POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI.

Exp. 9 Dep: Electrical and Electronics Engineering Date: 28/3/2023

No.
Name: HARI VARSHAN Roll No.: 107120051
Load Flow Analysis

AIM:
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB R2021b

ALGORITHM FOLLOWED IN STEPS:

1. Read the given data and initialize the variables.

2. Compute YBus and the inverted YBus will be ZBus.
3. Assume the pre-fault voltage is 1 pu and the Pre-fault current is zero. The
fault current at the 4th bus can be computed using Pre-fault Voltage and
effective Z.
4. Initiate two 4x1 matrices V and I. Multiplying ZBus with I matrice will give
the error V matrice which on adding to V will give Bus voltages matrice.
5. To obtain the current flowing through a line between two lines find the
potential difference between the buses using the above Bus voltages and
divide it with the Impedance between the buses.
PROGRAM (CODE) :

InputData = input("ENTER THE INPUT DATA : ");

ZBUS = [];
busSize = 0;

for i = 1 : size(InputData)
data = InputData(i,:);
B1 = data(1);
B2 = data(2);
Z = data(3);
if B1 == 0 && B2 > busSize
ZBUS = [ZBUS zeros(busSize,1)];
busSize = busSize + 1;
ZBUS = [ ZBUS ; zeros(1,busSize)];
ZBUS(busSize,busSize) = Z ;
elseif B2 > busSize
ZBUS = [ZBUS ZBUS(:,B1)];
busSize = busSize + 1;
ZBUS = [ ZBUS ; ZBUS(B1,:)];
ZBUS(busSize,busSize) = Z + ZBUS(B1,B1) ;
elseif B1 ~= 0 && B2 <= busSize
ZBUS = ZBUS - (1/(ZBUS(B1,B1)+ZBUS(B2,B2)-2*ZBUS(B1,B2)+Z))*((ZBUS(:,B2)-ZBUS(:,B1))*((ZBUS(B2,:)-ZBUS(B1,:))));
else
ZBUS = ZBUS - (1/(ZBUS(B2,B2)+Z))*((ZBUS(:,B2))*((ZBUS(B2,:))));
end
end
fprintf('ZBUS :\n');
disp(ZBUS);
fprintf('\n');
FAULT=1;
V=[FAULT;FAULT;FAULT;FAULT];
If=FAULT/ZBUS(4,4);
I=[0;0;0;(-If)];
dV=ZBUS*I;
Vbus = V+dV;
I12 = (If/(0.4*1i))*(ZBUS(2,4)-ZBUS(1,4));
I13 = (If/(0.3*1i))*(ZBUS(3,4)-ZBUS(1,4));
I14 = (If/(0.2*1i))*(ZBUS(4,4)-ZBUS(1,4));
I21=I12;
I23 = (If/(0.2*1i))*(ZBUS(3,4)-ZBUS(2,4));
I24 = (If/(0.3*1i))*(ZBUS(4,4)-ZBUS(2,4));

fprintf("GENERATOR 1 : \n");
fprintf("FAULT CURRENT IN LINE 12 :%f %f \n",abs(I12),angle(I12));
fprintf("FAULT CURRENT IN LINE 13 :%f %f \n",abs(I13),angle(I13));
fprintf("FAULT CURRENT IN LINE 14 :%f %f \n",abs(I14),angle(I14));
fprintf("GENERATOR 2 : \n");
fprintf("FAULT CURRENT IN LINE 21 :%f %f \n",abs(I21),angle(I21));
fprintf("FAULT CURRENT IN LINE 23 :%f %f \n",abs(I23),angle(I23));
fprintf("FAULT CURRENT IN LINE 24 :%f %f \n",abs(I24),angle(I24));

fprintf("VOLTAGE AT BUS 1 :%f %f \n",abs(Vbus(1,1)),angle(Vbus(1,1)));

fprintf("VOLTAGE AT BUS 2 :%f %f \n",abs(Vbus(2,1)),angle(Vbus(2,1)));
fprintf("VOLTAGE AT BUS 3 :%f %f \n",abs(Vbus(3,1)),angle(Vbus(3,1)));
fprintf("VOLTAGE AT BUS 4 :%f %f \n",abs(Vbus(4,1)),angle(Vbus(4,1)));

MATLAB OUTPUT:

OBSERVATION:
The symmetrical fault occurs infrequently, for example, when a line, which has been
made safe for maintenance and/or repairs by clamping all the three phases to earth, is
accidentally made alive or when, due to slow fault clearance, an earth fault spreads
across to the other two phases or when a mechanical excavator cuts quickly through a
whole cable.

INFERENCE:
The symmetrical fault analysis provides the necessary data for the selection of circuit
breakers and design of protective scheme.
As symmetrical faults result in balanced conditions, they can be analyzed using per-
phase analysis.A symmetrical fault is a fault where all phases are affected so that the
system remains balanced. A three-phase fault is a symmetrical fault.