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Compact bandpass filters using defected ground structure (DGS) coupled

resonators

Conference Paper · July 2005

DOI: 10.1109/MWSYM.2005.1516971 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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 Compact Bandpass Filters Using Defected Ground
Structure (DGS) Coupled Resonators
A. Abdel-Rahman, A. R. Ali, S. Amari* and A. S. Omar
adel@iesk.et.uni-magdeburg.de, ramadan@iesk.et.uni-magdeburg.de, smain.amari@rmc.ca, a.omar@ieee.org
Microwave and Communication Engineering, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany,
* Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston,
ON, Canada K7K 7B4

Abstract −This paper introduces new compact DGS coupling structures and arrangements. Bandpass
resonators and ways to implement intra-resonator and Chebyshev and pseudo-elliptic filters are then designed
external coupling. Different coupling configurations by using these resonators following the standard approach
are considered. These new resonators are then applied of coupled-resonator filter design [5]. Example filters are
to design bandpass filters with Chebyshev or pseudo- constructed and tested. It is found that the simulation
elliptic responses. Experimental results are presented results obtained from the 3-D EM simulator,
to show the performance of these filters. MICROWAVE STUDIOTM [7] are in good agreement
with measurement.
I. INTRODUCTION
II. DGS RESONATORS
The stringent requirements of modern microwave
communication systems are often met only by high A slot in the ground plane excited by the 50 Ω line
performance and compact filtering structures. Recently, (Fig. 1-a) behaves as a parallel resonance. It can be
there has been an increasing interest in electromagnetic modeled by the LC circuit shown in Fig. 1-b.
band gap (EBG) materials for applications in microwave
and millimetre wave filters and other devices. Several Lp
compact and high performance filters have been reported
using generic structures called the defecte-dground
structures (DGS). Since DGS cells have inherently
resonant properties, many of them have been used in
filtering circuits to improve the stop and pass band
characteristics. The DGS have been proposed for Cp
improving the spurious response of microstrip low pass
filters [1-2] and coupled microstrip line bandpass filters (a) (b)
[3-4]. In all these reports, DGS are not viewed as the
central building blocks, they are rather used to enhance Fig. 1: (a) 3-D view of DGS resonator. (b) Equivalent circuit.
the response of already designed devices such as filters The values of Lp and Cp are found from :
and couplers. 5 fc
Cp =
In this paper, we propose an alternative approach in
which the DGS themselves are considered the building [
π f p2 − f c2 ] pF (1)

blocks of the device. In particular, we introduce DGS

based on patterns that can be considered the dual of the 25
Lp = nH (2)
open-loop microstrip resonators which have been widely
used to design coupled resonator filters [5-6]. To this
(
Cp π fp )2
end, the paper first introduces four types of DGS where, fc is the 3-dB cut-off frequency in GHz of a band
resonators. A comparison study of the properties of these reject (band stop) response and fp is its pole frequency in
resonators is then carried out to identify their relative GHz. The slot can take any resonant shape. A “head” can
advantages and disadvantages and their suitability for be added to it in order to reduce the resonance frequency.
specific applications. External coupling to these The DGS resonator capacitance can be increased by
resonators as well as intra-resonator coupling is also reducing the width of the slot thereby reducing the
investigated by examining the performance of few

0-7803-8846-1/05/$20.00 (C) 2005 IEEE

resonance frequency and making the structure more EM simulator by coupling the structure very weakly to a
compact [9]. 50 Ω microstrip feed. The coupling coefficients can be
extracted from the separation frequencies [5].
D D

D g D

w w
S

(a) (b)
D D

g D g D
w1 L

(a) Magnetic coupling

(c) (d)
Fig. 2: DGS resonator configurations

Resonator Resonator Resonant Frequency

type Size D2 mm2 frequency reduction
a 7 x 7 8.42 GHz 0.0 % S
b 7 x 7 3.8 GHz 54.9 %
c 7 x 7 3.48 GHz 58.6 %
d 7 x 7 2.87 GHz 65.9 %
Table1: Numerical experimentation on DGS resonators on
copper clapped RT/Duroid substrate with a relative dielectric
constant of 6.15 and a thickness of 1.27 mm

Fig. 2 shows four DGS resonator configurations. The (b) Electric coupling
resonance frequency of slot a is proportional to the
dimension D. It is 8.42 GHz for D=7mm as shown in
Table 1. If a short circuit discontinuity g is added, the
resonance frequency drops nearly to less than its half
value. The resonator looks like a folded half wavelength S
resonator. If another impedance discontinuity is added,
the resonance frequency drops more. By increasing w1
from the same slot width (1mm) up to 5.5 mm, the
resonance frequency drops from 54.9 % to 58.6 % with
respect to the resonance frequency of the continuous slot
(Fig. 2a). The advantage of the slot configurations b and c
is that the magnetic and electric fields are concentrated (c) Mixed coupling
near the short circuit ends and the opposite side,
respectively. Both posisitve and negative coupling
coefficients can be realized easily. Fig. 2-d shows an even
more compact DGS resonator configuration. The
resonance frequency drops from 54.9 % to 65.9 % by
increasing the length L from 1mm up to 5.5 mm.
S

III. COUPLING COEFFICIENTS AND EXTERNAL

QUALITY FACTOR

A-Coupling coefficients: Fig. 3 illustrates different

coupling structures which are suitable for of cross-
coupled resonator filters. The curves a, b, and c result (d) Mixed coupling
from different orientation of a pair of identical DGS
resonators which are separated by a spacing S. The Fig. 3: Coupling coefficients for different DGS resonators
coupling coefficients shown in Fig. 3 are extracted using
In Fig. 3-d, the compact resonators are much closer for
the same coupling coefficient making the filter more
compact.
B- External Coupling: As shown in Fig. 4 , the external
coupling is realized by a 50 Ω microstrip line on the other
side of the substrate. The value of the external quality
factor is extracted from the full-wave EM simulator
Microwave Studio [7]. The resonant frequency of these
resonators does not change significantly when the feed
line is slightly shifted by a distance d. The 50 Ω
microstrip line can be parallel or perpendicular (with
stub) to the resonator.
2- A third order cross coupled resonator filter: In this
example we use trisection to design a 3rd order filter with
one transmission zero. The required characteristics are:
Bandwidth BW =500 MHz, return loss RL =18 dB,
centre frequency f 0 =3.84 GHz, and Transmission zero
f1 at 4.25 GHz. The obtained coupling matrix from the
optimization scheme is
- 0.1393 0.7827 - 0.6338
M =  0.7827 0.6305 0.7827  , and the quality
- 0.6338 0.7827 - 0.1393
factors q1 = q 2 = 0.9695 . This leads to

d
- 0.0181 0.1019 - 0.0825 
m =  0.1019 0.0821 0.1019 , Q1 = Q 2 = 7.45
- 0.0825 0.1019 - 0.0181

Fig. 5 compares the theory with the EM simulation. A

reasonable agreement is achieved.

Fig. 4: External coupling (quality factor)

IV. FILTER SYNTHESIS AND

REALIZATION

Given the specifications of the filter, a coupling matrix

which conforms to a chosen topology is extracted by
using an optimization-based scheme [8], [10]. The DGS
Fig. 5: Third order cross coupled resonator filter response
resonator coupling coefficient and quality factor curves
previously established are then used to realize the
The nature of the feeding used affects the response of
obtained coupling coefficients
the filter. Few of the feeding arrangements used and their
In this section we introduce two examples : consequences are:
1- A second order filter with a bandwidth BW = 730
1. By using the feed configuration shown in Fig. 6.a, a
MHz, return loss RL =20 dB, and centre frequency f 0
symmetric Chebyshev filter response is obtained. The
=3.78 GHz. The obtained coupling matrix from the external coupling coefficient is achieved by adjusting
optimization scheme is the extended stub. The resonant frequency of the
resonator is sensitive to the stub length.
0 1.1678 2. Fig. 6-b indicates the presence of one transmission zero.
M =  , and the external quality
 1.1678 0  This transmission zero is due to the fact that the feeding
lines extend very close to the second resonator and
factors are q1 = q 2 = 0.9479 .
couple to it weakly. The position of the transmission
To realize the normalized coupling matrix and quality zero can be controlled by extending the 50 Ω feed lines .
factors, we use the required fractional bandwidth 3. Due to the cross coupling between the input and the
BW output ports, two transmission zeros are obtained as
FBW = , the actual (denormalized) coupling matrix
f0 shown in Fig. 6-c. The position of the transmission zeros
becomes can be controlled by adjusting the gap between the 50 Ω
0 0.2255 microstrip feed lines.
m=  , Q1 = Q 2 = 5 where 4. A second order filter with another feeding arrangement
 0.2255 0  is simulated, fabricated, and measured. Fig. 7 shows that
q good agreement between simulated and measured
m = FBW × M , and Q = .
FBW
 results has been achieved. The measured passband
insertion loss is about 1.2 dB.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 6: Second order compact coupled resonator filter feed
configurations and their responses.
Fig. 7: Comparison between simulation and measurement of a
second order filter.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper we have introduced new DGS compact
resonators and investigated different external coupling
mechanisms. We have shown that the feed configuration
affects the response of the filter rather significantly.
Second and third order filters with Chebyshev and
pseudo-elliptic responses were presented. A second order
filter was designed, fabricated and measured. Good
agreement between simulated and measured results was
achieved.
REFERENCES
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