TIMING DIAGRAM: Examples

1. (a) SR latch
(b) SR latch with Enable input

2. (a) D latch
(b) JK latch

3. (a) Positive edge triggered JK flip-flop

(b) Negative edge triggered JK flip-flop
4. (a) Positive edge tirggered D flip-flop
(b) Negative edge triggered D flip-flop
(c) Positive edge triggered T flip-flop
(d) Negative edge triggered T flip-flop

5. JK flip-flop with Preset and Clear

(a) Positve edge triggered JK flip-flop
(b) Negative edge triggered JK flip-flop
 Registers

- A collection of two or more flip-flops with a common clock.

- Often used to store a collection of related bits (such as a byte of data in a computer).

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Greetings!
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The mobile app for attendance continued to have some technical error 2022) also. Therefor

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Shift Registers

- It is a register that stores input values in sequence.

- At each clock tick the values stored are shifted from one flip-flop to the adjacent.

Types of shift registers:

1. Serial in - serial out (SISO)

2. Serial in - parallel out (SIPO)

3. Parallel in - serial out (PISO)

4. Parallel in - parallel out (PIPO)

 Basic Shift Register (SISO)

- A basic shift register is simply a chain of D flip-flops with a common clock.

- Each flip-flop transfers its D input to its Q output at a clock transition.

- The effect is to transfer data along the register, one flip-flop per clock cycle.

- This type of register is called a serial input - serial output (SISO) shift register.

D Q D Q D Q D Q

Example:
Applications of a basic shift register:

1. Delay line: N stages delay the signal by N clock cycles.

2. Multiplication and division by powers of 2.

Left shift: Multiplication

Right shift: Division

3. Pseudo-random number generator

Pseudo-random number generator

- A ring counter with feedback through an XOR gate makes a simple pseudo-random number

generator.

- Pseudo-random sequences of 1's and 0's have many applications such as in encryption.

- They appear to be random over 'short' times but the sequence finally repeats, hence the

more accurate term 'pseudo-random'.

- They can be reproduced perfectly if you know both:

1. The method used to generate the sequence, and

2. The state in the sequence at which to start.

A simple pseudo-random number generator:

Q. The circuit above has a period of (2^4)-1 = 15 (and not 16). Which state is

missing and why?

 Encryption and decryption of a data sequence using a pseudo-random
binary sequence:

Types of registers (contd.):

Shift register applications:

- Ring counter

- Johnson counter

- Pseudo-random binary sequences and encryption

- Conversion of data from serial to parallel and vice versa

- Multiplication and division