sinh hc cao, nh: DDT (cht dit cn trng), CF3 CHClBr (Halotan: cht gy m khng c) III/ TNH CHT HO HC 1. Phn ng th nguyn t halogen bng nhm OH: t CH3CH2OH + NaBr CH3CH2Br + NaOH t R - OH * TQ: RX + NaOH + NaX 2. Phn ng tch hiro halogenua:
0 0

VI/ NG DNG: 1. Lm nguyn liu cho tng hp hu c a) Cc dn xut clo ca etilen, butaien lm monome tng hp polime: Vinylclorua tng hp c poli(vinyl clorua) dng lm ng dn, v bc dy in,

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 2 clobutan 1,3 dien tng hp ra poli(2 clobutan 1,3 dien) sn xut cao su cloropren. Tetrafloetan tng hp ra teflon l vt liu siu bn, chu nhit, axit v kim, b) Cc dn xut halogen, c bit l dn xut monohalogen c dng lm nguyn liu tng hp cht khc, nh ancol, phenol, 2. Lm dung mi: Clorofom, 1,2 dicloetan, cacbon tetraclorua v nhiu dn xut c kh nng ho tan tt cc cht nn c dng lm dung mi. 3. Cc lnh vc khc: Nhiu dn xut halogen c tc dng tr su, dit khun (2,4 D; DDT,) Tuy nhin, do c tnh cao v phn hy chm nn chng ang c thay th bng cc cht khc an ton v hiu qu. Mt s cht c dng lm thuc gy m trong phu thut, nh: halotan dng lm cht gy m, etylclorua dng lm cht gy t cc b,

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