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Overcurrent Protection - IESL - 08june2019
Overcurrent Protection - IESL - 08june2019
Overcurrent Protection - IESL - 08june2019
IESL
Design of Electrical Installation Course- 2019
Chapter XR
Definitions
Overcurrent:
A current exceeding the rated value
Overloads
Overloads are overcurrents occurring in healthy circuits.
Excessive Mechanical
temperature forces
Injury to Damage to
life property 6
Fuse
A fuse is a device that opens a circuit by means of a strip of
wire, which is designed to melt when an excessive current flows
through it.
Fuse Terminology
Fuse current rating :-
It is the maximum amount of current the fuse can carry without melting
its fuse element Eg. 5A, 10A, 15A, 20A,….100A.
Fusing current
10
11
Cartridge Fuses
A typical fuse characteristic
Main Advantages
high fault capacity
energy limiting
good discrimination
predictable
simple construction
low cost
13
thermal element
assumes a fixed interruption time
(greater than 0.01 s), above the set
current, irrespective of the magnitude
of the overcurrent for the
electromagnetic element.
Main Disadvantages
more expensive than
fuses
relatively low short-
16
circuit capacity
Types of MCBs
17
MCB Characteristics
MCCB
Higher breaking capacity
than MCB
Adjustable characteristics
General characteristics
Ui: rated insulation voltage
Uimp: rated impulse withstand voltage
(Generally, Uimp = 8 kV for industrial circuit-
breakers and Uimp = 6 kV for domestic types)
Icu: ultimate breaking capacity, for various values
of the rated operational voltage Ue
cat: utilisation category
Icw: rated short-time withstand current
Ics: service breaking capacity
In: rated current
Compensated thermal-magnetic
tripping
Let-through energy
The cut-off point is where the fault current is interrupted and
an arc is formed;
the time t1 taken to reach this point is called the pre-arcing
time.
The time t2 is the total time taken to disconnect the fault
During the time t1, the protective device is allowing energy to
pass through to the load side of the circuit.
This energy is known as the pre-arcing let-through energy
and is given by I2t1,
where I is the fault current. The total let-through energy from
start to disconnection of the fault is given by I2t2
Circuit protection
Fault Protection
Condition Iz
≤ ≤ Load Ib
2 ≤ 1.45
In
The factor 1.45 is based on experience and investigation.
Example 01
Load : 3 phase, 400 V, 150 kW, 0.8 p.f induction motor has
starting current 5.6xIr. Starting duration of the motor is 90 s.
Fault level at motor terminal : 2.5 kA
Cable current carrying capacity : 293.1 A
Select suitable CB
Breaker Specification:
Ring Cct
Radial Cct
Fault Currents
Fault current can be:
Phase-to-earth (80%
of faults)
Phase-to-phase (15%
of faults).
This type of fault
often degenerates
into a three phase
fault
Three-phase (only 5%
of initial faults)
Calculation of Isc
Calculation of the short-circuit
current requires calculation of the
impedance equal to all the
impedances through which Isc
flows from the source to the
location of the fault (Zsc)
Network impedances
Equivalent upstream network impedance
Simplified calculations
Example
Calculate worst case fault current at the LV terminal
of a 400 kVA, 11kV/400 V transformer at no load
Usc= 4%
Example 02
Upstream network: Ur= 33 kV
Ssc = 500 MVA
Rup / Zup ≈0.2
Transformer: Sr= 1600 kVA
uk% = 6%
U1r/ U2r=33 kV/400 V
Motor: Pr= 220 kW
Istart/Ir= 6.6
cosϕr = 0.9
η= 0.917
Generic load: IrL= 1443.4 A
cosϕr= 0.9
Example :
Motor Operation
During normal operation a motor converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy.
Current flowing in the stator produces a rotating magnetic field
with the poles facing toward the rotor.
This rotating magnetic field induces a current into the rotor.
A magnetic field with the poles facing out is produced in the
rotor due to the stator induced current.
This causes the rotor (motor shaft) to rotate.
As long as the stator is supplied to a stable voltage supply, the
motor shaft will continue to rotate.
During a Fault
At first there is an asymmetrical current containing both AC and DC
components.
Lack of a stable voltage supply causes the AC component to decay when
the rotor flux begins to drop.
Without a stable voltage supply, the transient DC component also decays.
The current supplied by the
motor at first differs in
frequency from the system
frequency due to motor slip.
The motor and load inertia
determine the rate of decay
Motor Contribution
Induction motor contribution typically lasts from one to four
cycles from time equal zero during a short circuit condition.
No excitation system
However, synchronous motors' short circuit contribution can last
from six to eight cycles.
TN system IT system
Example 03
By considering worse case, calculate the maximum possible earth fault current at the
load terminals.
What is the maximum rating of O/C protective device, that can be used as earth fault
protection.
Ambient Temp. 30 o C
Conductor Current Rating (A) Approx. voltage drop per Ampere per meter
cross- (mV)
sectional
Direct in In Single Insulate Direct in In Single way Insulated in Air
area (mm 2)
Ground way Duct d in Air Ground Duct
1 10.5 12 14 37 42 37
1.5 13.5 15 18 24 28 24
2.5 18 21 25 15 17 15
4 24 28 33 9.2 11 9.2
6 31 36 43 6.2 7.1 6.2
10 42 50 59 3.7 4.2 3.7
16 56 68 79 2.3 2.7 2.3
25 73 89 104 1.5 1.7 1.5
35 89 110 129 1.1 1.3 1.1
50 108 134 167 0.84 0.97 0.82
70 136 171 214 0.62 0.71 0.59
95 164 207 261 0.48 0.56 0.45
120 188 239 303 0.42 0.48 0.38
Discrimination co-ordination
An overall ‘system’ design view has to be taken on
discrimination and co-ordination as otherwise this
can lead to uneconomic schemes.
Regulation 536.1: Discrimination should be
considered to prevent danger and where required
for proper functioning of the installation.
Discrimination techniques
Discrimination be achieved by:
Creating a difference between the trip thresholds,
which is current discrimination
Lack of discrimination
Thank You
Dr. Asanka Rodrigo
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Moratuwa-Sri Lanka
+94 11 2640312 (Direct)
+94 11 2650301 Ext: 3210
+94 77 7958976
asankar@uom.lk
https://www.mrt.ac.lk/web/elect/staff/academic/asanka/