PRof Ed 1 Reviewer
and Practical or analytical, creative and Practical
Ecological Theory of Bronfenbrenerr's -
ecological system (persons environment )
influence much the individual.
Microsystem- (child immediate environment)
includes parents teachers, peers , siblings .. if a
child nurturing parent relationship has a
positive relation to child
Mesosystem interaction with child to
microsystem interpersonal relationshi
Exosystem neighborhood parent workplace
media ( outside) , indirectly influence social
structure once microsystems of individual.
Macrosystem socioeconomic status ediology.
Chronosystem environmental changes occur
over the life time (house to School)
Intelligence - more on ability , undergo activity
with accuracy , maximum ability with no error
David Wechsler aspect of personality famous in
intelligence test,
* Intelligence - aggregate of capacity of an
individual to act purposively think rationally
deal effectively with his environment
Alfred Binet, Theodore Sigmund explain how
intelligence ones actual age chronological
* IQ -intelligence quotience = Mental Age
/Chronological Age×100
Robert Sternberg-componential , experiential
Triarchic Theory
* Componential (Analytical) Intelligence: This
aspect of intelligence involves problem-solving,
logical reasoning, and critical thinking skills
* Experiential (Creative) is associated with
creativity and the ability to think outside the
box. It encompasses the capacity to use insight
and creativity to solve new and unfamiliar
problems.
*Practical Intelligence: is the ability to adapt
to and shape one's environment..
Raymund Catels Theory of Intelligence
- Fluid Intelligence- natural intelligence,raw
intelligence -refers to the ability to think
logically and solve problems in novel situations,
independent of acquired knowledge or past
experiences.
- Crystalized Theory- mold as we grow,refers to
the knowledge, skills, and information that
individuals accumulate over their lifetime
through learning and experience
Spearman intelligence theory-
* G -factors - General Intelligence what
contributes to an individual's overall intellectual
performance.
* Specific Abilities - individual's expertise or
aptitude in specific areas, such as mathematics,
music, or art..
J.P Guilford -Dimension of Intelligence 4×5×6
or 120 unique abilities
*Structure of Intellect (SOI) model
Howard Gardner Multiple Intelligence
Personality Theory
Gordon Allport - dynamic organization of
psychophysical characteristics of your behavi,or
and thoughts explains one's personality
Henry Murray - according to him, personality is
an organized regnant processes of overt
behavior from birth to death.
. Alfred Adler - it is the style of life or
characteristic manner of responding to life's
problems and life goals explains one's
personality
Sigmund Freud - it is the integration of one' s
id, ego and superego
- ID - pleasure principle
Ego- Part of soul shape by reality
SuperEgo - Conscience- how acts right or wrong.
Carl Jung - for him, personality is the
complexes, persona, anima, animus as the fully
functioning aspects of personality
Carl Rogers - personality is how you become
worthwhile human being through unconditional
positive regard.
Prenatal stage the first stage of human
development
Three periods namely
1. GERMINAL or PERIOD of the zygote.
zygote is blastocyst which floats in the
uterus and not yet attach to the uterine
wall.
Three layers
the Upper or Ectoderm for skin, nails, hair,
teeth, sensory organs and nervous system,
including the brain and spinal cord.
Endoderm or lower layer for digestive system,
liver, pancreas, salivary gland, and respiratory
system.
mesoderm or middle layer developed later, for
inner layer of the skin, skeletal system,
excretory and circulatory systems
2. EMBRYONIC – from two weeks to the
second month of pregnancy. It is a
critical period when it is the most
vulnerable to destructive influences in
the prenatal environment, and the most
defective embryo does not survive
beyond the first trimester or 3 months
period
Spontaneous abortion commonly called
miscarriage, is the expulsion of an embryo or
fetus from the uterus, so that it is unable to
survive outside the womb. Most of this
miscarriage result from abnormal pregnancies
and about 50 to 70 percent involve
chromosomal abnormalities.
3. Fetal - from 8 weeks to birth, first bone
cells appeared, taste and sensation are
well develop before birth, fetus hear
and feel as they respond to the mothers
voice, heartbeat and vibration of her
body
Hazards during pregnancy
1 .Drugs -prescribed and non prescribed drugs
OTHER external hazards
- Exposure of pregnant mother to higher
temperature in hot sauna or tub.
- High level of radiation
Process of Learning
Sensory Memory- response, collection of
information, out of our sensory information
Short term memory- lease period of time, short
time store information
Long term memory- hard to stored, stored
permanently.
Simple types of learning
1. Ivan pavlov -russian psychologist,
medical physician, psychology of the
body (don't want to feed the dog but
have digestion) , introduce of,
unconditional stimulus, conditional
stimulus.
Stimulus-anything triggered to response
NS to NR, US to UR
Stage
1. Acquisition- learned on CR added to the
reference of the behavior.
2. Extinction- CR diminished due to the
absence of uncondition stimulus
Classical conditioning( Ivan Pavlov) -simple
type learning Where NS is paired to US , NS
happened to CS to elicit CR, association of two
stimuli
Operant Conditioning (B.F Skinner , Edward
Thorndike) involves the association of behavior
and consequences
Thorndike- no punishment, rewards the
positive , correct response,
BF Skinner- wrong response there's is
punishment.theres a consequence's
Reward- consequence given to strengthen
behavior making more likely to be repeated.
*Positive reinforcement - involves adding
desirable to increase the likelihood of behavior.
* Negative Reinforcement removing something
unpleasant Behavior
Punishment- consequence given to weaken
behavior
* Positive punishment - adding something
undesirable
* Negative Punishment- removing something
desirable to decrease a behavior.
Primary Rewards: satisfying doesn't require
any previews Learning ( food water )
Secondary Rewards-rewarding through
Association with primary reward.(money)
Extinction - process that occurs in in both
classical and operant conditioning
In Classical, it's refers gradual weakening
disappearance of conditioned response CR
when the conditioned stimulus presented
repeatedly without the conditioned stimulus.
In operant , cures when a previously reinforce
behavior no longer results in delivery reinforcer
or removal an aversive stimulus.
Law of learning by Edward Thorndike
1. Law of effect -emphasize the role
ofconsequence shaping and reinforcing
behavior.
2. Law of exercise- repetition and practice
- use - practice, repetition
- dis use - act is mperfect
3. Law of readiness- motivated to learn
SElective attention processing and decision
making
habituation - less responsive
Dishabituation- renew interest
Verbal involve the use of words to
communicate
Nonverbal language do not involve words
Motherese communication - speaking of adults
when communicating to infants
Cause of forgetting
Forgetting- common occurrence in human
memory
Primary cause
1. Decay- gradually fade
2. Interference - disrupts the recall of
another memory
3. Retrieval Failure- memory trace is
intact
4. Encoding failure memories not be
stored
5. Motivated forgetting - information
painful
6. Retrograde amnesia lost memories
7. Anterograde amnesia difficulty forming
new Memories
8. Cue-dependent forgetting - memories
can be forgotten
9. Memory Suppression- traumatic
experience
10. Retrieval inhibition trying hard to recall
a memory
Personality theories
1. Gordon Allport - dynamic organization of
psychophysical characteristics of your behavi,or
and thoughts explains one's personality
2. Henry Murray - according to him, personality
is an organized regnant processes of overt
behavior from birth to death.
3. Alfred Adler - it is the style of life or
characteristic manner of responding to life's
problems and life goals explains one's
personality
4. Sigmund Freud - it is the integration of one' s
id, ego and superego
5. Carl Jung - for him, personality is the
complexes, persona, anima, animus as the fully
functioning aspects of personality

6. Carl Rogers - personality is how you become

worthwhile human being through unconditional
positive regard.