Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment Systems

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1242 − 23
Standard Guide for

Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone
Attachment Systems1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Natural building stone is chosen as a building’s cladding for its beauty which endures with minimal
maintenance. Stone is durable when used properly. Exercising good judgment when selecting the
particular stone, determining the quarrying and fabrication techniques, designing the method of
attachment, and installing all components correctly maximizes these benefits. A properly executed
stone cladding is designed and installed within the capabilities and limitations of the stone and support
system to resist all forces that work on them.
This guide presents design principles that require consideration when designing anchorages and
evaluating exterior stone to be compatible with its proposed use. It is an overview of current
techniques and a review of minimum requirements for sound stone engineering and construction. The
guide does not list all possible methods of attachment nor does it provide a step-by-step procedure for
stone anchor engineering. Knowledge gained from new engineering designs, testing of applications,
and the investigation of existing problems are continually reviewed to update this guide. Comment
from users is encouraged.
Good judgment by architects, engineers, and contractors when specifying, designing, engineering,
and constructing stone and other work that interfaces stone is necessary to use this guide. Users of this
guide should combine known performance characteristics of the stone, the building’s structural
behavior, and knowledge of materials and construction methods with proven engineering practice.
1. Scope 1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to

curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchor-
before these support systems are attached to the building
ing systems and discusses the design principles to be consid-
structure, and
ered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity
1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and
loads and applied loads.
installation of the above.
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design 1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommen-
of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those dations of the manufacturers, and standards governing inter-
design considerations. facing work.
1.3 This guide pertains to: 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
structure for support, conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to and are not considered standard.
curtainwall components after these support systems are at- 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tached to the building structure, safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.06 on Attachment (See Tables 1 and 2.)
Components and Systems.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
Current edition approved May 1, 2023. Published June 2023. Originally
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as C1242 – 22c. DOI: dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
10.1520/C1242-23. ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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C1242 − 23
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention

FIG. 1 Rod and Plug Anchor
FIG. 2 Adhesive Embedded Threaded Anchor
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-

FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention (continued)
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents C170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension

2.1 ASTM Standards:2 Stone
C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity C406 Specification for Roofing Slate
of Dimension Stone C482 Test Method for Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to
C99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension Portland Cement Paste
Stone C503 Specification for Marble Dimension Stone
C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone C509 Specification for Elastomeric Cellular Preformed Gas-
ket and Sealing Material
2
C568 Specification for Limestone Dimension Stone
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
C615 Specification for Granite Dimension Stone
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on C616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension Stone
the ASTM website. C629 Specification for Slate Dimension Stone

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TABLE 1 Dimension Stone Specifications
Stone Type ASTM Specification
CalciteA C503
DolomiteA C503
Granite C615
LimestoneB C568
Marble (exterior)B C503
Quartz-BasedB C616
QuartziteA C616
Quartzitic SandstoneA C616
SandstoneA C616
SerpentineA C503
Serpentine C1526
Slate (roof) C406
Slate (walls) C629
TravertineA C1527
A
This stone type is a subclassification.
B
This stone type has subclassifications or grades.
FIG. 4 Disc Anchor
TABLE 2 Dimension Stone Test Methods

Measures ASTM Test Method
liquid porosity and relative density C97
combined shear with tensile unit strength from bending C99
ultimate crushing unit strength C170
primary tensile unit strength from bending C880
capacity and deflections of panels assembled with C1201
their anchors onto their supporting backup structure
individual anchor strength C1354/C1354M
accelerated production of service life E632
E632 Practice for Developing Accelerated Tests to Aid

Prediction of the Service Life of Building Components
and Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 General Definitions—For definitions of terms used in
this guide, refer to Terminology C119.
3.2 Specific definitions used in the design process are listed
in 7.4.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects,
engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior
stone cladding for architectural structures.
FIG. 5 Combined Anchor 4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering
design considerations, documentation, material considerations,
anchor type applications, and installation workmanship to
C864 Specification for Dense Elastomeric Compression Seal assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable
Gaskets, Setting Blocks, and Spacers stone cladding.
C880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension Stone 4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building’s
C1115 Specification for Dense Elastomeric Silicone Rubber skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and perfor-
Gaskets and Accessories mance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and
C1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior superstructure frame.
Dimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static Air 4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with ap-
Pressure Difference plicable building codes.
C1354/C1354M Test Method for Strength of Individual 4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supersede published
Stone Anchorages in Dimension Stone recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of other
C1496 Guide for Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior dimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and
Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and Facades considered in addition to this Guide’s recommendations. All
C1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension Stone industry information should be considered with respect to
C1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension Stone project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such

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publications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable ability? Refer to Table 2 for standard test methods and
practice to follow the publication’s provisions if recommended properties they measure.
by the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions 5.1.6 Do the physical characteristics of the stone not mea-
of the individual project. sured by standard tests suggest the material may have long-
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variabil- term durability concerns? Other properties, including (but not
ity of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should limited to) resistance to chemical attack, weather-related
be determined by testing and statistical methods that are strength reduction, and dimensional changes, might be evalu-
evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test ated by special laboratory tests designed to obtain data under
data where applicable. Always reference proven performance simulated conditions.
of relevant existing structures. 5.1.7 Does the project location or shape develop exceptional
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered. design wind, or seismic loads, or does the stone material
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and compo-
require higher safety factors than other stones not anticipated
nents including the stone shall be interactively compatible.
by statutory codes?
4.4 Stone Specialist—Some conditions require professional 5.1.8 Do the anchor and subframe system accommodate
expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, building dimensional changes caused by wind and seismic
establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests, de- sway, thermal and elastic deformation, creep and shrinkage,
sign and engineer the anchoring system, or monitor its fabri- and their combined effects?
cation and installation. A specialist is a person that comple-
5.1.9 Will contiguous facade elements such as windows,
ments the capabilities of the project team by contributing
other claddings, window supports, or window-washing and
specific expert experience with the use, selection, design, and
wall maintenance provisions influence the stone cladding, its
installation of dimension stone.
anchoring or subframe system?
4.4.1 Particular conditions where special expertise is sug-
gested to achieve a reliable installation: 5.1.10 Do the anchor or subframe systems penetrate
4.4.1.1 Where complex connections or anchoring methods waterproofing, facilitate internal moisture collection, or pen-
of unknown or questionable performance records are likely to etrate wall insulation and cavity ventilation?
be considered or specified; 5.1.11 Do the materials used resist corrosion, galvanic and
4.4.1.2 Where the performance record of the specified chemical reactions?
systems and materials is not known or questionable; 5.2 The following general rules are helpful in the design of
4.4.1.3 When multiple cladding materials occur on the same anchors and connections:
facade;
5.2.1 The simplest connections are usually the best.
4.4.1.4 If the supporting structure or backup is more flexible
than L/600 in any direction; 5.2.2 Make connections with the fewest components.
4.4.1.5 If extreme loading could be caused by seismic, 5.2.3 Use the fewest possible anchor connection types in
hurricane, tornado, or installation and handling methods; any particular project.
4.4.1.6 When special building code requirements prevail. 5.2.4 Provide for adjustability in connections to accommo-
4.4.1.7 If provisions of stone industry publications or proj- date tolerances in materials and construction.
ect specifications differ from this guide. 5.2.5 Distribute the weight of stone or panel systems on no
more than two points of connection where possible.
5. Selection Considerations 5.2.6 Make anchor connection locations accessible to the
5.1 Review the following factors before selecting a stone craftsman.
material, an anchoring system and subframe system from those 5.2.7 Design connection components and stone sinkages to
options being considered: avoid entrapping moisture.
5.1.1 Have the stone materials under consideration per- 5.2.8 At friction connections with slotted holes parallel to
formed well on existing buildings in similar exposures? the direction of load, specify proper bolts, washers, slot size,
5.1.2 Have the different anchoring and subframe systems and bolt installation procedure.
under consideration performed well on existing buildings in
similar exposures? 5.3 Safety Factors—In order to design an anchoring system,
5.1.3 How is the performance of the anchor and its engage- the variabilities of the materials being considered should be
ment into the stone affected by installation and handling known and compensated. This is accomplished through the use
procedures? of an appropriate safety factor to be applied to the stone, the
5.1.4 How are the performance and appearance of the anchorage, and the backup structure.
subframe, the anchor’s connection to the subframe, and the 5.3.1 Table 3 shows generally accepted Safety Factors for
subframe’s connections to the building structure affected by stone cladding by stone type. Past successful practice, industry
differential movements? specialists, and association publications establish and recog-
5.1.5 Do the physical characteristics of the stone measured nize these recommended factors. These factors are based on a
by standard tests show the material has structural limitations? maximum coefficient of variation of 20 % when samples
Which physical properties are important to the application, and produced from material representative of that to be provided to
which test methods measure those properties and their vari- a specific project are tested in accordance with Test Method

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TABLE 3 Generally Accepted Safety Factors for Stone Cladding bearing surfaces. Unintended slip at adjustment slot, whether in
by Stone Type the vertical, horizontal, or diagonal direction, should be pre-
Stone Type Specification Safety Factor vented by use of a weld washer, interlocking serrated faces, or
granite C615 3
limestone C568 6
other mechanical means.
group A marble C503 5 6.1.3 Where required to adjust the stone panel’s height
travertine C1527 8 during setting, place structural shims between the stone and
sandstone C616 6
slate C629 5 anchor to accommodate variances in position between the
finished stone panel’s position and actual loation of the anchor.
Shims must possess permanent structural properties sufficient
to transfer forces while allowing rotations and slight displace-
C880 or Test Method C99 for sedimentary stones in thick- ments between the anchor and stone panel that, if restricted,
nesses of 2 in. (50 mm) or greater. Safety factors could be could induce prying and compromise the anchor or stone’s
changed when conditions listed under 5.3.2 or 5.3.3 exist in the capacity where it is engaged by the anchor.
project.
5.3.2 Exemplar Availability: A safety factor could be modi- 6.2 Cast-in Anchorage (refer to Fig. 6 and Fig. 7):
fied if the long-term performance of the stone material, anchor 6.2.1 Engage panel with anchor comprised of a spring-clip
and backup system cannot be verified by well-performing hairpin (Fig. 6) or pairs of dowels, threaded rods, or bolts (Fig.
exemplars. Consult a stone specialist as defined in 4.4 for the 7) made of materials following 8.1 “Metals” into holes bored
appropriate change in safety factor. into the backside of stone panel. Avoid anchor misalignment in
5.3.3 Structural Variables: A safety factor could be modi- hole to reduce resulting prying on stone panel or unintended
fied if specific conditions exist on the project different from load path.
those upon which Table 3 values are based. Consult a stone 6.2.2 Transfer lateral and gravity reactions from stone to
specialist as defined in 4.4 for the appropriate change in safety backup with anchor shown. Orient anchors in horizontal plane,
factor. Some specific conditions are: perpendicular to gravity load whenever possible, without
5.3.3.1 Critical material strength tests show increased vari- pointing downward in its final installed position. Slant and
ability; oppose direction of holes to mechanically lock stone panel onto
5.3.3.2 Life expectancy of project exceeds forty years; backup. When anchoring downward-facing stones, ensure that
5.3.3.3 Stone material loses significant strength over time; anchor arrangement will effectively resist vertical and lateral
5.3.3.4 When designing stone at anchors; reactions.
5.3.3.5 Anchor capacity tests show increased variability; 6.2.3 Size diameter and depth of anchor that engages stone
5.3.3.6 Anchors will not be inspected in final position on to be capable of resisting intended reactions without allowing
building; deformations that induce prying or reduce anchorage capacity.
5.3.3.7 Anchors require varied installation techniques or In general, number and location of anchors should be a
varied positions; minimum of two anchors per individual panel as anchor and
5.3.3.8 Panel is used in higher-risk position such as a soffit, panel engineering require and follow factors in Section 5,
overhang, liner block, assembled on backup before being “Selection Considerations”.
erected or other similar position. 6.2.4 Anchor hole depth and diameter, with the anchor’s
embedment depth into the hole, are the critical elements
6. Anchor Types determining the anchorage assembly’s capacity for transferring
6.1 The following descriptions apply to components poten- forces from the panel to its support. Embed anchors 3⁄8 in. (10
tially common to all anchor types: mm) minimum and no more than approximately two-thirds the
6.1.1 Connect all anchors to a stable backup. A stable panel thickness in panels up to 3 in. (75 mm) thick. For panels
backup provides sufficient strength and stiffness to resist thicker than 3 in. (75 mm), embed anchors no more than
forces, rotations and displacements induced by the anchor as it approximately one-half the panel thickness. Test specific con-
transfers reactions from the stone panel to the backup to sustain figurations by Test Method C1354/C1354M to confirm capac-
the structural integrity of the stone cladding. Strength and ity and optimize configuration.
stiffness must also be sufficient to prevent stress concentrations 6.2.5 Provide minimum 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) stone cover over
that could compromise capacity, so the stone cladding system hole to help avoid rupturing the exposed face during boring or
can perform as engineered. spalling or staining from absorbed moisture.
6.1.2 Place structural shims between the anchor and backup 6.2.6 Bore hole for anchor with non-percussive tool using
to accommodate variances in position between the finished an apparatus to maintain consistent angularity to guide the bore
stone panel’s position and actual location of the backup. Shims accurately. Slant holes to an angle of 45° to 60° to the face.
must possess permanent structural properties sufficient to Size hole diameter for minimum clearance around anchor,
transfer forces while resisting rotations and displacements commonly 1⁄32 in. (1 mm) larger than the anchor diameter.
between the anchor and backup that could compromise the However, hole size and alignment must allow anchor to be
anchor or fastener capacity, or its intended position. Insulation, installed to its required embedment.
waterproofing, compressible or elastomeric layers not possess- 6.2.7 If required to reduce risk of water entry that might
ing sufficient structural properties should not be used as shims, stain stone, or freeze and expand to possibly damage stone, fill
and should not be sandwiched between anchors and backup at the gap between the hole in the stone and anchor with

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FIG. 6 Spring-Clip Cast-in Anchorage – anchor in horizontal or vertical plane can support gravity and lateral loads (prefer horizontal
clip orientation to support combined loads)
FIG. 7 Separated Pins Cast-in Anchorage – anchor in horizontal or vertical plane can support gravity and lateral loads (prefer horizon-
tal dowel or bolt orientation to support combined loads)

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non-staining and non-migrating material such as compressible holes are to be filled, verify holes around anchors are filled
low-modulus sealant. Polyester or epoxy resins may be used if before placing separator sheet and setting grommets. Also
their thermal and moisture expansion properties, verify anchors are embedded to full hole depth and proper
compressibility, annular volume, and other factors do not risk alignment before casting backup.
damaging the stone in its exposure. The fill also distributes 6.2.11 Embed anchor into backup the greater of 21⁄2 in.
bearing of anchor on sides of hole to reduce point bearing and (60 mm), twice the anchor embedment into the stone panel, or
stress concentrations. Do not rely solely on adhesives to to 1 in. (25 mm) behind and within the backup’s reinforcing.
support stone.
6.2.8 To prevent adhesion between the stone panel and 6.2.12 Engineer the backup to be stiffer than the stone panel
backup and minimize water absorption into backup, place a so deformations of the backup do not induce stress into the
continuous polyethylene separator sheet between the back face panel or its anchors. Engineer the anchors to accommodate
of stone and backup. To accommodate some movement, shrinkage, creep, fabrication and erection, handling and other
prevent adhesion, and reduce risk of attachment rupture if in-service deformations to avoid development of secondary
moisture collects and freezes between the stone and backup, stresses that could compromise anchorage integrity.
place an expanded-type, closed-cell foam sheet between the 6.2.13 Do not allow floor-to-floor building movements to be
back face of stone and backup. Protect plane from water entry accommodated as movement within the holes.
and allow drainage. 6.2.14 Size joint between panels to allow for tolerances,
6.2.9 Place compressible grommet collar on anchor to allow clearances, designed movement, and capability of the joint
anchor to flex slightly to accommodate differential in-plane filler. Do not accommodate movement occurring in joints in the
movements. Grommet to fit snugly onto anchor. Grommet backup with this type of anchor. Unless the project’s design
outside diameter is nominally two times the anchor diameter. requires open joints, seal joints between panels with
Grommet length is nominally four times the anchor diameter. compressible, compatible sealant with proper profile over
6.2.10 Before inserting anchor into hole, remove loose dust backer rod to prevent three-sided sealant bond that could cause
and debris from holes with compressed desiccated air and wire
premature sealant failure.
brush. Use minimum 3⁄16 in. (5 mm) diameter spring-clip, or
minimum 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) diameter dowel, bolt or rod. When 6.3 Dowel Anchorage (refer to Fig. 8 and Fig. 9):
FIG. 8 Dowel Anchorage (brake-formed version) to support combined gravity plus lateral reactions

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FIG. 9 Dowel Anchorage (brake-formed version) to support only lateral reactions; gravity reactions supported elsewhere
6.3.1 Engage panel with a fixed or loose dowel made of ally designed with open joints, fill joints between panels with
materials following 8.1 “Metals”. Avoid dowel misalignment compressible gasket or compatible sealant with proper profile
in hole and maintain clearances where shown to reduce over backer rod. If anchor is not recessed enough to allow the
resulting prying on stone panel or unintended load path. backer rod to be continuous across the face-of-anchor, place
6.3.2 Transfer lateral and gravity reactions (Fig. 8) or only bond breaker at anchor and place backer rod between anchors
lateral reactions (Fig. 9) from stone to backup with anchor to prevent three-sided sealant bond that could cause premature
shown as a brake-formed shape. Anchor can also be other sealant failure.
shapes. If a slot must be used instead of a hole, prevent 6.3.7 Provide clearance between top-of-stone and bottom-
unintended slip at slot according to 6.1.2. of-anchor to avoid contact and weight transfer unless cladding
6.3.3 Size thickness and height of anchor that engages stone system is designed to stack. Clearance must allow for differ-
to be capable of resisting intended reactions without allowing ential movement including thermal volume change, creep,
deformations that induce prying or reduce anchorage capacity. seismic and lateral drift, fabrication and installation tolerances.
Size portion of anchor carrying weight of stone to support 6.3.8 Provide interior edge distance, the thickness of stone
weight without allowing deformations that induce prying or from hole to back-face-of-stone, capable of resisting negative,
reduce anchorage capacity. or outward reactions, and also stone weight unless the anchor
6.3.4 Place bearing shim to transfer weight of stone to only supports lateral reactions. Maintain distance even when
anchor and adjust its height to maintain clearances where stone panel is at minimum overall thickness. Also provide
shown to avoid unintended stress or load path. sufficient exterior edge distance, the thickness of stone from
6.3.5 Minimize hole depth to improve anchor capacity. Do hole to front-face-of-stone, capable of resisting positive or
not allow floor-to-floor building movements to be accommo- inward reactions. Keeping this dimension constant could en-
dated as movement within the holes. Provide minimum 3⁄8 in. able installers to align the panels’ finished faces during setting.
(10 mm) engagement or depth determined to be appropriate by 6.3.9 Bore hole for dowel with non-percussive means.
testing in accordance with Test Method C1354/C1354M. Locate hole in center third of panel thickness. Minimize hole
Increased engagement may increase anchorage capacity, and diameter to maximize anchor capacity and proportion interior
could reduce capacity. and exterior edge distances to reactions being resisted while
6.3.6 Size joint to allow for anchor, tolerances, clearances, satisfying 6.3.8. Size hole diameter for minimum clearance
designed movement, and capability of the joint filler. Do not around dowel.
accommodate movement occurring in joints in the backup with 6.3.10 Fill holes with compressible and non-absorbing ma-
this type of anchor. Unless stone cladding system is intention- terial such as low-modulus sealant or closed-cell foam to

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prevent moisture accumulation. The fill also cushions bearing 6.4.5 Minimize kerf depth to improve anchor capacity. Do
of dowel on sides of hole to minimize point bearing and stress not allow floor-to-floor building movements to be accommo-
concentrations. Wax or wrap tape on dowel to allow sliding dated as movement within the kerfs. Provide minimum 3⁄8 in.
where adhesion is not desired, and only small slip is needed. (10 mm) engagement or depth determined to be appropriate by
6.4 Kerf Anchorage—(refer to Fig. 10 and Fig. 11). testing in accordance with Test Method C1354/C1354M.
6.4.1 Engage panel with anchor made of materials follow- Increased engagement may not increase anchorage capacity,
ing 8.1 “Metals”. Avoid misalignment of leg in kerf and and could reduce capacity.
maintain clearances where shown to reduce resulting prying on 6.4.6 Size joint to allow for anchor, tolerances, clearances,
stone panel or unintended load path. designed movement, and capability of the joint filler. Do not
6.4.2 Transfer lateral and gravity reactions (Fig. 10) or only accommodate movement occurring in joints in the backup with
lateral reactions (Fig. 11) from stone to backup with anchor this type of anchor. Unless stone cladding system is intention-
shown as a brake-formed shape. Anchor can also be other ally designed with open joints, fill joints between panels with
shapes. If a slot is used instead of a hole, prevent unintended compressible gasket or compatible sealant with proper profile
slip at slot according to 6.1.2. over backer rod. If anchor is not recessed enough to allow for
6.4.3 Size thickness and height of anchor that engages stone the backer rod to be continuous across the face-of-anchor,
to be capable of resisting intended reactions without allowing place bond breaker at anchor and place backer rod between
deformations that induce prying or reduce anchorage capacity. anchors to prevent three-sided sealant bond that could cause
Size portion of anchor carrying weight of stone to support premature sealant failure.
weight without allowing deformations that induce prying or 6.4.7 Provide clearance between top-of-stone and bottom-
reduce anchorage capacity. of-anchor to avoid contact and weight transfer unless cladding
6.4.4 Place bearing shim to transfer weight of stone to system is designed to stack. Clearance must allow for differ-
anchor and adjust its height to maintain clearances where ential movement including thermal volume change, creep,
shown and to avoid unintended stress or load path. seismic and lateral drift, fabrication and installation tolerances.
FIG. 10 Kerf Anchorage (brake-formed split tail version) to support combined gravity plus lateral reactions

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FIG. 11 Kerf Anchorage (brake-formed split tail version) to support only lateral reactions; gravity reactions supported elsewhere
6.4.8 Provide interior edge distance, the thickness of stone fit does not create secondary stresses or an unintended load
from kerf to back-face-of-stone, capable of resisting negative, path, and also to reduce prying or expansive forces on stone
or outward, reactions, and also stone weight unless the anchor panel.
only supports lateral reactions. Maintain distance even when 6.5.2 Transfer lateral and gravity reactions from stone to
stone panel is minimum overall thickness. Also provide suffi- backup with anchor shown as sleeve with collar, fastened to
cient exterior edge distance, the thickness of stone from kerf to hardware connected to backup.
front-face-of-stone, capable of resisting positive, or inward,
6.5.3 Size diameter and depth of anchor that engages stone
reactions. Keeping this dimension constant could enable in-
to be capable of resisting intended reactions without allowing
stallers to align the panels’ finished faces during setting.
deformations that induce prying or reduce anchorage capacity.
6.4.9 Sawcut kerf for anchor with non-percussive means.
Nor should arrangement of anchors induce stress or reduce
Locate kerf in center third of panel thickness. Minimize kerf
panel capacity. In general, number and location of anchors
width to maximize anchor capacity and proportion interior and
exterior edge distances to reactions being resisted while should follow factors in Section 5, “Selection Considerations”.
satisfying 6.4.8. Size kerf width for minimum clearance around 6.5.4 Anchor hole depth and diameter, along with the
anchor leg. anchor’s embedment depth into the hole, are the critical
6.4.10 Fill kerfs with compressible and non-absorbing ma- elements determining the anchorage assembly’s capacity for
terial such as low-modulus sealant or closed-cell foam to transferring forces from the panel to its support. Prepare
prevent moisture accumulation. The fill also cushions bearing undercut holes, insert anchor into hole, and engage anchor into
of anchor leg on sides of kerf to minimize point bearing and undercut in strict accordance with the instructions from the
stress concentrations. Wax or wrap tape on anchor leg to allow manufacturer of that particular anchor.
sliding where adhesion is not desired, and only small slip is 6.5.4.1 For panels up to 2 in. (50 mm) thick, embed anchors
needed. between a minimum of 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) and a maximum of
6.5 Undercut Anchorage—(refer to Fig. 12): two-thirds the panel thickness, unless consideration of specific
6.5.1 Engage panel with an anchor having a sleeve and an panel configurations, manufacturer’s directions, or project
expanding collar or head into a wider-bottomed bell-shaped requirements dictate otherwise.
hole or milled into backside of panel (Fig. 12). Avoid misalign- 6.5.4.2 For panels greater than 2 in. (50 mm) thick, embed
ment in collar undercut. Confirm proper fit of collar or head in anchors between a minimum of 3⁄4 in. (20 mm) and a maximum
undercut and maintain clearances where shown so the anchor of one-half the panel thickness, unless consideration of specific

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FIG. 12 Undercut Anchorage – to support combined gravity plus lateral reactions
panel configurations, manufacturer’s directions, or project provided by manufacturer of anchor to verify hole and under-
requirements dictate otherwise. cut are fabricated properly.
6.5.4.3 Panel thickness should only consider the plane of 6.5.8 Insert un-expanded collar-end of anchor into properly
structural integrity and omit projections and incised or carved fabricated hole with collar undercut after verifying all debris is
reliefs and false joints. removed and collar undercut is clean. Use minimum 1⁄4 in.
6.5.4.4 Test specific configurations by Test Method C1354/ (6 mm) diameter bolt or threaded rod matched to fit into the
C1354M to confirm capacity and optimize configuration. sleeve part of the anchor. Verify anchor is inserted to full hole
6.5.4.5 To potentially increase anchor capacity, increase depth and is properly aligned before fastening connection
hole depth and anchor embedment to a project-specific depth hardware. Verify anchor sleeve extends behind back-of-stone
that achieves capacity required by engineering or testing. to prevent pulling the collar or head against the undercut when
Increased quantity of anchors in a panel may not increase connecting the support hardware, and thus developing unin-
anchorage or panel capacity, and could reduce capacity by tended secondary stresses that can reduce anchor capacity or
creating a weak plane across holes, or by transferring deflec- damage stone.
tions from the backup that induce flexure. 6.5.9 If required to reduce risk of water entry that might
6.5.5 Mill hole and undercut for anchor with non-percussive stain stone or freeze and expand, cover the gap between the
tool. Keep holes and undercuts at an angle of 90° to the face of hole in the stone and anchor’s sleeve with non-staining and
stone. Size hole and undercut diameters, and embedment non-migrating, compressible low-modulus sealant to prevent
depth, to conform with that anchor manufacturer’s require- moisture from entering or accumulating around anchor. Sealant
ments to attain required anchorage capacity. Maintain mini- must be compatible with and adhere to stone material.
mum clearance around anchor sleeve and around anchor’s 6.5.10 Attach undercut anchor to support hardware so that
expanding collar or head to achieve fit and function defined in stresses are not induced into stone at anchor or panel. The
6.5.1. connection to the hardware must be isolated from the anchor
6.5.6 Do not fill holes or annular gap between anchor and engagement into the stone. This isolation can be achieved by
hole. placing a bearing shim or threaded stress-less disc to bear
6.5.7 Before inserting anchor into hole with collar undercut, directly against the end-of-sleeve protruding from the back-of-
remove loose dust and debris from hole with compressed stone, between stone and connecting hardware. Thickness of
desiccated air and wire brush, and verify hole and collar bearing shim to be equal to or greater than the protrusion of
undercut are fabricated to proper size, depth, and diameters to sleeve from back-of-stone. Install the connecting hardware
achieve fit and function defined in 6.5.1. Use tool or device parallel to the back-of-panel to prevent torque and prying.

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6.5.11 Engineer the backup to be stiffer than the stone panel installing to avoid staining. Also verify that wire ties can be
so deformations of the backup do not induce stress into the used in the intended application.
panel or its anchors. Engineer the anchors to accommodate 6.6.4 Wire ties can hook into the edge of a panel or wrap
assembly, handling and in-service deformations to not develop through intersecting holes drilled into the side, or back of the
secondary stresses that compromise anchorage integrity. stone, or both. Looping wire ties through intersecting holes in
6.5.12 Do not allow floor-to-floor building movements to be the back of the stone allows anchors to remain hidden. Wire
accommodated as movement within the holes. ties should hook into or mechanically fasten into the backup to
6.5.13 Size joint between panels to allow for tolerances, act as a tensile tie to the stone. The spot needs to be tight
clearances, designed movement, and capability of the joint between the backup and the stone to provide for compression
filler. Do not accommodate movement occurring in joints in the transfer. Fill anchor holes with portland-cement based mortar
backup with this type of anchor. Unless the project’s design or epoxy. Plaster may be used on interior applications to hold
requires open joints, seal joints between panels with wire firmly in stone. Set stone and clamp in place until spots
compressible, compatible sealant with proper profile over cure.
backer rod to prevent three-sided sealant bond that could cause 6.6.5 Number of wires should be minimum of two and a
premature sealant failure. maximum of four per individual panel and should follow the
6.6 Wire Ties (see Fig. 13): general rules of 5.2. If Test Method C1354/C1354M anchor
6.6.1 Wire ties used on vertical panels are intended to resist testing or panel bending showed more than four anchors were
only lateral loads. Weight of vertical panels should be sup- required, then the backup must be made stiffer than the stone
ported by bearing on a ledge, corbel, slot, shelf, or liner panel.
separate from the ties. 6.6.6 Drill holes following guidelines of 6.2.6. Tie embed-
6.6.2 Wire ties with portland-cement based mortar spots can ment into stone, depth of holes and edge distances should
be used to attach stone cladding to cast-in-place concrete or follow the guidelines of 6.2.6.
masonry backup on exteriors. Wire ties with gypsum or 6.6.7 Minimum recommended wire diameter is 0.148 in.
molding plaster spots can be used to attach interior stone panels (4 mm) for exterior, 0.0808 in. (2 mm) for interior.
to backup. 6.7 Face Anchors—Face anchors are basically through-
6.6.3 Some stones are stained by mortar or plaster spots. bolted fasteners. Their main use currently is corrective in
Verify compatibility of spot, tie and stone materials before nature, as a reinforcement for stone experiencing anchor
FIG. 13 Wire Ties

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failure, although it has some potential as a decorative feature. the installer an opportunity to verify that the fasteners are in
In this use, a decorative plate or washer is exposed at the place and fully inserted. (See Fig. 14a-c.)
exterior face of the stone with a bolt either passing through this 6.10 Code requirements must be considered as minimums
washer or welded to it. A backup plate or washer should also be and not as viable substitutes for a completely engineered stone
used at the back of stone to transfer lateral loads to the cladding system.
through-bolt. The bolt is then passed through the backup wall
and secured with a nut at the opposite face of the wall. The load 6.11 Adhered Stone System Without Mechanical Anchors:
is adequately distributed by a plate or the bolt is anchored into 6.11.1 Stone cladding secured by full adhesion without
the backup structure. mechanical engagement of an anchor is an adhered system.
Adhesion might be provided by polymer or cementitious
6.8 Blind Anchors—Blind anchors are those not available compounds including but not limited to epoxy (polyester resins
for visual examination during and after anchorage installation not permitted), structural sealant, portland cement mortar or
and should not be used unless no other options exist. modified portland cement mortars, and stone adhered to a
6.9 Liners—Liners are pieces of stone or metal attached to structural backing in a manufacturing process. Use only
the back of the stone. Their function is to transfer loads from adhesive compounds that are compatible with both the stone
the stone to an anchor. Connections between the liners and material and the substrate, and do not exhibit long-term creep.
stone are through a mechanical connection. An adhesive bond Do not use adhesive compounds that create staining or other
is used only to facilitate attachment of the liner to the stone. long-term weathering defects. Adhered systems should con-
The mechanical connection should consist of two or more form to provisions 6.11.2 – 6.11.11.
stainless steel fasteners per liner, set at a 30° or 45° angle both 6.11.2 Limit use of adhered stone systems to a height of
upward and downward from the back of the liner into the stone. 30 ft (10 m) above grade. Inspect the cladding hands-on
The fasteners are installed after the liner adhesive has set. approximately one year after installation, then at least once
Liners can have a reglet cut into them to form a kerf to receive every four years to verify system is performing adequately in
an anchor or can be square cut. Liners should be shop-installed its application.
by experience shop mechanics, preferably with controlled 6.11.3 Only allow use of adhered stone systems on vertical
inspection. The fasteners should be pre-cut to calculated planes or those that tilt backward where the cladding faces
lengths, such that when fully inserted in the designed holes, skyward. Do not use adhered stone systems overhead or on
their ends are visible at the face of the liner. This will provide planes that tilt forward where cladding faces downward, or
NOTE 1—Use where edge of stone is exposed or not accessible by anchor. Anchor beneath linear can support gravity and lateral loads (figure as section
view). Anchor on side or top of liner can support only lateral loads (figure as plan or inverted section view).
FIG. 14 a: Stone Liner Block with Kerf

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NOTE 1—Anchor is placed under liner block and can support only gravity loads (figure as section view). Provide lateral support with additional anchors.
Parts 3, 4, 10, 22, and 26 are not used on Fig. 14b.
FIG. 14 b: Stone Liner Block without Kerf (continued)
when bottom edge occurs directly over an opening more than 6.11.7 Provide movement joints to relieve in-plane move-
5 ft (1.5 m) above grade without supplemental mechanical ment stresses and prevent development of excessive in-plane
anchors. Keep adhered systems a minimum 6 in. (150 mm) shear between the cladding and backup support. To limit
above grade. Do not allow the stone or setting bed’s top edge, cracking, unless engineering analysis proves different joint
or the bonding plane, to be exposed to precipitation. spacing or joint width is appropriate, movement joint minimum
6.11.4 Total weight of stone cladding system, consisting of width should be 3⁄8 in. (10 mm). Movement joint should extend
stone panels, joint filler, setting bed and all other lath or full depth through scratch coat, be sealed with backer rod and
waterproofing adhered to the backup substrate shall not exceed sealant or equal, and be spaced maximum 15 ft (5 m) apart.
25 lb/ft2 (120 kg/m2). Limit maximum stone weight to 15 lb/ft2 6.11.8 Most masonry standards limit deflection of support-
(70 kg/m2). ing substrate to span/600 to 800 when laterally bracing
6.11.5 Maximum panel size should not exceed 3 ft2 conventional brick veneer in a cavity wall. Supporting sub-
(0.25 m2) and maximum height or width should not exceed strate must be stiffer than the stone cladding to limit cracking
2 ft (600 mm), except for stone adhered to a structural backing caused by deflection. Deflection causes curvature that can
in a manufacturing process. Maximum panel size can be develop excessive in-plane shear that cracks adhesive bond and
increased to 5 ft2 (0.42 m2) and maximum height or width can tension that can crack mortar and panels. To limit cracking,
be increased to 3 ft (0.9 m) if the supporting substrate meets limit deflection of span between supports to span/1000 or
6.11.8 stiffness criteria horizontally and vertically, and 6.11.9 stiffer under design loads.
adhesion parameters are visually verified for every panel 6.11.9 Capacity and integrity of adhered system must be
during installation. tested by assuring all cladding is fully adhered. Fully adhered
6.11.6 Use only stone material having physical properties means a 4 in. (100 mm) wide continuous perimeter of the
that are suitable for mechanically-attached systems, free of panel’s back face is 100 % bonded, and the remaining area
cracks, seams, and any other characteristic that could compro- inside the perimeter is 95 % bonded. Where governing Build-
mise the structural integrity of the panel or its adhesive ing Code dictates minimum shear capacity requirements for an
attachment. Clean the back surface to be adhered of all dirt, adhered stone attachment system, before installation begins,
debris, loose stone or sediment before applying adhesive. confirm the system’s shear capacity meets governing Building

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NOTE 1—Parts 1–12, 14, 16–18, 21–23, 25, 27, and 28 are not used on Fig. 14c.
FIG. 14 c: Plan View Showing Horizontal Toenailing of Primary Dowels (continued)
Code minimum in accordance with Test Method C482. Verify panels are fully adhered by removing panels to observe

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coverage. Capacity should be checked after appropriate expo- ing first evaluates individual parts of the system, then evaluates
sure to temperature and moisture effects. key assemblies of parts, then evaluates the fully built system.
6.11.10 It may be prudent to increase safety factors to 7.3 Process Scope—This section outlines primary elements
greater than shown in Table 3 and indicated in 5.3.3.4 unless that should be considered in the design process. Extent of
exemplars prove long-term good performance after inspections exemplar assessments, analyses and tests needed to formulate
according to 6.11.2. a well-performing preliminary design and establish its reliabil-
6.11.11 In service, visually inspect entire installation for ity and durability varies with the type of project, its size,
distress periodically according to Guide C1496. If distress is location, and applicability of exemplars. Consider employing a
discovered that might compromise integrity, check capacity. specialist experienced with stone materials, anchors, backup
6.11.12 During installation, supplement quality assurance and building structure to develop an assessment, analysis and
practices stipulated by the manufacturer of the adhesive testing program appropriate for the project if additional exper-
compound to verify adhesive coverage. Verify adhesive com- tise is needed. All listed elements are not required for all
pound fully covers back of panels and face of substrate by projects. Some projects may require elements not listed.
removing and replacing a sample population of panels to 7.3.1 Proposed cladding systems which have stone materi-
observe coverage prior to initial set of adhesive. Fully covered als in thickness modules, panel sizes, anchors, and backups
means a 4 in. (100 mm) wide continuous perimeter of the very similar to well-perfoming exemplars in the same climate
panel’s back face is 100 % covered, and the remaining area may, at the architect’s option, be exempted from some or all of
inside the perimeter is 95 % covered, with no voids greater the testing program if analysis assures the system is reliable
than 11⁄2 in.2 (1000 mm2). The sample population should begin and durable.
by evaluating one random panel in the first five set, then 7.3.2 Proposed cladding systems that do not have
continue with one random panel in the next ten set, then sufficiently-old well-performing exemplars sharing similar
continue with one random panel in every next 25 set, each day stone materials in thickness modules, panel sizes, anchors and
per each crew. Finding a panel that does not satisfy coverage backups and in the same climate probably require testing and
requires sampling to restart and repeat. Finding a second panel analysis during preliminary design. At the architect’s option,
that does not satisfy coverage within that group requires all systems without exemplars require an extensive testing pro-
panels since the last conforming population to be removed and gram and analysis to attempt to predict system reliability and
reset. durability in the proposed application and its climate.
6.11.13 After installation, confirm shear bond capacity of 7.3.3 Projects to be built very similar to well-performing
adhered system by field testing three panels for every 5000 ft2 exemplars require less rigorous analysis and testing.
(460 m2) of cladding. Within each panel to be tested, cut a 6 in.
7.3.4 Projects to be built of less-commonly-used materials
(150 mm) square through the stone and into the adhesive bed
or common materials in unconventional systems lacking prec-
without cutting the structural substrate and apply load to
edents of well-performing exemplars require more rigorous
100 lb ⁄in.2 (690 KPa). Frequency of tests should increase for
analysis and testing.
applications posing greater potential hazard to passersby if a
failure occurs. Frequency of tests could decrease for applica- 7.3.5 Assess exemplars to develop cladding system concept
tions posing no hazard to passersby if a failure occurs. Replace and complete preliminary engineering and testing before de-
entire panel where testing occurred after restoring substrate and termining if the desired stone or the proposed cladding backup
adhesive assembly. is appropriate. Do not choose a stone material for its appear-
ance without verifying it is appropriate for the project climate.
7. Design Process Also, do not choose a backup system without matching it to the
project climate, stone anchor requirements and architectural
7.1 System Parts—There are five main interrelated parts in a arrangement of cladding.
stone facade system that are to be considered when designing
the cladding system: 7.4 Terminology:
7.1.1 Stone Panels, cladding the facade, 7.4.1 exemplar, adj—a constructed example sharing some
similar parts, assemblies, arrangements or exposures with the
7.1.2 Joints, between the panels,
proposed system.
7.1.3 Anchor, connecting the cladding to the supporting
7.4.1.1 well-performing, adj—the example is serviceable its
backup,
entire expected life. Serviceable stone cladding systems main-
7.1.4 Subframes, connecting the anchors to the building
tain their original integrity without more than routine upkeep.
structure where the anchor does not attach directly to the
How long an example should be serviceable will vary by
building, and
building type, owner, user, builder or designer, but the longer
7.1.5 Primary Building Structure. it remains serviceable, the more reliable and durable it is. A
7.2 Process Purpose—In this section a recommended pro- well-performing exemplar is only as reliable and durable to the
cess is provided to help designers select and design anchors extent its cladding system performs as expected over time.
that provide a reliable and durable overall cladding system. 7.4.1.2 poor-performing, adj—stone-cladding system integ-
The process begins with preliminary design by evaluating rity declines unexpectedly before it should. While observable
exemplars, then confirms the system’s fitness with engineering deficiencies may show some parts of an example to be
by structural analysis and appropriate physical tests. Engineer- poor-performing, absence of seen problems without confirming

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performance by inspecting concealed conditions or testing does where possible, check arrises, sills, copings, building corners,
not necessarily make it a well-performing example. plane changes, and where cladding meets windows, curtainwall
7.4.2 durable, adj—the building system performs reliably and roof at conditions similar to the proposed project.
during its entire service life and will endure environmental 7.5.2.2 Inspect the facade as closely as possible for signs of
exposure and changes in adjacent elements without diminished difficult fit, such as lippage, warped planes, uneven corners and
serviceability. Make the design durable by assessing exemplars tapering joints. Try to learn if building structure, backup, stone
and including their well-performing elements while avoiding fabrication, or setting caused the problems.
their poorly-performing elements. 7.5.3 Examine buildings that feature similar architectural
7.4.3 reliable, adj—the building system performs while elements or arrangements being considered, independent of
remaining in a safe state under load cases outlined by code or stone, anchor, or backup type.
greater loads if required by the project. Establish reliability 7.5.4 Minimum Panel Thickness, can vary with stone type,
using an engineering evaluation that shows how well loads on panel size, panel location and orientation on the building,
cladding are carried through the panel, anchors and backup exposure and expected service life, anchor type and
support system to the building structure. arrangement, handling or shipping concerns, and architectural
7.5 Preliminary Design—Assess exemplars to extract con- features like finishes and reveals. 7.5.4.1 recommends mini-
cepts critical to developing preliminary designs with high mum nominal panel thicknesses of common stone types in
reliability and durability. Assess both well-performing and typical conditions. Consider changing recommended thick-
poor-performing exemplars. The highest reliability and dura- nesses when conditions presented by 7.5.4.2 – 7.5.4.7 occur on
bility can be attained when the preliminary design includes the project.
elements of well-performing exemplars and excludes elements 7.5.4.1 Stone Type—Recommended minimum nominal
of poor-performing exemplars. General exemplar assessment thicknesses of exterior vertical, flat, smooth-finished panels
should include the following: that duplicate well-performing examplars are: 30 mm (1 1⁄4 in)
7.5.1 Buildings using the same stone material being consid- for granite, slate, high density limestone, group A marble and
ered in the architectural concept, in an environment similar to travertine; 50 mm (3 in) for course grained quartz-based stone
the new project’s location. and low-density limestone.
7.5.1.1 Check stone panel sizes, thickness, support points 7.5.4.2 Size and Location on Building—Thicknesses shown
where possible. Research whether current quarry operations in 7.5.4.1 could reduce if panels are smaller than approxi-
yield similar product and if tests of recently fabricated material mately 3⁄4 m2 (8 ft2), or could increase if larger than 1 1⁄2 m2
are consistent with past production ten, twenty or fifty years (16 ft2) or occur in high wind pressures.
ago. This check will help keep the architectural concept 7.5.4.3 Orientation and Exposure on the Building—With
compatible with the structural properties of available stone considerations in 7.5.4.2 – 7.5.4.7, thickness could increase if
materials and suggest the extent of new testing necessary. panel experiences greater weather exposure than 7.5.4.2’s
7.5.1.2 Determine the realistic fabrication limitations of the typical panel or it is a coping, soffit, cornice, sill, overhang or
stone by examining joint widths, piece sizes, piece shape, liner block.
material quantity, visual range and consistency of color, 7.5.4.4 Expected Service Life: With Considerations—With
veining, and markings, type of finish, cleanliness in its location considerations 7.5.4.2 – 7.5.4.7, thickness could increase if
of use on the building. Research by visiting the quarry, or facility is expected to remain in service longer than its
fabricator, or both, when possible or practical whether current exemplar.
fabrication capabilities and currently quarried deposits repre- 7.5.4.5 Anchor Arrangement and How It Engages The
sent stone material observed an exemplar. Panel—With considerations 7.5.4.2 – 7.5.4.7, thickness could
7.5.1.3 Learn properties of currently produced stone by increase if support and arrangement of anchors in combination
visiting the quarry, or fabricator, or both, when possible or with panel size cannot be refined to reduce stresses below
practical, and by obtaining previous test reports or a written allowable. Slots, notches, rebates, holes, or other hidden-face
statement from the producer to compare it to stone material fabrications required for the anchor to engage and connect to
observed on exemplar. the stone affect overall panel thickness. Comply with 5.3
7.5.2 Buildings supporting cladding with similar anchors or principles to arrange anchors.
backup being considered for the new project, independent of 7.5.4.6 Handling or Shipping Concerns—With consider-
stone type. Obtaining this information likely requires contact- ations 7.5.4.2 – 7.5.4.7, thickness could increase if the fabri-
ing potential anchor manufacturers and stone installers to cators specific review of project conditions or industry’s
locate exemplars and once exemplars are identified, perhaps published standards recommend so to address handling, ship-
contacting their structural engineer or architect. An experi- ping or other fabrication concerns.
enced cladding specialist could help decipher this information 7.5.4.7 Architectural Features—With considerations 7.5.4.2
without excavating the wall. Marrying the appropriate support – 7.5.4.6, thickness could increase if exposed face finish or
with the desired material is as critical to attaining a durable finishing process, reveals or false joints reduce the effective
project as choosing the appropriate stone type. structural capacity or potential durability of the panel.
7.5.2.1 Inspect the facade surface as closely as possible for 7.6 Engineering and Testing—Use conventional structural
symptoms of internal distress such as staining, cracks, spalls, engineering analysis methods with appropriate physical testing
open joints, shifted panels. Using binoculars and hands-on of system samples to predict the structural capacity of the stone

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cladding system. The engineering and testing program should 7.6.4 Test full-size panel-and-anchor assembly using Test
include the following: Method C1201 to confirm system strength exceeds minimum
7.6.1 Tests of samples from Table 2 to confirm stone required by design. Testing the assembled system may be
material properties exceed minimums required by design. Only necessary to verify behavior of the panel and assure parts work
test for properties important to how the stone will be used. New together properly. Also, isolating full-size panel from backup
tests may be required if: may be necessary to verify system factor of safety, which is
7.6.1.1 Existing data is more than two-years old, or higher for the panel-and-anchor assembly than the remaining
7.6.1.2 Existing data is not from area of quarry where facade system. Tests may be required if:
project stone will be extracted, or 7.6.4.1 Panel is large and acts in two-way bending, or
7.6.1.3 Project is large enough to justify project-specific 7.6.4.2 Continuous edge anchor is not effective across entire
tests or more specimens, or panel length per 7.6.3.4.
7.6.5 Where the backup is not the primary building structure
7.6.1.4 Stone subjected to conditions different from condi-
engineered by others, structurally analyze backup to confirm
tions covered by existing test, or
movement and deflections can be accommodated where an-
7.6.1.5 Material properties are too variable to depend upon chors engage stone. Confirm backup’s connections to building
available data, or can adjust to fit tolerances of structure without being altered.
7.6.1.6 Use of stone in system causes particular properties Detail structural design to not compromise integrity of thermal,
shown by structural analysis to approach maximum allowable moisture, and vapor retarder envelopes.
design stresses. Test those properties; 7.6.6 Use Test Method C99 or C880 specimens fabricated
7.6.1.7 If the desired stone has no exemplars in the project’s from low-stressed regions of Test Methods C1354/C1354M
climate. and C1201 specimens and compare them to initial Test
7.6.2 Structurally analyze stone panel and compare test data Methods C99 or C880 data to correlate results of the different
to allowable design stresses (ultimate strength from tests strength test results. Consider difference, variability and be-
reduced by safety factor appropriate for material and applica- havior when finalizing anchor and system strength.
tion). 7.6.7 Test for durability when well-performing exemplars of
7.6.3 Test actual anchor engaged into sample of project sufficient age are not available by tailoring a project-specific
stone using Test Method C1354/C1354M or structurally ana- procedure that follows Practice E632. Test should evaluate all
lyze stone and anchor device to confirm anchor strength the following elements that occur in the project climate:
exceeds minimum required by design. Modify test procedure if 7.6.7.1 Freeze-thaw cycling,
required to match project conditions according to 7.5.2. Isolat- 7.6.7.2 Extreme temperature cycling with or without
ing the anchor-to-stone condition may be necessary to verify moisture,
anchor safety factors, which are higher for this part of the 7.6.7.3 Resistance to chemical pollutants,
system than other system parts. New tests may be required if: 7.6.7.4 Resistance to chemical reaction from adjacent build-
7.6.3.1 Structural calculations cannot conclusively model ing components,
anchor behavior, or 7.6.7.5 Strength reduction and warping tendency when ex-
7.6.3.2 Loads on anchor approach maximum allowed ac- posed to above weathering forces, or a combination thereof.
cording to calculations not based upon tests, or 7.6.8 Use Test Method C99 or C880 specimens fabricated
7.6.3.3 Anchors resist both lateral and gravity loads, or from stock produced for the project at appropriate intervals to
7.6.3.4 Continuous edge anchors are less stiff than stone and confirm stone material strength remains relatively consistent
thus may not provide effective support its full length, or and exceeds minimum required by design for the entire project.
Test these specimens immediately during production to mini-
7.6.3.5 Anchor position in stone varies due to tolerances, or
mize potential delivery of understrength stone to project.
movement, or both, in facade system, or
Conditions in which this type of production testing may be
7.6.3.6 Modifications to Standard Test Methods—Modify
required include:
anchor test procedure to duplicate project conditions when:
7.6.8.1 Project uses large quantities of stone, or
(a) An anchor supports gravity and lateral loads. Preload
7.6.8.2 Stone material variability, or design, or both, suggest
anchor in test fixture with design gravity load times its factor
strength must be monitored and maintained, or
of safety in the direction the load acts before adding lateral
7.6.8.3 Geologic deposit, or quarry conditions, or both, may
load;
not assure material consistent with the initial tests will be
(b) An anchor accepts differential floor-to-floor move-
provided for the entire project, or
ment or bridges an expansion joint in backup. Set anchor in test
7.6.8.4 Loads approach maximums allowed.
fixture at extreme engaged and disengaged positions to deter-
mine condition causing minimum capacity.
(c) An anchor resists lateral loads in reversing directions. 8. Materials of Construction
Apply loads in both directions at one times design load in that 8.1 Metals:
direction, repeat at two times design load, then three times, and 8.1.1 Metals used for anchors or anchorage system compo-
continued until factor of safety is reached in both directions. nents are selected according to their use:
Find fracture capacity by loading in the direction that pulls the 8.1.1.1 Metal in contact with stone should be AISI Type 304
panel off the building until failure. or 316 stainless steel, or bronze, or aluminum coated with

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epoxy paint or equivalent coating after fabrication. Mill finish compounds involved with sealant work contaminate those
or anodized aluminum can be used with granite. Consult metal surfaces. Avoid using incompatible sealants to avoid premature
industry references regarding specific application limitations sealant failures or other deleterious effects.
and requirements, however, use Type 316 stainless steel when 8.3 Mortar Materials:
the project is exposed to chlorides, including locations exposed 8.3.1 Portland cement, masonry cement, and lime used in
to deicing salt-laden road mists and locations within 5 to 10 preparing cement and lime mortar should be non-staining.
miles of a saltwater body. Copper, brass and stainless steel wire 8.3.2 Non-shrink grout should not be used.
are used for ties.
8.1.1.2 Stainless steel components less than 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) 8.4 Gaskets Used at Anchors:
thick should not be welded. Where welding is required in the 8.4.1 Gaskets to be used in anchor kerfs, slots or holes
assembly, use low-carbon versions of the alloys such as Type should be chosen for their proven durability and predicted
304L where Type 304 is allowed and Type 316L where Type compatibility with the stone, anchor, and any material occur-
316 is allowed. ring in the joint. The design authority should select a gasket
8.1.1.3 Exterior wire ties used with cement mortar spots that is recommended for the application by the gasket
should be ductile stainless steel. Avoid copper and aluminum manufacturer, and has performed well under similar condi-
with mortar due to incompatibility. Stainless steel, copper, tions. Consideration should be given to the gasket’s ability to
brass and aluminum can be used with gypsum or molding satisfy the required properties of resistance to staining and
plaster for interior applications. Verify mortar or plaster will bleeding, tear strength, elasticity, compressibility, compression
not darken or stain stone before using wire ties with spots for set, durometer hardness, resistance to ultraviolet, ozone and
anchors. other atmospheric exposure, and compatibility with any other
building components that are likely to be in or near the anchor
8.1.1.4 Metal not in direct contact with stone exposed to
space.
weather should be stainless steel, galvanized steel, zinc-rich
8.4.1.1 Follow the gasket manufacturer’s and stone fabrica-
painted or epoxy-coated steel, or aluminum.
tor’s mutually-recommended preparation of stone substrate to
8.2 Sealants Used at Anchors: retain the gasket’s designed position. Before beginning
8.2.1 Sealants to be used in anchor kerfs, slots or holes installation, verify performance on-site with sample applica-
should be chosen for their proven durability and predicted tions and field tests. Repeat testing to confirm quality of
compatibility with the stone, anchor, and any material occur- installation.
ring in the joint. The design authority should select a sealant 8.4.1.2 Some gaskets contain ingredients that may cause
that is recommended for the application by the sealant deleterious effects to the stone over time, such as: disintegrate,
manufacturer, and has performed well under similar condi- or penetrate into stone, also atmospheric degradation, surface
tions. Consideration should be given to the sealant’s ability to staining and dirt pickup. Before installation begins, the gasket
satisfy the required properties of resistance to staining and manufacturer should test the proposed gasket on the project’s
bleeding, surface adhesion, tear and peel strength, elasticity, stone under wet and dry conditions, ozone and ultraviolet
compressibility, durometer hardness, and compatibility with exposure, to confirm no deleterious effects are likely to occur.
any other building components that are likely to be in or near Examination of exemplars may be the most reliable indicator
the anchor space. of the potential for deleterious effects.
8.2.1.1 The sealant manufacturer’s recommendations for 8.4.1.3 Gaskets can be manufactured by extruding in a
preparation of stone substrate, temperature range and condi- variety of shapes: tubular, lobed, cellular, and dual-durometer.
tions during application, and the necessity for a primer should Extruded solid or cellular foamed gaskets are usually santo-
be followed. The sealant manufacturer’s recommendations prene or silicone. Neoprene, butyl, and vinyl materials should
should include tests performed with and without primer on the be avoided due to their poor resistance to atomospheric
project’s stone(s). Before beginning installation, verify perfor- exposure and potential for staining. Gasket material should be
mance on-site with sample applications and field tests. Repeat selected and manufactured in accordance with Specification
testing to confirm quality of installation. C509, if cellular, Specificaton C864, if solid, non-silicone, and
8.2.1.2 Some sealants contain ingredients that may cause Specification C1115, if silicone, to possess the properties
deleterious effects to the stone over time, such as: bleeding into required for proper performance in the intended application.
stone, fluid migration, surface staining and dirt pickup. Before
installation begins, the sealant manufacturer should test the 9. Installation Standards
proposed sealant on the project’s stone in wet and dry 9.1 Documentation—The basis for standard workmanship
conditions and ultraviolet exposure to verify no deleterious shall be established in the design documents issued to describe,
effects are likely to occur. Examination of exemplars may be regulate, or control the construction. These documents may be
the most reliable indicator of the potential for deleterious issued by the architect, engineer, the design-build authority, the
effects. contractor, or others authorized to impose law or code. Ex-
8.2.1.3 Sealants used at anchors should be compatible with amples are as follows:
sealants used in joints when they are in close proximity, even 9.1.1 The architectural drawings and specifications identi-
when they are not in contact. Techniques of applying and fying stone type, finish, thickness, sizes, and details and the
tooling sealant at anchors, and removing excess, frequently relationship to other architectural elements and the building
wipes residue onto surfaces where joint sealants may occur, or structure.

19
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9.1.2 The architectural drawings and specifications identi- 10.1.3 Dimensional changes in stone due to causes such as
fying the scope of work and the materials required. These may: temperature changes, hysteresis, and moisture,
(1) define the performance criteria to be satisfied, (2) specify 10.1.4 Building movement, such as column shortening and
the standards of performance to be used in meeting those elongation, structural drift and twist and spandrel deflection,
criteria, (3) provide for adequate performance guarantees for 10.1.5 Long-term effects caused by creep or plastic flow,
the materials and methods of construction, and (4) prescribe 10.1.6 Anchors, and
definitive material details and systems to satisfy project re- 10.1.7 Sealants and backer rod for correct sealant aspect
quirements. In addition, the specifications shall establish stone ratio.
fabrication and installation tolerances. The tolerances recom-
10.2 Horizontal joints usually accommodate more dimen-
mended by stone trade associations could be used as a guide
sional change than vertical joints.
and included in the specification.
9.1.3 Project specifications shall cite the ASTM standard 10.3 Unrestrained movements within stone cladding nor-
material specification (see 2.1) governing the stone intended mally cause no stress problems. Restraint imposed upon the
for use and identify the classification or grade within that movement of the cladding can result in excessive stress and
standard specification. eventual failure. Provision for soft, structurally open joints can
9.1.4 Shop drawings indicating in detail all parts of the work prevent such failure.
required, including material types, thicknesses, finishes and all 10.3.1 A soft joint is one that precludes transfer of a load
other pertinent information dealing with fabrication, from an adjacent stone across a joint, provided each stone is
anchorage, and installation. The drawings shall show contigu- individually anchored and, depending upon the sealant used, is
ous materials or assemblies which are provided by others in usually dimensioned at two to four times the anticipated
their range of positions according to their specified tolerances. movement. For example, for an anticipated 3⁄16 in. (4.8 mm) of
movement, use a joint width of 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) to 3⁄4 in.
9.2 Tolerances—Installation tolerances and requirements, (19.1 mm). In some designs, stones are stacked to transfer
once specified, bind the installation contractor, by contract, to gravity loads. In the case of unengineered walls, if these stacks
perform the work within those specified tolerances. The are applied more than 30 ft (9.14 m) above the adjacent ground
specification requires the installation contractor to progres- elevation, they should have horizontal supports spaced not over
sively examine the construction to which his work attaches or 12 ft (3.66 m) vertically above the 30 ft (9.14 m) height.
adjoins, reporting to the prime contractor any condition that 10.3.2 To maintain the unrestricted performance of a soft
may prevent performance within the standard established. joint, the characteristics of the joint sealant should be consid-
Some commonly specified installation tolerances follow: ered.
9.2.1 Variation from plumb of wall surfaces, arises, external 10.3.3 Care should be exercised in the setting process to
corners, joints, and other conspicuous lines should not exceed preclude the chance inclusion of hard materials in open joints.
1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) in any story or in 20 ft (6.1 m) maximum.
Resulting stress concentrations at restraint points can result in
9.2.2 Variation in level from grades shown for horizontal spalling of the stone or possible failure of the anchorage, or
joints and other conspicuous lines should not exceed 1⁄4 in. in both.
20 ft (6.4 mm in 6.1 m) maximum, nor 3⁄4 in. in 40 ft (19.1 mm
in 12.2 m) or more. 11. Backup Structure
9.2.3 Variation in linear building lines from positions shown
on drawings and related portion of wall facing should not 11.1 The backup structure is the means by which loads
exceed 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) in any bay or 20 ft (6.1 m) maximum, applied to the stone and anchors are transferred to the build-
nor 3⁄4 in. in 40 ft (19.1 mm in 12.2 m) or more. ing’s structure. This backup may be the building structure, a
masonry wall, a metal strut system, or a prefabricated assem-
9.2.4 Variation in the face plane of adjacent pieces (lippage)
bly. Whatever backup system is chosen, an understanding of
should not exceed one fourth of the width of the joint between
the properties of that structure is prerequisite to the design of
the pieces up to but not more than 1⁄16 in. (1.5 mm) unless panel
a cladding system. The design of the backup system should
finish is not smooth or panel size exceeds 20 ft2 (1.8 mm2).
take into account gravity, wind, seismic, window, maintenance
9.3 Workmanship—Good construction requires mechanics platform, shipping, and erection loads and the stone attachment
that have previous successful experience installing similar means.
stonework to do the new work. Less experienced personnel can
11.2 Stone Setting on Masonry Backup:
only be allowed when they work in a crew continuously with
11.2.1 Masonry backup is appropriate (1) where the backup
the mechanic who has previous successful experience. Similar
wall is part of the building design, such as a foundation, shear
work means same type of site fabrication, anchorage, setting
or bearing wall, (2) where a more dense masonry wall is
method, and support system as the new work.
required to reduce sound transmission, or as a protection from
possible hazards, and (3) where the stone sizes or patterns are
10. Sealant Joints
such that only a masonry wall is a practical backup wall. There
10.1 Joints between stones should accommodate the follow- are two general methods of setting stone on masonry backup:
ing: mortar set and dry set.
10.1.1 Stone dimensional tolerances, 11.2.2 In a mortar set system, all stone joints are filled with
10.1.2 Setting tolerances, mortar. Metal strap or rod anchors are used to attach all or

20
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C1242 − 23
portions of the stone to the backup. One end of the anchor is set 11.4.1 There are two types of frames: one composed of
into a sealant-filled hole or slot in the stone and the other is individual members fastened to the structure, usually referred
secured to the wall by suitable mechanical fasteners. The to as struts, the other, a prefabricated assembly attached to the
gravity load of the stone is carried by the foundation or structure in large sections, usually referred to as trusses. Either
relieving angles. A cavity is left between the back of the stone system can be constructed of standard rolled structural sections
and the backup. The anchor must be capable of transferring the or heavy-gage, galvanized, cold-formed sheet steel sections or
wind load to the backup. aluminum sections prefabricated to suit the anchorage and
11.2.3 In a dry set system, the stone is attached to the building structural connections.
backup by anchors with a cavity between the back of the stone 11.4.2 Strut Systems:
and the backup wall. The stone joints are filled with nonrigid 11.4.2.1 Struts are normally provided in floor height incre-
materials, such as gaskets or sealants. Because a cavity exists ments and usually not more than 15 ft (4.6 m) lengths.
between the back of the stone and the backup wall, the anchors 11.4.2.2 The system should be designed for the maximum
should be designed to accommodate the wind loads. This allowed defection established by the engineer of record.
system is not practical for cladding with irregularly shaped,
small, or rubble stones. 11.4.2.3 When struts expand vertically from floor to floor, a
11.2.3.1 The gravity load is carried by the foundation or means should be provided for accommodating expansion and
relieving angles. When the gravity load is carried by a relieving deflection in order to allow the strut to move independently of
angle, each stone is laterally restrained with either strap or the struts placed above and below. To accomplish this, a
dowel anchors. Strap anchors are appropriate where the stone horizontal expansion joint in the stone and backup structure is
is stacked vertically or is resting on setting shims. These usually placed at or near the floor line.
anchors should be designed with sufficient flexibility to com- 11.4.2.4 Where the spandrel extends above and below the
pensate for differential movement in the structure, such as that floor line, or from the floor line to the window head below, the
which can occur between the stone and a masonry backup wall. required expansion joint is usually placed at, and as part of, the
11.2.3.2 There are several ways for attachment of the anchor window head assembly.
to the backup wall. Expansion bolts may be used in 75 % solid 11.4.2.5 Where spandrel and floor-to-floor strut systems
concrete masonry units. For hollow concrete masonry units interface, an expansion joint is required to accommodate
used as backup walls, through bolts with fish plates should be differential movement.
used. The anchors may also be bolted to an intermediate 11.4.2.6 Strut designs should consider the loads applied by
structure, such as an angle, tube or channel which is in turn contiguous window assemblies. This load data should be
fastened to, or build into, a backup wall designed to carry such provided by the window fabricator and should include the
load. amount of lateral displacement allowed in the window assem-
11.2.3.3 Expansion bolts have limitations which should be bly at the head, sill, and combined assembly.
considered in their use. Manufacturers of fasteners have 11.4.2.7 In the design of floor-to-floor struts, care should be
conducted product testing and make test results available. taken to consider deflection of these struts under wind load.
11.3 Concrete and Masonry Backup Walls: Lateral supports may be used above the ceiling line to shorten
11.3.1 Cast in place concrete backup walls are subject to the unsupported height of the strut.
shrinkage and expansion in the horizontal and vertical direc- 11.4.2.8 In the case of spandrel struts, rotation should be
tions; the amount of dimensional change depends upon such considered with the deflection check. It may be necessary to
factors as ambient temperature and humidity, mass, moisture include a brace to either the bottom of the spandrel beam, if
content, reinforcement ratios, cement-to-aggregate ratios, and one exists, or to the slab behind. When a brace is applied to the
building height. These effects should be determined by the floor slab, the floor structure should be checked for the effect of
engineer of record. The greatest amount of dimensional change the applied load.
due to shrinkage usually occurs within the first eighteen 11.4.2.9 It is usually preferable to place the struts at fifth
months that the concrete is in place. point locations behind each stone panel, though placement at
11.3.2 Concrete block walls are subject to shrinkage in both other locations may be required due to the stone jointing
the horizontal and vertical directions. Reinforcement should pattern or lateral load factors. Placement of the struts at joint
evenly distribute the shrinkage. Dimensional changes usually locations can reduce the number of struts by 50 %, but the
occur within a month following the setting of the block. decision to do so should take into consideration a requirement
11.3.3 Brick walls set with standard mortar are usually for longer and stronger shelf angles, thicker stone, or both. As
initially stable in dimension. However, bricks are subject to with the requirement for proper structural analysis of the
irreversible, net, long-term moisture, and freezing expansion in anchorage, a similar analysis is required for strut placement.
addition to reversible thermal expansion. 11.4.3 Truss Systems:
11.3.4 Terra cotta block backup walls are subject to expan- 11.4.3.1 Prefabricated metal truss assemblies enable early
sion when wet and contraction when dry. It is possible for the closure of a building and offer good insulating capability. This
expansion to continue through repeated wettings. If restraint to lighter weight can be a major consideration in high-rise
this expansion exists, the face of the wall can be deflected buildings and when seismic loading must be considered. This
laterally. method of stone backup lends itself to the development of
11.4 Metal Framing Systems: prefabricated facade configurations of almost any complexity.

21
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
C1242 − 23
11.4.3.2 The truss should be fabricated in accordance with (40.6 cm to 61.0 cm) apart. Often, weeps are placed at joint
AISC specifications and finished for corrosion prevention. The intersections where there will be no interference from anchors
stone can be fixed to the truss at the truss fabrication shop. An and where the weep tubes can be easily encapsulated with
alternative would be to ship the truss to another location and fix sealant.
the stone to the truss there. 12.1.2 The cavity between the back of the stone cladding
11.4.3.3 Trusses can be designed in floor height or structural and the backup structure should be vented to remove vapor
bay width sizes, or both. In the floor height or combined through the use of vents. The size and number of the vents
configuration, the design is similar to that used for individual should be determined by the design engineer.
floor-to-floor struts except that provisions should be included 12.1.2.1 The weep and vent tube should have an outside
for resistance to racking of the truss from transportation and dimension that can be accommodated in the joint width. Rope
installation loads and building structure movements. In the bay or felt wicks can also perform the function of the weep.
width design, additional complexities may be encountered due 12.1.2.2 The vapor vent tubing should run vertically behind
to elastic deflection in the slab edge, rotation of the supporting the stone to a height that will prevent wind-driven rain from
spandrel beam, or long-term effects such as creep in concrete intruding into the cavity. (See Fig. 15.)
structures. 12.1.3 Much of the water vapor occurring behind a stone
11.4.3.4 Compared to the stone it supports, a metal truss is cladding derives from the higher humidity of the building’s
laterally more flexible under wind load. This factor should be interior. A proper vapor barrier should be provided as part of
considered when analyzing the structural behavior of the the exterior wall backup system, extending from the floor slab
assembly under load. to the slab or structure above, and from window unit to window
11.4.3.5 Suspension of the truss from, or at, the columns unit, completely isolating the exterior wall cavity from the
should limit deflection. interior.
11.4.3.6 Any loads from windows or other contiguous 12.1.4 Failure to provide an effective vapor barrier will
building components that might be transferred to the truss allow condensate to form on the interior side of the stone,
assembly should be accommodated in the design of the truss. which can become entrapped in kerfs and holes, possibly
11.4.3.7 Truss assemblies are often designed with large leading to freeze-thaw cycling failures that can destroy the
areas and resultant large weights. This suggests consideration integrity of the stone at the anchorage points. Further, the
of redundant building connections to preclude catastrophic condensate can lead to the deterioration of sealants through
failure of the entire truss assembly in the event of a primary sealant subsurface liquification and to the corrosion of steel.
truss connection failure. These redundant connections can be Even if no structural failure occurs, entrapped condensate can
part of the truss lateral bracing or can be separate connections. migrate to the face of the stone and cause staining.
11.4.3.8 Loading tests done on mockups are to be carried to 12.1.5 The joint sealant is the primary defense against water
a multiple of design load and hold time. Such test loads and intrusion but cannot be relied upon to provide a waterproof
hold times are to be determined by the architect or engineer of barrier. The sealant should be carefully chosen and specified.
record. Each connection on the truss must perform as expected Several types are available, each with its own characteristics
under these conditions without permanent set. Anchors should regarding adhesion, cohesion, elongation, lifespan, modulus,
be load tested to confirm calculated performance predictions. and color. Oil-based and non-skinning sealants should not be
The need for separate stone tests are discussed elsewhere in used due to the probability of staining the stone or themselves
this guide.
11.5 Precast Concrete Backup:
11.5.1 Precast concrete backup systems are used to permit
faster enclosure, allowing earlier work by other trades and
subsequent earlier occupancy. Attachment of the system to the
building can be accomplished completely off the floor and does
not require elaborate temporary scaffolding.
12. Water Infiltration

12.1 Regardless of the care taken to preclude water intru-
sion behind stone cladding by the use of joint design or
sealants, it should be accepted that leakage will occur during
the lifetime of the building. A secondary defense should be
established to preclude the entrapment of this water and
subsequent intrusion into the interior of the building. This is
best accomplished through the use of flashing and weeping.
12.1.1 Provided that fire safing does not interfere, the
provision for flashing and weeping should be provided at each
floor or some multiple of floors. A maximum of two floor
multiples, or 25 ft (7.6 m) is suggested. Weeps at the flashing
should be spaced horizontally approximately 16 in. to 24 in. FIG. 15 Vapor Vent Tubing

22
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
C1242 − 23
becoming stained. Adhesion of properly selected and applied month, preferably three or more, prior to job application, as a
sealant to the stone is usually not a problem. However, step toward confirming performance.
adhesion to adjacent surfaces may become a problem. Certifi-
cation by the sealant manufacturer of the suitability of the 13. Keywords
product for the intended application should be obtained prior to
13.1 anchor types; backup; consultants; design consider-
its use on the work. The recommendation of the manufacturer
ations; design process; exemplar; joints; materials of construc-
should be followed regarding the possible requirement for
priming the surface of these materials. It is strongly recom- tion; stone anchors; stone installation; stone testing; water
mended that a test panel be erected in the field at least one infiltration
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

23
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\

Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment Systems

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Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment Systems

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

Standard Guide for

1. Scope 1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to

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FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention

FIG. 2 Adhesive Embedded Threaded Anchor

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-

2. Referenced Documents C170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension

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FIG. 4 Disc Anchor

TABLE 2 Dimension Stone Test Methods

E632 Practice for Developing Accelerated Tests to Aid

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FIG. 12 Undercut Anchorage – to support combined gravity plus lateral reactions

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FIG. 13 Wire Ties

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12. Water Infiltration

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