Chapter il Angles and their Measurements Key Words: angle vertex initial side terminal side degree radian quadrant arclength acute angle obtuse angle right angle complementary angle — supplementary angle Learning Objectives: At the end of the chapter, the students should be able to: * have a good grasp of introductory concepts on Trigonometry. e distinguish the different kinds of angles, and locate their positions in the Cartesian plane. * convert angles from degree measure to radian and vice versa e find positive and negative coterminal angles. e determine the reference angle. find the length of an arc of an angle. SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY1.1 Introduction Srigonomeluy is a branch of mathematics that deals with the relation between the sides and angles of triangles. It also deals with measurements based on these sides and angles. It is derived from the Greek word “trigonon" which means triangle and “metria” which means measurement. An angle is a geometric figure formed by rotating a half line about its end- point from its initial position to its terminal position. The endpoint of the half line is called the vertex. The initial position of the half line is called the initial side of the angle and the terminal position of the halfline is called the terminal side of the angle. An angle a rotated in a counterclockwise direction is positive vertex Initial side An angle B rotated in a clockwise direction, is negative. An angle can be drawn in the xy-plane. An angle with its vertex at the origin and its initial side along the positive x-axis is said to be in standard position. A si J al Figure 1 Figure 2 PLANE AND SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRYThere are several ways of naming an angle. Three letters denoting a point on the initial side, the vertex, and a point on the terminal side may be used, such as angle AOB in Figure 1, and angle BOA in Figure 2. Asingle letter can be used also; thus angle AOB and angle BOA can be simply named as angle O, as long as there is no confusion. Greek letters like a, 8, v,¢ and@ are also commonly used to denote angles. The location of an angle in standard position can be determined by finding the quadrant containing its termnal side. Thus, the angle in Figure 1 is located in the first quadrant (or QI) while the angle in Figure 2 is in the third quadrant (or Qill). The system of angle measurements will be discussed formally in the next section. For the meantime let us limit the angle 6 to one rotation, i.e., 0<|6| <360°. The following table describes the boundaries of the four quadrants. lea 90 °< 8 < 180° or -180° < 0 <-270° pee | 180° < 6 < 270° or -90° <0 <-180°Kinds of Angles The following angles are well-defined in elementary geometry ( 1. Acute angle — an angle whose measurement is between 0° and 90° 2. Obtuse angle — an angle whose measurement is between 90° ae 180° 3. Right angle — an angle whose measurement is exactly 90° 4. Straight angle — an angle whose measurement is exactly 180° 5. Reflex angle — an angle whose measurement is between 180° and 360° } 6. Complementary Angles- two angles whose sum is 90° .7. Supplementary Angles- two angles whose sum is 180° Another family of angles will be extensively used in this subject, the coterminal angles. They are two or more angles in standard position having the same terminal side. For instance, some coterminal angles of 6 = 60° are 420° and -300°. We emphasize that coterminal angles are not equal. However their terminal sides coincide. Thus if P(x,y) is the terminal point of 60°, then the terminal points of 420° and -300° both fall on the same terminal side as that of P(xy). -300° PLANE AND SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY =Given an angle 0, we obtain its coterminal angle by simply adding or subtracting an integer multiple of 360°. To make it simpler, let us consider angles within one rotation, i.e., 0 <|0| < 360°. If@ is positive, we simply subtract 360° to get a negative coterminal angle. If we want a positive coterminal angle, we may add 360°, though the resulting angle will now exceed one rotation. If 0 is negative then we should add 360° to get a positive coterminal angle. If we subtract 360°, we get another negative coterminal angle exceeding one rotation Other multiples of 360° may be added or subtracted to get other coterminal angles. Thus, an angle @ has infinitely many coterminal angles. Examples: Find a positive and a negative coterminal angle of the following: 1.8= 30° Solution: A positive coterminal angle is 30° + 360° = 390° Anegative coterminal angle is 30° - 360° = -330° 2.8 = -210° Solution: A positive coterminal angle is -210° + 360° = 150° Anegative coterminal angle is -210° - 360° = -570° -210° HERICAL TRIGONOMETRYThe reference angle @ of a given angle @ in standard positionis the smallest positive acute angle determined by the x-axis and the terminal side of 6 Let 6 be a positive angle within one rotation, i.e., 0 < 8 < 360°. The following table shows how to obtain a. Given angle (8) Quadrant Reference angle (a) 8 I! a=8 8 i a=180°-68 8 Ml a=6- 180° 8 IV a=360°-6 The reference angle of any other angle 8 can be obtained by first finding a positive coterminal angle of 8, within one rotation, then by using the procedure in the previous table. Examples: Find the reference angle of the following angles: 1.6=45° Since 45° is an acute angle and located in QL, a=4#! PLANE AND SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY2. @= 300° Since 300° is located in al, =360°-300°=60° 3. @=-70° First, find the positive coterminal angle within one rotation, i.e., -70° + 360° = 290° is located in QIV, hence a = 360° — 290° = 70° 4, @=200° of Since 200° is located in Qlll, «=200°-180°=20° Wann acre ae RICAL TRIGONOMETRY Z