Calculus Worksheet SMSL2020

1. Infinite series
Basics. Let g1 (x), g2 (x), . . . be a sequence of functions in x.
X∞
We wish to evaluate the infinite series gn (x).
n=1
• Suppose that there exist functions α(x), H(x) and a constant c such that
X∞ Z x
α(y)gn (y) dy = H(x).
n=1 c

Then
∞ ∞ Z x
X
−1
X d dH(x)
gn (x) = α(x) α(y)gn (y) dy = α(x)−1 .
n=1 n=1
dx c dx
• Suppose that there exist functions α(x), H(x) and constants b, c such that
∞ ∞
X d X
α(x)gn (x) = H(x) and gn (c) = b.
n=1
dx n=1

Then
∞ ∞ Z x ∞
X
−1
X d X
gn (x) = α(x) α(y)gn (y) dy + α(x)−1 α(c)gn (c)
n=1 n=1 c dy n=1
Z x 
= α(x)−1 H(y) dy + bα(c) .
c

Remarks. Two useful expansions:

• (binomial series) For |x| < 1 and α ∈ R,
α(α + 1) 2 α(α + 1)(α + 2) 3
(1 − x)−α = 1 + αx + x + x + ···
2! 3!
• (exponential series) For x ∈ R,
∞
x x 2 x3 X xj
e =1+x+ + + ··· =
2! 3! j=0
j!
∞
X
Example 1.1. Find nxn for |x| < 1.
n=1

∞
X
Example 1.2. Find n−1 xn for |x| < 1.
n=1

∞  
X 2n
Example 1.3. Find (n + 1)−2 xn for x ∈ [0, 1/4).
n=1
n
∞
X (−2)n
Example 1.4. Calculate .
n=0
n! (n + 2)
 ∞
X
Exercise 1.1. For |x| < 1, find n 2 xn .
n=1

x(1 + x)
(answer: )
(1 − x)3
Exercise 1.2. For 0 < |x| < 1/5, find

2 (2)(7) (2)(7)(12) 2 (2)(7)(12)(17) 3 (2)(7)(12)(17)(22) 4

+ x+ x + x + x + · · ··.
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!

1 − 3x − (1 − 5x)3/5
(answer: )
3x2
∞
X n
Exercise 1.3. Calculate .
n=1
(n − 1)! (n + 2)2n
√
19 e
(answer: 16 − )
2
Z x
−x2 2
Exercise 1.4. The Dawson integral is defined as FD (x) = e ey dy.
0
∞
X xn
Find in terms of the Dawson integral.
n=0
n! (2n + 1)
√
ex FD ( x)
(answer: √ )
x