Anaphy Reviewer

Anaphy Reviewer for the appendicular region only.
- Distal is farther from the

Anatomy - is the study of structures, connection to the body and is used
and physiology is the study of how for the appendicular region only.
structures function.
Pathology - is the study of disease.
Anatomical Terms
The standard anatomical position is
standing with arms at the sides and
palms and head facing forward.
- Superficial is closer to the

surface.
- Deep is farther from the surface.
 Anatomical Terms of Direction - Right is on the body’s right side.
- Anterior or ventral means “front” - Left is on the body’s left side.
or “belly side.”
- Posterior or dorsal means “back
side”.
- Superior is closer to the top of
the head and is used for the axial
region only.
- Inferior is farther away from the
top of the head and is used for the
axial region only.
 Anatomical Regions
Axial region is the head, neck, and
trunk.
• Abdominal is belly.
• Axillary is armpit.
• Cranial or cephalic is head.
• Cervical is neck.
• Facial is face.
• Inguinal is groin.
 Anatomical Terms of Direction
- Medial is toward the midline of • Pelvic is lower trunk.
the body. • Thoracic is chest.
- Lateral is away from the midline • Umbilical is navel.
of the body.
- Proximal is closer to the Anatomical Regions
connection to the body and is used The Appendicular region includes arms
This study source was downloaded by 100000877863429 from CourseHero.com on 12-20-2023 19:59:28 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/169336084/Anaphy-Reviewerdocx/
and legs. Anatomical Positions
• Brachial is arm. - Supine is anterior surface facing
• Carpal is wrist. up.
• Cubital is elbow. - Prone is anterior surface facing
• Femoral is thigh. down.
• Palmar is palms of the hands.
• Patellar is knee. Anatomical Cavities
• Plantar is soles of the feet.
• Tarsal is ankle. The dorsal cavity
• Cranial cavity - lined by the
meninges.
• Vertebral cavity- lined by the
meninges.
The thoracic cavity

• Two pleural cavities - lined by
pleural membranes.
• Pericardial cavity - lined by the
pericardial membranes.
• Mediastinum - space between the
pleural cavities.
Anatomical Planes The abdominopelvic cavity

- The sagittal plane separates right • Abdominal cavity - lined by the
from left. peritoneum.
- The transverse or horizontal plane • Pelvic cavity - lined by the
separates top from bottom. peritoneum.
- The frontal or coronal plane
separates front from back.
Serous Membranes
- form two layers when surrounding an
organ, similar to a water balloon
surrounding a fist.
• The pericardial membranes surround
the heart.
• The pleural membranes surround the
lungs.
• The peritoneal membranes surround
many of the abdominopelvic organs.
• The area posterior to the peritoneal
membranes is the retroperitoneal
space.
- The portion of the serous membrane

in contact with the organ is the
visceral pericardium, visceral pleura,
or visceral peritoneum.
- The portion of the serous membrane
not in contact with the organ is the
parietal pericardium, parietal pleura,
or parietal peritoneum.
Homeostasis
- is a steady internal environment in
which the body works best.
• If the body detects a change away
from homeostasis, it will use either
of two feedback mechanisms.
• Negative feedback - is the process

Serous Membranes the body uses to reverse the direction
- The mesenteries are sections of the of movement away from homeostasis.
peritoneum that neatly arrange blood
vessels and nerves to organs. • Positive feedback - is the process
• The greater and lesser omentums are the body uses to increase the movement
extensions of the peritoneal membrane. away from homeostasis.
Children may also suffer from:
• Congenital disorders: present at
birth.
• Genetic disorders: caused by
inherited genes,which are passed to
children by their parents.
• Developmental disorders: occur while
the child is developing in the womb,
at birth, or after birth; may
interrupt normal development.
Terms of Pathology
Pathology is the study of disease.
Disease - abnormally functioning
organs or organ systems resulting from
a disruption in the normal state of
the body’s internal environment
(homeostasis).
Predisposing Factors of Disease
Predisposing factors are risk factors
or activities that people participate
in that can affect their health. The Elderly
• Ones that cannot be controlled: • As the body ages, there is a general
1. Age. reduction in function.
2. Gender. • There is an inability of certain
3. Heredity. organs such as the brain and heart to
• Ones that can be controlled: regenerate.
4. Lifestyle.
• Overall, women live longer than men.
5. Environment.
Predisposing Factors of Disease 2. Gender
• Gender refers to the sex of an
1. Age individual— male or female.
• More susceptible to disease: • Some diseases affect only males or
• Elderly: as the body gets older, females due to the differences in
organ systems can become less anatomy.
efficient. 3. Heredity
• Children: babies are born with • There is a combination of the
partially developed genetic codes from both parents.
immune systems. • There are genetic links to certain
• More susceptible to infectious diseases and pathological conditions—
disease. predisposition.
• Many times, predisposition combined
with the presence of certain lifestyle
risk factors make a person more prone
to a particular disease or
condition.
4. Lifestyle
• Bad lifestyle choices can contribute
to disease.
• Lifestyle risk factors can be
controlled and altered by the
individual.
5. Environment Classification of Disease
• Environmental stressors that can Diseases can be classified as:
contribute to poor health: 1. Infectious diseases.
• Polluted air/water. 2. Cancers.
• Chronic stress. 3. Immune disorders.
• Loud noise. 4. Genetic disorders.
• Poor and unsanitary living 5. Mental disorders.
conditions. 6. Conditions caused by trauma or
• Contaminated food. injury.
Signs and Symptoms of Disease Classification of Disease
Signs 1. Infectious Disease
• Objective signals: can be measured. • Caused by pathogens.
• For example, fever. • Damage local tissue.
Symptoms • Produce substances that are toxic to
• Subjective signals relative to the the infected individual.
patient: 2. Cancers
cannot be measured. • Uncontrollable cell growth and
• For example, headache or nausea. proliferation.
Pain • Mostly caused from mutations.
• Serves as a defense mechanism to • Form tumors, or neoplasms, that
warn the person that there is a compete with healthy tissue for
problem. nutrients.
• Prevents further injury. • Angiogenesis.
3. Immune Disorders
• 3 Types.
• Hypersensitivities.
• Immunodeficiency disorders.
• Autoimmune disorders.
• Hypersensitivities.
• An overreaction of the immune system
to an allergen.
• Anaphylaxis: a severe, systemic
reaction that can cause tightening of
the airway.
Inflammation - is the body’s normal • Immunodeficiency disorders

immune response to injury and disease. • Deficiency in the immune system’s
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are ability to defend the body.
signs and symptoms of inflammation. • Body is left vulnerable to
• Mediators: chemicals released by pathological conditions.
damaged tissue that dilate blood
vessels. • Autoimmune disorders
• Inability of the immune system to
distinguish between self and non-self.
• The body’s immune system attacks its
own cells.
4. Genetic Disorders
• Characterized as abnormalities
caused by:
• A mutation in the genetic code.
• Presence of abnormal chromosomes.
• The alteration of chromosomal
structure.
5. Mental Disorders
• A class of conditions of the mind
and include disorders associated with
behavior or psychological well-being.
• Various etiologies.
6. Trauma / Injury
• Trauma can be defined as a wound or
shock produced by an injury.
Diagnosing Disease
- Diagnosis is the interpretation of
all the data collected or the process
of determining the cause or nature of
the problem.
- Diseases are found by either a

routine screening or a patient
experiencing signs and symptoms.
- The medical professional evaluates
the chief complaint, by performing a
history and physical exam.
- Diagnostic tests and laboratory
screenings are performed.
- Based on the history, physical exam,
diagnostic and lab tests, the
differential diagnosis is made.
- Treatment is then planned.
Differential Diagnosis
- A differential diagnosis is used
when there is more than one disease
that might be responsible for the
patient’s condition.
Treatment of the Disease

4 Types of Treatment Plans:
1. Palliative treatment: make patient

comfortable when there is no cure.
2. Curative treatment: to cure
disease.
3. Therapeutic treatment: to restore
normal function.
4. Preventive treatment: steps can be
taken to prevent disease from
happening.
Introduction to Epidemiology1
Epidemiology is the study of how

disease affects the overall health and
well-being of a population.
Incidence of disease refers to the

rate and range of the occurrence of
the disease.
Prevalence of disease refers to how

widespread the occurrence of the
disease may be.
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Anaphy Reviewer

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Anaphy Reviewer

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Anaphy Reviewer

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Anaphy Reviewer for the appendicular region only.

- Distal is farther from the

- Superficial is closer to the

The thoracic cavity

Anatomical Planes The abdominopelvic cavity

- The portion of the serous membrane

• Negative feedback - is the process

Inflammation - is the body’s normal • Immunodeficiency disorders

- Diseases are found by either a

Treatment of the Disease

1. Palliative treatment: make patient

Epidemiology is the study of how

Incidence of disease refers to the

Prevalence of disease refers to how

You might also like