The Reign of Terror (1793-1794)

The Reign of Terror marked a harrowing chapter in the French Revolution, characterized by
extreme political violence and repression. It can be understood through several major events:

1. Formation of the Committee of Public Safety: In 1793, the Committee of Public

Safety, led by figures like Maximilien Robespierre, took control of the revolutionary
government. This marked the start of the Terror.

2. Execution of King Louis XVI: The period began with the execution of King Louis XVI
in January 1793, a symbolic act of defiance against the monarchy.

3. The Law of Suspects: Enacted in 1793, this law allowed authorities to arrest and
prosecute anyone suspected of opposing the revolution, leading to widespread arrests and
trials.

4. The Guillotine’s Reign: The guillotine became the instrument of mass execution, with
thousands, including political rivals and even former allies, meeting their end on the
scaffold.

5. Rebellion in the Vendée: The Vendée region saw a brutal counter-revolutionary uprising
from 1793 to 1796, resulting in significant bloodshed.

The Thermidorian Reaction (1794-1795)

The Thermidorian Reaction followed the fall of Robespierre and the end of the Reign of Terror.
It brought about a shift in the political landscape:

1. Execution of Robespierre: In July 1794, Robespierre and his associates were arrested
and executed, signaling the end of radical rule.
 2. Fall of the Jacobins: The Thermidorians dismantled the radical Jacobin influence and
suppressed political clubs.

3. Relaxation of Repressive Measures: Harsh policies like the Law of Suspects were
reversed, and the atmosphere of fear began to recede.

4. Constitution of Year III: In 1795, a new constitution was adopted, establishing a more
moderate government structure with a bicameral legislature.

5. Crackdown on Popular Movements: The Thermidorians sought to quell popular

uprisings, including those of the Parisian sans-culottes and the Vendée revolt.

The Reign of Terror and the Thermidorian Reaction showcased the extreme swings of the French
Revolution. The former was marked by radicalism and violence, while the latter aimed to restore
stability and moderation to the government, albeit with its own set of challenges. Together, they
highlight the tumultuous nature of revolutionary politics during this critical period in history.