POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI.

Exp. 10 Dep: Electrical and Electronics Engineering Date: 4/4/2023

No.
Name: HARI VARSHAN Roll No.: 107120051
Unsymmetrical Faults

AIM:
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB R2021b

ALGORITHM FOLLOWED IN STEPS:

1. Read the given data.

2. Assume Base Voltage and MVA.

3. Initialize the Impedance variables.

4. Calculate the equivalent Thevenin Impedance in the zero, the positive and negative
sequence for the circuit at the fault condition.

5. Calculate the fault current and Thevenin equivalent voltage at fault condition.

PROGRAM (CODE) :

g1 = [ 100 11 0.20 0.10 0.10 ];

g2 = [ 100 11 0.20 0.10 0.10 ];
t1 = [ 180 11.5 115 0.10 ];
t2 = [ 170 6.6 115 0.20 ];
m1 = [ 160 6.3 0.30 0.30 0.10 ];
xl = [ 30.25 30.25 60.5 ];
load = [ 60 6 0.8];
zf = 4.033;
base_MVA = 100;
kVbase1 = 11;
kVbase2 = kVbase1*(t1(3)/t1(2));
kVbase3 = kVbase2*(t2(2)/t2(3));
z = zeros(6,3);
z(1,:) = g1(3:5) ;
z(2,:) = g2(3:5) ;
z(3,1) = t1(4)*(base_MVA/t1(1))*((t1(2)/kVbase1)^2) ;
z(3,2) = z(3,1) ;
z(3,3) = z(3,1) ;
z(4,1) = t2(4)*(base_MVA/t2(1))*((t2(2)/kVbase3)^2) ;
z(4,2) = z(4,1) ;
z(4,3) = z(4,1) ;
z(5,:) = m1(3:5)*(base_MVA/m1(1))*((m1(2)/kVbase3)^2) ;
zbase = (kVbase2^2)/base_MVA ;
z(6,:) = xl/zbase ;
B = [ 1 1 1 ; 1 exp(-1i*2*pi/3) exp(1i*2*pi/3) ; 1 exp(1i*2*pi/3) exp(-1i*2*pi/3) ] ;
a = exp(1i*2*pi/3) ;
vm = load(2)/kVbase3 ;
pm = load(1)/(base_MVA*(load(3)));
im = (pm/vm)*exp((-1i)*acos(load(3))) ;
vf = (((z(6,1)/2)+z(4,1)+z(5,1))*im) + vm ;
la1 = z(6,1)/2 + z(3,1) +(1/(1/z(1,1)+1/z(2,1)));
lb1 = z(6,1)/2 + z(4,1) + z(5,1) ;
Z1f = 1/(1/la1+1/lb1) ;
la2 = z(6,2)/2 + z(3,2) + 1/(1/z(1,2)+1/z(2,2)) ;
lb2 = z(6,2)/2 + z(4,2) + z(5,2) ;
z2f = 1/(1/la2+1/lb2) ;
z0f = 1/((1/((z(6,3)/2)+ z(3,3) + z(1,3)))+(1/((z(6,3)/2)+ z(5,3)))) ;
zfb = zf/zbase ;
ibase = 1000*base_MVA/(kVbase2*sqrt(3)) ;
iaf = 3*vf/(Z1f+z2f+z0f+(3*zfb)) ;
vaf1 = vf - Z1f*iaf/3 ;
vaf2 = -z2f*iaf/3 ;
vaf0 = -z0f*iaf/3 ;
vlg = B*[vaf0;vaf1;vaf2] ;
fprintf("---BOLTED SINGLE LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT---\n") ;
fprintf("FAULT CURRENT IN PER UNIT = %f %f pu\n" ,abs(iaf),angle(iaf)) ;
fprintf("FAULT CURRENT IN AMPERE = %f %f A\n" ,abs(iaf*ibase),angle(iaf*ibase)) ;
fprintf("Va = %f %f pu\n",abs(vlg(1,1)),angle(vlg(1,1))) ;
fprintf("Vb = %f %f pu\n",abs(vlg(2,1)),angle(vlg(2,1))) ;
fprintf("Vc = %f %f pu\n\n",abs(vlg(3,1)),angle(vlg(3,1))) ;
iaf1 = vf/(Z1f+z2f+zfb) ;
ibf = ((a*a)-a)*iaf1 ;
va1 = vf - Z1f*iaf1 ;
va2 = iaf1*z2f ;
vll = B*[0 ; va1 ; va2] ;
fprintf("---BOLTED LINE-TO-LINE FAULT---\n") ;
fprintf("FAULT CURRENT IN PER UNIT = %f %f pu\n" ,abs(ibf),angle(ibf)) ;
fprintf("FAULT CURRENT IN AMPERE = %f %f A\n" ,abs(ibf*ibase),angle(ibf*ibase)) ;
fprintf("Va = %f %f pu\n",abs(vll(1,1)),angle(vll(1,1))) ;
fprintf("Vb = %f %f pu\n",abs(vll(2,1)),angle(vll(2,1))) ;
fprintf("Vc = %f %f pu\n\n",abs(vll(3,1)),angle(vll(3,1))) ;
iaf1 = vf/( Z1f + 1/( 1/(z0f+3*zfb) + 1/z2f )) ;
iaf2 = -iaf1*(z0f+3*zfb)/(z0f+3*zfb+z2f) ;
iaf0 = -iaf1-iaf2 ;
illg = B*[iaf0 ; iaf1 ; iaf2] ;
If = illg(1) + illg(2) ;
ifffffff = 3*iaf0;
va1 = vf - Z1f*iaf1 ;
va2 = va1 ;
va0 = -iaf0*z0f ;
vllg = B*[va0 ; va1 ; va2] ;
fprintf("---BOLTED DOUBLE LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT---\n") ;
fprintf("FAULT CURRENT IN PER UNIT = %f %f pu\n" ,abs(If),angle(If)) ;
fprintf("FAULT CURRENT IN AMPERE = %f %f A\n" ,abs(If*ibase),angle(If*ibase)) ;
fprintf("Va = %f %f pu\n",abs(vllg(1,1)),angle(vllg(1,1))) ;
fprintf("Vb = %f %f pu\n",abs(vllg(2,1)),angle(vllg(2,1))) ;
fprintf("Vc = %f %f pu\n\n",abs(vllg(3,1)),angle(vllg(3,1))) ;
zfb = 4.033/121 ;
if3ph = vf/(Z1f+zfb) ;
v3ph = zfb*if3ph ;
fprintf("---BALANCED 3-PHASE FAULT---\n") ;
fprintf("FAULT CURRENT IN PER UNIT = %f %f pu\n" ,abs(if3ph),angle(if3ph));
fprintf("FAULT CURRENT IN AMPERE = %f %f A\n" ,abs(if3ph*ibase),angle(if3ph*ibase)) ;
fprintf("Va = %f %f pu\n",abs(v3ph),angle(v3ph)) ;
fprintf("Vb = %f %f pu\n",abs(v3ph),angle(v3ph)) ;
fprintf("Vc = %f %f pu\n\n",abs(v3ph),angle(v3ph)) ;
MATLAB OUTPUT:

OBSERVATION:

Unsymmetrical faults involve only one or two phases. In unsymmetrical faults

the three-phase lines become unbalanced. Such types of faults occur between
line-to-ground or between lines.

INFERENCE:

In the case of unsymmetrical faults, the system is unbalanced, hence for analysis,
the system parameters are resolved into balanced, symmetrical components such
as positive, negative, and zero sequence components and they are connected
suitably based on the type of fault, which were otherwise decoupled. A single line-to-
ground fault occurs when one of the three phases accidentally touches the ground, which
can be either a bolted fault or a fault through an impedance.
Line-to-line faults occur when two phases touch each other. In double line-to- line faults,
the phases that touch each other have the same voltage when they don’t have any
impedance. Double line-to-ground faults occur when two phases fall onto the ground or
onto an object which is connected to ground.