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MECH-6501 X : ADVANCED MATERIALS

Lecture 1a
Introduction and Review
Local: FG-B040, Thu. 2:45 – 5:30 pm

Instructor: Sam Eskandarian, Ph.D. PEng (Ontario)

Introduction - 1
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● PowerPoint slides on the course site (Moodle).
● D.W. Richerson et al., “Modern Ceramic Engineering” 4th Edition, 2018, CRC Press.
● K.K. Chawla et al., “Composite Materials” 3rd Edition, 2012, Springer.
● K.K. Chawla et al., “Metal Matrix Composites”, 2nd Edition, 2013, Springer.
● E. J. Barbero, “Introduction to Composite Materials Design”, 3rd Edit., 2017, CRC Press.
● P.K. Mallick, “Processing of Polymer Matrix Composites”, 2017, CRC Press.
● L.A. Carlsson, “Experimental Characterization of Advanced Composite Materials”, 4th
Edition, 2014, CRC Press.
● ASM International, “Engineered Materials Handbook: composites, ceramics, glasses”
● Other reference materials will be given in course presentations.

Introduction - 2
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● Office: EV3.238 Tel: 3462

Email: sam.eskandarian@concordia.ca
Office hours: Every Fri. 10:30am – 12:00pm

● Recalls:
- Who is your course instructor?
- Course activities
- Communications by email (Subject line must include
MECH6501)
- Course website and course outline on Moodle
- Course content & calendar

Introduction - 3
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● Introduction and recalls – 2:45 to 2:50 pm
- Course progress & questions
- Video of the day

● Show & Tell (2 teams) – 2:50 to 3:15 pm Show &

Tell
x
● Lecture & conclusion – 3:15 to 5:30 pm (7-3)

● Break (15 min.)

● Twenty individual short presentations (show & Tell) on

complementary course materials
(10 minutes each, P7-Q3) (Booking link will be added in Moodle)

● Three project presentations (proposal, mid-term and final)

in group of 5.
Introduction - 4
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COURSE OBJECTIVES
To learn and achieve a high level of understanding of the
structure, properties, test and design considerations and
manufacturing of advanced metals, ceramics and
composites.

Introduction - 5
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GENERAL NOTES:
1. Electronic communication devices (including cell phones) are not allowed in
examination rooms.
2. Only “Faculty Approved Calculators” will be allowed in examination rooms.
3. In the event of extraordinary circumstances beyond the university's control, the content
and/or evaluation scheme in this course is subject to change.

Return Introduction
Introduction - 6
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● PowerPoint slides on the course site (Moodle).
● D.W. Richerson et al., “Modern Ceramic Engineering” 4th Edition, 2018
(CRC Press).
● K.K. Chawla et al., “Composite Materials” 3rd Edition, 2012 (Springer).
● K.K. Chawla et al., Metal Matrix Composites, 2nd Edition, 2013 (Springer).
● E. J. Barbero, ”Introduction to Composite Materials Design”, 3rd Edition. CRC
Press, 2017.
● ASM International, “Engineered Materials Handbook: Composites / Ceramics
and Glasses”

● Course presentations will gradually be copied to Moodle.

● Five problem sets will be posted on Moodle.

Introduction - 7
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Reference:
M.F. Ashby, “Materials Selection in
Mechanical Design”, 2011, ELSERVIER.

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Ref.: Ashby
Introduction - 14
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Ref.: Ashby

Introduction - 15
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Metals are stiff. They have relatively high
elastic moduli. Most, when pure, are soft
and easily deformed. They can be made
strong by alloying and by mechanical and
heat treatment, but they remain ductile,
allowing them to be formed by
deformation processes.
Certain high-strength alloys (spring steel,
for instance) have ductility as low as 1%,
but even this is enough to ensure that the
material yields before it fractures and that
fracture, when it occurs, is of a tough,
ductile type. Partly because of their
ductility, metals are prey to fatigue and of
all the classes of material, they are the
least resistant to corrosion.

Ref.: Ashby Introduction - 16

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Ceramics have high moduli, but unlike
metal, they are brittle. Their “strength” in
tension means the brittle fracture strength;
in compression it is the brittle crushing
strength, which is about 15 times greater.
Ceramics have no ductility, so they have a
low tolerance for stress concentrations or
for high-contact stresses. Ceramics like
other brittle materials always have a wide
scatter in strength, and the strength itself
depends on the volume of material under
load and the time over which it is applied.
Soceramics are not as easy to design with
as metals. Despite this, they have
attractive features. They are stiff, hard,
and abrasion-resistant (hence their use for
bearings and cutting tools); they retain
their strength to high temperatures; and
they resist corrosion well. Ref.: Ashby Introduction
Introduction - 17
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Glasses are noncrystalline (“amorphous”)
solids. The most common are the soda-lime
and borosilicate glasses familiar as bottles
and ovenware, but there are many more.
Metals, too, can be made noncrystalline by
cooling them sufficiently quickly. The lack
of crystal structure suppresses plasticity,
so, like ceramics, glasses are hard, brittle,
and vulnerable to stress concentrations.

Ref.: Ashby Introduction - 18

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Polymers are at the other end of the
spectrum. They have moduli that are low,
roughly 50 times lower than those of metals,
but they can be strong— nearly as strong as
metals. A consequence of this is that elastic
deflections can be large. They creep, even at
room temperature and their properties
depend on temperature so that a polymer
that is tough and flexible at 20°C may be
brittle at the 4°C of a household refrigerator,
yet may creep rapidly at the 100°C of boiling
water. Some polymers are mainly crystalline, By accurately sizing the mold and
some are amorphous, some are a mix of precoloring the polymer, no finishing
crystalline and amorphous—transparency operations are needed. Polymers resist
goes with the amorphous structure. When corrosion (paints, for instance, are
combinations of properties, such as strength polymers) and have low coefficients of
per unit weight, are important, polymers can friction. Good design exploits these
compete with metals. They are easy to shape. properties.
Ref.: Ashby Introduction - 19
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Elastomers are long-chain polymers above
their glass-transition temperature, Tg. The
covalent bonds that link the units of the
polymer chain remain intact, but the
weaker Van der Waals and hydrogen bonds
that, below Tg, bind the chains to each
other, have melted. This gives elastomers
unique properties: Young’s moduli as low
as 10−3 GPa (105 times less than that
typical of metals) increase with
temperature (all other solids show a
decrease), and have enormous elastic
extension. Their properties differ so much
from those of other solids that special tests
have evolved to characterize them. This
creates a problem: If we wish to select
materials by prescribing a desired attribute
profile, then a prerequisite is a set of
attributes common to all materials. Ref.: Ashby Introduction
Introduction - 20
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Hybrids are combinations of two or more
materials in a predetermined configuration and
scale. They combine the attractive properties of
the other families of materials while avoiding
some of their drawbacks. The family of hybrids
includes fiber and particulate composites,
sandwich structures, lattice structures, foams,
cables, and laminates; almost all the materials
of nature—wood, bone, skin, and leaf—are
hybrids. Fiber-reinforced composites are the
most familiar. Most of those at present
available to the engineer have a polymer matrix
reinforced by fibers of glass, carbon, or Kevlar Hybrid components are expensive,
(an aramid). They are light, stiff, and strong, and they are relatively difficult to
and they can be tough. Hybrids using a polymer form and join. So, despite their
as one component, cannot be used above 250°C attractive properties, the designer
because the polymer softens, but at room will use them only when the added
temperature their performance can be performance justifies the added cost.
outstanding. Ref.: Ashby Introduction
Introduction - 21
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Ref.: Ashby Introduction - 22

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Material
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Ref.: Ashby

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Ref.: Ashby Introduction - 24

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Ref.: Ashby Introduction - 25

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Ref.: Ashby Introduction - 26

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Ref.: Ashby Introduction - 27

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Ref.: Ashby Introduction - 28

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Critical energy release
rate (fracture energy or
toughness), G, a
c

measure of the apparent

fracture surface energy
(Gc≃ K2Ic / E)

Design on the basis of

Fracture mechanics.
Comparison with stress-
based (conventional)
mechanics.

Ref.: Ashby Introduction - 29

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Design on the basis of

Fracture mechanics.
Comparison with stress-
based (conventional)
mechanics.

Ref.: Ashby Introduction - 30

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Ref.: Ashby Introduction - 31

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Bells, traditionally, are

made of bronze. They
can be made of glass,
and they could be made
of silicon carbide.
Metals, glasses, and
ceramics all, have low
intrinsic damping or
“internal friction,” an
important material
property when
structures vibrate.
Intrinsic damping is
measured by the loss
coefficient, η

Ref.: Ashby Introduction - 32

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Other similar charts can be found in reference book based on:
-Thermal conductivity
- Thermal diffusivity
- Thermal expansion
- Electrical resistivity
- Wear constants
- Hardness

Ref.: Ashby - 33
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Ref.: Ashby Introduction - 34

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Evolution of materials in Aerospace
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1930 - Ford Tri-motor, Increased aluminium

use (Duralumin & Alclad)
1903 - First flight - Wright Brothers Aluminium monocoque structure
Aluminum engine block, Steel wire
structure, Fabric skin

1950 - The A-12 precursor to the SR-

71, Superalloys, Titanium 1942 - Composites- Fiberglass
Adapted from: “The History of Aircraft Materials”, El Camino College, Torrance CA Introduction - 35
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Evolution of materials in Aerospace
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1970 – Boron Fiber composites

1969 – Carbon-fiber composites
F14 Tomcat
Rolls-Royce RB211 jet turbofan engine

1998 - Aluminum-Lithium 1981 – Ceramics

Space Shuttle external fuel tank Space Shuttle Thermal Protection Tiles
Adapted from: “The History of Aircraft Materials”, El Camino College, Torrance CA Introduction - 36
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Evolution of materials in Aerospace
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2005 – GLARE
Glass-Reinforced” Fiber Metal Laminate (FML)

2009 – Boeing 787 Dreamliner

Large scale composite use

Future – Intellige nt Materials

Embedded sensors and monitoring system, materials change properties and configurations
Ultra high-strength composites, locally tailored materials for specific requirements
Adapted from: “The History of Aircraft Materials”, El Camino College, Torrance CA Introduction - 37