Electric Machines (EE2L003) : Dr. Ankit Dalal

Electric Machines Dr.
Ankit Dalal, SES, IITBBS
ELECTRIC MACHINES
(EE2L003)
Dr. Ankit Dalal
Assistant Professor,
School of Electrical Sciences,
IITBBS, Odisha, India
Electric Machines Dr. Ankit Dalal, SES, IITBBS
Instructor Introduction
Dr. Ankit Dalal
Assistant Professor, IIT Bhubaneswar (joined in Feb 2023)
Research Interests:
Electrical machines
• Motors for Electric vehicles
• Unmanned vehicle systems
• Motion solutions for medical devices
• Diagnostics and Predictive maintenance
Contact Address
Room No A-006, SES IIT Bhubaneswar
Email: ankitdalal@iitbbs.ac.in
Syllabus: Before Mid-sem

• AC Machinery Fundamentals
• Synchronous Generator and motor
Syllabus: After Mid-sem

• Induction motor
• 3-phase transformers
Marks Distribution
Marks Remarks
End-sem 50 3 hr exam
Mid-sem 30 2 hr exam
Quizzes 15 2 in total. 1 after each major topic
Attendance 05 75% min. If > 90%, full marks.
Total 100
• Assuming 56 total Lectures + Tutorials

• Attendance in 42 (75%) is mandatory
• If more than 90% i.e. ~50, then full marks.
• Live attendance sheet will be shared.
Text Books:
1. S. J. Chapman “Electric Machinery Fundamental,” 4th Ed., MG Hill

International Edition, 2006.
2. A. E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsley, Jr, and S. D. Umans, “Electric
Machinery,” 6th Ed., Mc Graw Hill International Edition, 2002.
3. P.S Bimbhra, “Generalized Theory of Electrical Machines,” Khana
Publisher.
Other important points

• Join the Google classroom
• Always carry scientific
calculator in the class.
• Do not use mobile phones
in the class
Are you interested in the subject?

Does this subject has practical relevance?

What is happening at present in electric motors?
• New Motor
technologies
• Motor materials
• New applications
• DA and AI in
motors (DT)
Can this help me in placement?
Can this help me in higher studies?

What if I am not at all interested in machines?

Part of electric motor
Critical parts of PMSM motor

Operating principles of motor-Based on torque

production
N S N S
Force due to INTERACTION

Operating principles of motor-Based on torque

production
N S
N S
Force due to RELUCTANCE

Operating principles of motor-Based on torque production
N
S
S N
N S
S N
Operating principles of motor-Based on torque production

3-phase winding in a motor
• There are 3 phases in

a motor.
• All the windings are at
120 degrees to each
other.
3-phase excitation
𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡
𝜃 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
• The 3 phase excitation has to be 120 degrees a part in time.

3-phase winding in a motor
• There are 3 phases in a motor.

• All the windings are at 120 degrees to
each other.
Current in the winding At time 𝜔𝑡=0

𝐼𝑎𝑎` (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝐴
Magnetic flux density
𝐼𝑏𝑏` (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 120° 𝐴
𝐵𝑎𝑎` = 0
𝐼𝑐𝑐` (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 240° 𝐴
𝐵𝑏𝑏` = 𝐵𝑀 sin −120° ∠120° 𝑇
Magnetic field intensity 𝐵𝑐𝑐` = 𝐵𝑀 sin −240° ∠240° 𝑇
𝐻𝑎𝑎` (𝑡) = 𝐻𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝐴 ∙ 𝑇/𝑚
𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐵𝑎𝑎` + 𝐵𝑏𝑏` + 𝐵𝑐𝑐`
𝐻𝑏𝑏` (𝑡) = 𝐻𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 120° ∠120° 𝐴 ∙ 𝑇/𝑚
𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 1.5𝐵𝑀 ∠ −90°
𝐻𝑐𝑐` (𝑡) = 𝐻𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 240° ∠240° 𝐴 ∙ 𝑇/𝑚 At time 𝜔𝑡 = 90°
Magnetic flux density 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 1.5𝐵𝑀 ∠0°
𝐵𝑎𝑎` (𝑡) = 𝐵𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑇
𝐵𝑏𝑏` (𝑡) = 𝐵𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 120° ∠120° 𝑇
𝐵𝑐𝑐` (𝑡) = 𝐵𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 240° ∠240° 𝑇
3-phase winding in the motor
Current in the winding At time 𝜔𝑡=0

𝐼𝑎𝑎` (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝐴
Magnetic flux density
𝐼𝑏𝑏` (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 120° 𝐴
𝐵𝑎𝑎` = 0
𝐼𝑐𝑐` (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 240° 𝐴
𝐵𝑏𝑏` = 𝐵𝑀 sin −120° ∠120° 𝑇
Magnetic field intensity 𝐵𝑐𝑐` = 𝐵𝑀 sin −240° ∠240° 𝑇
𝐻𝑎𝑎` (𝑡) = 𝐻𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝐴 ∙ 𝑇/𝑚
𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐵𝑎𝑎` + 𝐵𝑏𝑏` + 𝐵𝑐𝑐`
𝐻𝑏𝑏` (𝑡) = 𝐻𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 120° ∠120° 𝐴 ∙ 𝑇/𝑚
𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 1.5𝐵𝑀 ∠ −90°
𝐻𝑐𝑐` (𝑡) = 𝐻𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 240° ∠240° 𝐴 ∙ 𝑇/𝑚 At time 𝜔𝑡 = 90°
Magnetic flux density 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 1.5𝐵𝑀 ∠0°
𝐵𝑎𝑎` (𝑡) = 𝐵𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑇 Generalized expression
𝐵𝑏𝑏` (𝑡) = 𝐵𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 120° ∠120° 𝑇 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 (𝑡) = 𝐵𝑎𝑎` + 𝐵𝑏𝑏` + 𝐵𝑐𝑐`
𝐵𝑐𝑐` (𝑡) = 𝐵𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 240° ∠240° 𝑇 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = (1.5𝐵𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 )𝑥ො − (1.5𝐵𝑀 cos 𝜔𝑡 )𝑦ො
Rotating magnetic field in 3 phase motors
Phase A Phase B
Phase C All phases combined

Rotating magnetic field

• How does it happen in single phase motor?
• What will be the conditions for more than 3 phases?
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
360°
𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 =
𝑛
360°
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 =
𝑛
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 2

Multi-pole machines
• Mechanical
degrees?
• Electrical
degrees?
2 pole motor 4 pole motor

Electrical and mechanical degrees

2 pole motor 4 pole motor
N Mech degrees N N Mech degrees

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
S S S
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720
Elec degrees Elec degrees
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 = 𝜔𝑒
𝑃𝑃 (𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟) 𝜔𝑚 =
𝑃𝑃
𝜃𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟 4 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑃 = 2
𝜃𝑚 =
𝑃𝑃
Speed of rotating magnetic field

• Why does the magnetic field rotate?
• What will be the speed of rotating magnetic field?
For two pole motor For P pole motor (PP = P/2)
𝑓𝑚 = 𝑓𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑓𝑒
𝑓𝑚 = 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔𝑚 = 𝜔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑃/2)
For four pole motor 𝜔𝑒

𝜔𝑚 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
(𝑃/2)
𝑓𝑒
𝑓𝑚 = 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑠𝑒𝑐
2 Speed in revolution / min (rpm)
𝜔𝑒 120 𝑓𝑒
𝜔𝑚 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛𝑚 = 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑚𝑖𝑛
2 𝑃
• What will be the direction of motor rotation?
• How can we reverse it?
MMF and flux distribution in AC machine
Non-salient pole motor Salient pole motor

Cylindrical rotor motor
• For sinusoidal voltage in the motor

• Flux density B in the motor must
be sinusoidal in the airgap
• Magnetic field intensity H i.e.
MMF (F) must be sinusoidal
Non-salient pole motor

Cylindrical rotor motor
Sinusoidally varying magnetic flux density

Sinusoidally varying magnetic flux density

𝑛𝐶 = 𝑁𝐶 cos 𝛼
𝑛𝐶 = 𝑁𝐶 cos 𝛼
Induced voltage in AC Machines

• A voltage will be induced in a coil if it sees a change in magnetic field wrt time.
𝐵 = 𝐵𝑀 cos 𝛼
• Rotating magnetic field: 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑀 cos(𝜔𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃 × 𝛼)

For Segment ab
Induced voltage in a coil 𝑒𝑎𝑏 = 𝑣 × 𝐵 ∙ l
= 𝑣𝐵𝑙 (out of the plane)
= −𝑣 𝐵𝑀 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡 − 180° 𝑙
= −𝑣𝐵𝑀 𝑙 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡 − 180°
For Segment bc and da
𝑒𝑏𝑐 = 𝑣 × 𝐵 ∙ l
=0
For Segment cd
𝑒𝑑𝑐 = 𝑣 × 𝐵 ∙ l
= 𝑣𝐵𝑙 (into the plane)
= 𝑣 𝐵𝑀 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡 𝑙
= 𝑣𝐵𝑀 𝑙 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
𝑒 = 𝑒𝑎𝑏 + 𝑒𝑑𝑐
𝑒 = −𝑣𝐵𝑀 𝑙 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡 − 180° + 𝑣𝐵𝑀 𝑙 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
= 𝑣𝐵𝑀 𝑙 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑣𝐵𝑀 𝑙 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
• Rotating magnetic field: = 2𝑣𝐵𝑀 𝑙 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
𝐵 = 𝐵𝑀 cos(𝜔𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃 × 𝛼)
𝑒 = 𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡
Induced voltage in a coil 𝑒 = −𝑣𝐵𝑀 𝑙 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡 − 180°
+𝑣𝐵𝑀 𝑙 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
= 𝑣𝐵𝑀 𝑙 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑣𝐵𝑀 𝑙 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
= 2𝑣𝐵𝑀 𝑙 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
∵ 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔𝑚
𝑒 = (2𝑟𝑙𝐵𝑀 )𝜔𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
2𝑟𝑙𝐵𝑀 /𝑃𝑃 = 𝜙
𝜔𝑒
𝑒 = (𝜙 𝑃𝑃) cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
𝑃𝑃
𝑒 = 𝜙𝜔𝑒 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
For multi-turn coil:

𝑒 = 𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝜔𝑒 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
• Rotating magnetic field: 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑀 cos(𝜔𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃 × 𝛼) 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝜋𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝑓

𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝑓
Induced voltage in 3-phase coils

𝑒𝑎𝑎` = 𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝜔𝑒 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
𝑒𝑏𝑏` = 𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝜔𝑒 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡 − 120°
𝑒𝑏𝑏` = 𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝜔𝑒 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡 − 240°
Maximum value 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝜔𝑒
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝜋𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝑓
RMS value 2𝜋
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝑓
2
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝑓
• Is this phase voltage or line voltage?

• What will happen in case of star and delta connection?
The following information is known about the simple 3-phase two-pole generator. The peak flux density of
the rotor magnetic field is 0.2 T, and the mechanical speed of the shaft is 3600 r/min. The stator diameter of
the machine is 0.5 m, its coil length is 0.3 m, and there are 15 turns per coil. The machine is Y-connected.
(a) What are the three phase voltages of the generator as a function of time?
(b) What is the rms phase voltage of this generator?
(c) What is the rms terminal voltage of this generator?
𝜙 = 2𝑟𝑙𝐵𝑀 (b) 𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 120 𝑉

= 0.5 × 0.3 × 0.2
= 0.03 𝑊𝑏 (c) 𝑉𝑇(𝑟𝑚𝑠) = 208 𝑉
𝜔 = 377 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
If the motor has 4 pole?
(a) 𝑒𝑎𝑎` = 169.7 cos 377𝑡 𝑉

𝑒𝑏𝑏` = 169.7 cos 377𝑡 − 120° 𝑉
𝑒𝑏𝑏` = 169.7 cos 377𝑡 − 240° 𝑉

A three-phase, Y-connected, four-pole winding is installed in 24 slots on a stator. There are 40
turns of wire in each slot of the windings. All coils in each phase are connected in series. The flux
per pole in the machine is 0.060 Wb, and the speed of rotation of the magnetic field is 1800 r/min.
(a) What is the frequency of the voltage produced in this winding?
(b) What are the resulting phase and terminal voltages of this stator?
𝑎 60 𝐻𝑧
𝑏 𝑋𝑋 𝑉
Coil Pitch and Distributed winding

• Induced EMF is sinusoidal  magnetic field is sinusoidal
• In reality MMF will not be sinusoidal

• Magnetic flux density will also not
be sinusoidal and will contain
harmonics
• Harmonics are undesirable and
need to be suppressed.
Fractional pitch winding

360°
𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝜌𝑃 = 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝐷
𝑃
• Pole pitch in electrical degrees is

always 180°
• If the coils spans for the full angle of
𝜌𝑃 it is called as full-pitch coil.
• If the coils spans shorter than 𝜌𝑃 it
is called as fractional-pitch coil.
𝑃
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝜌 = 𝜃𝑚 × 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐 𝐷
2
• Windings employing fractional-pitch

coils are known as chorded windings.
Effect on induced EMF 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝜌𝑃 = 180° 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝐷

𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ = 𝜌 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐 𝐷
• Voltage induced in the coil

𝜌
𝑒 = 𝜙𝜔𝑒 sin cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
2
• Voltage is more or less?
𝜌
𝑘𝑝 = sin
2
• kp is called the pitch factor.
𝑒 = 𝜙𝜔𝑒 𝑘𝑝 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
• For coils with NC turns

𝑒 = 𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝜔𝑒 𝑘𝑝 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
• Voltage for a full pitch coil?
Why do we use fractional pitch coil
• Induced voltage is not sinusoidal.

• It contains harmonics.
• Harmonics are mainly odd harmonics as the
waveform is symmetrical about x-axis.
• Generally higher the order of harmonics, its
magnitude is lower


• To reduce the effect of harmonics;
• Design the motor such that we have sinusoidal BMEF.
• Use chorded coils
• if a coil spans 150 electrical degrees at its fundamental frequency,
• it will span 300 electrical degrees at its second-harmonic frequency,
• 450 electrical degrees at its third-harmonic frequency, and so forth.

1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2
0.2
0 Fund
0 third
-0.2 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-0.6
-0.6
-0.8
-1 -0.8
-1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4 • Coils pitch for fundamental is 120 elec
0.2
0 second
degrees
-0.2
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 • For second harmonic: 120*2=240 elec D
-0.4
• For third harmonic: 120*3=360 elec D
-0.6
-0.8
-1

• To reduce the effect of harmonics;
• Design the motor such that we have sinusoidal BMEF.
• Use chorded coils
• if a coil spans 150 electrical degrees at its fundamental frequency,
• it will span 300 electrical degrees at its second-harmonic frequency,
• 450 electrical degrees at its third-harmonic frequency, and so forth.
• Pitch factor for any particular harmonic will be:

𝜐𝜌
𝑘𝑝 = sin
2
A three-phase, two-pole stator has coils with a 5/6 pitch. What are the pitch factors for the
harmonics present in this machine’s coils? Does this pitch help suppress the harmonic content of
the generated voltage?
360°
𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝜌𝑃 = 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝐷
2
𝑃
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝜌 = 𝜃𝑚 × 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐 𝐷
2
2
𝜌 = 150 × = 150 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐 𝐷
2
𝜐𝜌
𝑘𝑝 = sin
2
• Fundamental: 0.966
• Third: -0.707
• Fifth: 0.259
• Seventh: 0.259
• Ninth: -0.707
• Harmonics are suppressed

with Fractonal pitch coil.
Distribution factor
• Coils of the same phases are

distributed?
• Will they produce same
induced EMF?
• Assume that central coil in a phase had

Distribution factor following voltage:
𝐸𝑎2 = 𝐸 ∠0° 𝑉
• Voltage in the other two phase coils will be:
𝐸𝑎1 = 𝐸 ∠ − 20° 𝑉
𝐸𝑎3 = 𝐸 ∠20° 𝑉
• Total voltage in a phase
𝐸𝑎 = 𝐸𝑎1 + 𝐸𝑎2 + 𝐸𝑎3
𝐸𝑎 = 2.879 𝐸
• Distribution factor is defined as:
𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑘𝑑 =
𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑛𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2.879 𝐸
𝑘𝑑 = = 0.960
3𝐸
• Distribution factor is defined as:

Distribution factor 𝑘𝑑 =
𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑛𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
• Distribution factor based on coil

arrangement is defined as
𝑛𝛾
sin( 2 )
𝑘𝑑 = 𝛾
𝑛 sin(2)
• n = slots/phase belt
• 𝛾 = angle between coils or slot pitch
3 × 20°
sin( 2 )
𝑘𝑑 = = 0.96
20°
3 sin( 2 )
Induced emf with distribution effect

• Induced voltage considering pitch factor
𝑒 = 𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝜔𝑒 𝑘𝑝 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
• Induced voltage including distribution factor
𝑒 = 𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝜔𝑒 𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝑑 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
𝑒 = 𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝜔𝑒 𝑘𝑤 cos 𝜔𝑒 𝑡
𝑘𝑤 = 𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝑑
• 𝑘𝑤 is called as winding factor
A simple two-pole, three-phase, Y-connected synchronous machine stator is used to make a
generator. It has a double-layer coil construction, with four stator coils per phase distributed as
shown in Figure. Each coil consists of 10 turns. The windings have an electrical pitch of 150°, as
shown. The rotor (and the magnetic field) is rotating at 3000 r/min, and the flux per pole in this
machine is 0.019 Wb.?
(a) What is the slot pitch of this stator in mechanical
degrees? In electrical degrees?
360°
𝛾= = 30°
12
(b) How many slots do the coils of this stator span?
5 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠 150° 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
(c) What is the magnitude of the phase voltage of one
phase of this machine’s stator?
𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧, 𝑘𝑝 = 0.966, 𝑛 = 2, 𝑘𝑑 = 0.966
𝐸𝑝ℎ = 157 𝑉
(d) What is the machine’s terminal voltage?
𝐸𝑇 = 272 𝑉
(e) How much suppression does the fractional-pitch
winding give for the fifth- harmonic component of the
voltage relative to the decrease in its fundamental
component?
𝑘5𝑝 = 0.259
• the fundamental component was decreased 3.4

percent, while the fifth-harmonic component was
decreased 74.1 percent.
• the fifth-harmonic compo-nent of the voltage is
decreased 70.7 percent more than the fundamental
com-ponent is.

Electric Machines (EE2L003) : Dr. Ankit Dalal

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Electric Machines Dr.

Ankit Dalal, SES, IITBBS

Syllabus: Before Mid-sem

Syllabus: After Mid-sem

• Assuming 56 total Lectures + Tutorials

1. S. J. Chapman “Electric Machinery Fundamental,” 4th Ed., MG Hill

Other important points

Are you interested in the subject?

Does this subject has practical relevance?

What is happening at present in electric motors?

Can this help me in placement?

Can this help me in higher studies?

What if I am not at all interested in machines?

Part of electric motor

Critical parts of PMSM motor

Operating principles of motor-Based on torque

Force due to INTERACTION

Operating principles of motor-Based on torque

Force due to RELUCTANCE

Operating principles of motor-Based on torque production

Operating principles of motor-Based on torque production

• There are 3 phases in

• The 3 phase excitation has to be 120 degrees a part in time.

• There are 3 phases in a motor.

Current in the winding At time 𝜔𝑡=0

Current in the winding At time 𝜔𝑡=0

Rotating magnetic field in 3 phase motors

Phase C All phases combined

Rotating magnetic field

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 2

2 pole motor 4 pole motor

Electrical and mechanical degrees

N Mech degrees N N Mech degrees

Speed of rotating magnetic field

For four pole motor 𝜔𝑒

MMF and flux distribution in AC machine

Non-salient pole motor Salient pole motor

MMF and flux distribution in AC machine

• For sinusoidal voltage in the motor

Non-salient pole motor

MMF and flux distribution in AC machine

Sinusoidally varying magnetic flux density

MMF and flux distribution in AC machine

Sinusoidally varying magnetic flux density

MMF and flux distribution in AC machine

Induced voltage in AC Machines

• Rotating magnetic field: 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑀 cos(𝜔𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃 × 𝛼)

For multi-turn coil:

• Rotating magnetic field: 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑀 cos(𝜔𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃 × 𝛼) 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝜋𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝑓

Induced voltage in 3-phase coils

Maximum value 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑁𝐶 𝜙𝜔𝑒

• Is this phase voltage or line voltage?

𝜙 = 2𝑟𝑙𝐵𝑀 (b) 𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 120 𝑉

(a) 𝑒𝑎𝑎` = 169.7 cos 377𝑡 𝑉

𝑒𝑏𝑏` = 169.7 cos 377𝑡 − 240° 𝑉

Coil Pitch and Distributed winding

• In reality MMF will not be sinusoidal

Fractional pitch winding

• Pole pitch in electrical degrees is

• Windings employing fractional-pitch

Effect on induced EMF 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝜌𝑃 = 180° 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝐷