Module 2: Electrical Circuits

Types of Circuit Connections

1. Series circuit
2. Parallel circuit
3. Combinational Circuit
a. Series-parallel circuit – it is a combinational
circuit when simplified will result into a series
circuit
b.Parallel-series circuit – it is a combinational
circuit when simplified will result into a parallel
circuit.
Series Circuits
1. Series Circuit – the circuit elements are
said to be connected in series when
they all carry the same current.
2. Properties of a Series Circuit:
➢ The same current flows through all the
resistances.
➢ There will be voltage drop across each
resistance.
➢ The sum of the voltage drops is equal to
the applied voltage.
1. Equivalent Resistance of a Series
Circuit:

𝑹𝑻 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑹𝑵 = ∑ 𝑹𝒏 𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝟑
𝒏=𝟏

𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑
Where: RT = total resistance
Sample Problems
1. Four coils having resistances of 3, 5, 10 and 12 ohms are
connected in series across 120 V. Determine (a) equivalent
resistance of the circuit, (b) current flowing through the circuit
and (c) voltage drop across individual coils.
Solution:
(a) For the equivalent resistance of the
IT circuit
V1 3Ω
𝑅𝑇 = 3 + 5 + 10 + 12

V2 5Ω 𝑹𝑻 = 𝟑𝟎 𝛀
VT
120 V (b) For the current flowing through the
V3 10 Ω circuit

V4 12 Ω
(c) For the voltage drop across individual coils.

𝑉1 = 4 3 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 𝑽

𝑉2 = 4 5 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑽

𝑉3 = 4 10 𝑽𝟑 = 𝟒𝟎 𝑽

𝑉4 = 4 12 𝑽𝟒 = 𝟒𝟖 𝑽
 Sample Problems
2. An electric iron is rated at 1 kW, 250 V. Calculate the current taken
by it if it is connected to 220 V supply.
Solution:
For the electric iron, it is rated at 1 kW, 250 V

When the electric iron is connected a 220 V supply

Sample Problems
3. Three resistors are connected in series across a 12 V battery. The
first resistor has a value of 1 Ω, second has a voltage drop of 4 V
and the third has a power dissipation of 12 W. Calculate the value
of the circuit current.

Solution:

IT R1
V1 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
1Ω

12 = 𝑉1 + 4 + 𝑉3
VT
V2 R2
12 V
4V 𝑉1 + 𝑉3 = 8

V3 R3

P3 = 12 W
ASSIGNMENT!
 Parallel Circuits
1. Parallel Circuit – circuit elements
are connected in parallel when the
same voltage is common to all of
them.
2. Properties of a Parallel Circuit:
➢ The voltage across each
resistance of the parallel
combination is the same.
➢ There are as many current paths
as the number of branches.
➢ The current in each branch is
given by Ohm’s law.
➢ The total current of the circuit is
equal to the sum of branch
currents.
3. Equivalent Resistance of a Parallel 𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑
Circuit

𝟏 𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑵 𝟏
+ +
𝑹𝟏 𝑹 𝟐 𝑹𝟑 + ⋯ + = ∑𝒏=𝟏 𝑹
𝑹𝑵 𝒏
Where: RT = total resistance
 Sample Problems
1. The equivalent resistance of four resistors joined in parallel
is 20 ohms. The currents flowing through them are 0.6, 0.3,
0.2 and 0.1 ampere. Find the value of each resistor.

Solution:

IT
VT R1 R2 R3 R4

I1 I2 I3 I4
Sample Problems
2. Two bulbs of 250 W, 230 V each, are connected across a
200 V supply. Calculate the total power drawn from the
supply if the bulbs are connected (a) in parallel and (b) in
series.
Solution:

For each bulb,

 (a) When the bulbs are connected in parallel,

VT Rbulb Rbulb
200 V

(b) When the bulbs are connected in series,

Sample Problems
3. Two resistances, one of 30 ohms and another of unknown
value are connected in parallel, the total power dissipated
in the circuit is 450 watts when the applied voltage is 90
volts. Find the value of the unknown resistance.
Solution:

VT
90 V 30 Ω R

PT = 45 W
Sample Problems
4. Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit given in figure 1
between the following points (a) A and B (b) C and D (c) E and F
(d) A and F and (e) A and C.
Solution:

(a) Between A and B

(b) Between C and D
(c) Between E and F
(d) Between A and F

By inspection,

𝑅𝐴𝐹 = 𝑅𝐴𝐵
𝟓
𝑹𝑨𝑭 = 𝛀
𝟔
(e) Between A and C
Sample Problems
5. What is the value of the unknown resistor R in figure 2 if the
voltage drop across the 500-Ωresistor is 2.5 volts?
Solution: 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉500 + 𝑉50
𝑉𝑅 = 2.5 + 0.25 = 2.75 𝑉
 Sample Problems
6. A resistance R is connected in series with a parallel
combination of two resistances 12 Ω and 8 Ω. Calculate
R if the power dissipated in the circuit is 70 W when the
applied voltage is 20 V across the circuit.
Solution:
R

VT
20 V 12 Ω 18 Ω
PT = 70 W
Cost of Electrical Energy
A utility company will charge its customers for the electric
energy consumed.
• Energy Charge – is the cost of electrical energy
consumed.
• Maximum Demand – is the user’s highest rate at which
energy is consumed in kilowatts.
• Demand Charge – is the billing fee related to the maximum
charge.
Sample Problems
1. A 60 W lamp remains lighted for 24 hours per day for 30
days. Determine (a) the electrical energy consumed over
this period, (b) the energy charge for the billing period at a
rate of Php 5.93/kWh

Solution:

(a) For the electrical energy consumed over this period

𝑊 = 𝑃𝑡
𝑊 = 60 𝑊

𝑾 = 𝟒𝟑, 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑾𝒉 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟐 𝒌𝑾𝒉

Sample Problems
(b) For the energy charge for the billing period at a rate
of Php 5.93/kWh

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 𝑊 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

𝑃ℎ𝑝 5.93
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 43.2 𝑘𝑊ℎ ×
𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟐𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟕𝟔

Sample Problems
2. A large residence consumes 1155 kWh of electrical
energy over a billing period. Determine the total charge for
billing period based on the rate schedule given below:
Service Charge Php 261.18
Firs 1000 kWh of billing period Php 5.92 per kWh
Next 2000 kWh of billing period Php 5.52 per kWh

Solution:

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 261.18

𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟕, 𝟎𝟑𝟔. 𝟕𝟖