Grade 11 First Term

01

Ôù
mgl
mglhla hkq fmdÿ iïNjhla we;s tlu lD;Hhla bgq
lrk tlu j¾.fha fyda fjk;a j¾.j, ffi, iuqyhls
 Ydl mgl
úNdcl mgl iaÓr mgl

w.%ia: úNdcl md¾Yaúl úNdcl wka;ria: úNdcl

mgl mgl mgl

ir, iaÓr mgl ixlS¾K iaÓr mgl

mgl mgl

uDÿia;r ia:q,fldaKdia;r oDvia;r ffY,u maf,dahu

mglh mglh mglh mglh mglh
il%Sh f,i wkqkk úNdckhg
,la jk" kj ffi, we;s
lsÍug yelshdj we;s
ffi,j,ska iEfok Ydl mgl
úNdcl mgl f,i yeÈkafõ
Ydl j, j¾Okh
isÿjkafka
úNdcl mglj,
l%shdldß;ajh
ksid h
úNdcl mgl j, ,laIK

 ffi, m%udKfhka l=vd icSù ffi, fõ

 wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldY rys;h
 lemS fmfkk úYd, kHIaáhla ffi, ;=< we;
 úYd, uOH ßla;l ke;
 yß;,j ke;
 uhsfgdfldkaä%hd úYd, ixLHdjla we;
 mglh mj;sk ia:dkh ld¾hh
w.%i:
a lf|a yd uqf,a Ydl l| Wiska
úNdclh w.%ia:fha jeä lrhs
wka;ria: lf|a m¾j mdoj, Ydl l| Wiska
úNdclh jeä lrhs
md¾Yaúl oaù îc m;%S Ydl Ydl l| uy;ska
úNdclh j, leïìhu jeä lrhs
;jÿrg;a úNdckh
úh fkdyels ksYaÑ;
lD;Hhla bgq lsÍug
úfYaIKh jQ mgl
iaÓr mgl f,i
yÿkajhs
uDÿia:r mglfha ,laIK

• icSù ffi, fõ
• iu úIalïNsl ffi, fõ
• kHIaáh ffi, m¾hka;j
msysghs
• úYd, uOH ßla;lhla we;
• ;=ks ffi, ì;a;shla we;
• ffi, w;r wka;¾ ffi,Sh
wjldY we;
 ia:q,fldaKdia;r
mglfha ,laIK

• ffi, ì;a;sj, Ys¾I >kù mj;s

• icSù ffi, fõ
• È.eá ffi, fõ
• ffi, yrialv nyqwi%dldr fõ
• wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldY ;sîug
fyda fkd;sîug mq¿jk
oDvia:r mglfha
,laIK

• wcSù ffi, fõ
• ffi, ì;a;s ,s.akska
j,ska >k ú we;
• ffi, uOHfha ysia
l=yrhla idohs
• wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldY
ke;
ffY,u mglh u.ska maf,dahu mglh úiska
c,h yd LKsc ,jK Ydlfha ksmofjk wdydr
mßjykh lrhs Ydlh mqrd fnod yßhs
fmafkar k, ffi, yd r;=
reêr ffi, kHIaá fkdue;s
ffi, fõ
wmsÉPo mglfha ,laIK

• mglfha ffi, mdoia: mg,hla u;

msysgd ;sfí
• ffi, tlsfkl ;Èka weysß we;
• mglhg reêr iemhqula ke;
• mdoia: mg,h u.ska fmdaIKh fõ
isks÷ fmaYs lxld, fmaYs yD;a fmaYs
;¾l=remS fõ ;¾l=remS fkdfõ ;¾l=remS fkdfõ
tal kHIaálhs nyqkHIaálhs tal kHIaálhs
ks¾ú,sÅ; fõ ú,sÅ; fõ ú,sÅ; fõ
wksÉpdkq.hs bÉpdkq.hs wksÉpdkq.hs
Ydlkh ú ke; Ydlkh ú ke; Ydlkh ú we;
ixfldapk yd ,sys,a ùu ixfldapk yd ,sys,a ùu ixfldapk yd ,sys,a ùu
fiñka isÿ fõ fõ.fhka isÿ fõ ßoauhdkql=,j isÿfõ

fiñka úvdjg m;a fõ blaukska úvdjg m;a fõ úvdjg m;a fkdfõ

mDIaGjxYsl if;l=f.a kshqfrdak
ffi,hla
mDIaGjxYskaf.a msysgk
uh,Ska fldmq fya;=fjka
wdfõ. ikakhk fõ.h
jeä lrhs
ixfõol kshqfrdak

pd,l kshqfrdak

wka;¾ydr kshqfrdak
 02
m%NdixYaf,aIKh
m%NdixYaf,aIK l%shdj,sh
m%NdixYaf,aIKfha m%Odk
M,h .a¨fldaia jk w;r
w;=re M,h Tlaiscka fõ
 m%NdixYaf,aIKh ioyd
wjYH idOl

• ysre t<sh^ndysr idOlh&

• yß;m%o^wNHka;r idOlh&
• c,h
wuqøjH
• ldnkavfhdlaihsâ
 msIaG mßi¾mKh

 m%NdixYaf,aIKfha È ieÿk .a¨fldaia msIagh f,i

;djld,slj m;% ;=, ixÑ; fõ.fuu msIagfhka
fldgila iqfl%daia njg m;a ù maf,dahu mglh
Tiafia Ydlfha wfkl=;a fldgia fj; mßjykh fõ.

 ixÑ; mgl fj; .uka lrk iqfl%daia msIagh njg

m;alr ixÑ; flf¾
 m%NdixYaf,aIKh u.ska msIaGh ksmofjk nj
fmkaùu

• Ydl m;% c,fha ;ekaîu

• Ydl m;% uOHidrfha ;ekaîu
• Ydl m;% c,fhka fia§u
• whãka ødjKh ±óu
• ^m;%fha ks,a$;o oï meyehla ,efí&
m%NdixYaf,aIKh i|yd
ysret<sh yd
ldnkavfhdlaihsâ wjYH
nj fmkajk mÍlaIK
j,È meh 48la Ydl
wÿf¾ ;nkafka m;% ;=<
msIagh ieÈu
keje;aùughs
m%NdixYaf,aIKh i|yd
ldnkavfhdlaihsâ
wjYH nj fmkajk
mÍlaIKfha È
fmdgeishï
yhsfv%dlaihsâ
fhdod.kafka
ldnkavfhdlaihsâ
wjfYdaIKh i|ydh fmdgeishï yhsfv%dlaihsâ
Ydl m;% j, yß;m%o iEÈug
ysret<sh wjYH fõ
m%NdixYaf,aIKh i|yd
c,h wjYH nj idudkH
úoHd.drhla ;=< fmkajd
Èh fkdyel

18
8𝑂 iuia:dksl Tlaiscka
mrudKq we;s c,h
fhdodf.k c,h wjYH
nj fmkajd osh yelsh
 03

ñY%K
ñY%K

ix>gl folla fyda jeä .Kkla ridhkslj

fjkia fkdù ñY% ù mj;skakdjQ o ix>gl
fN!;sl l%u u.ska fjka lr.; yels jQ o
mod¾: ñY%K f,i yeÈkafõ
ñY%Kh mqrd tl u ixhq;shla iys; ñY%K iucd;sh ñY%K f,i
yeÈka fõ.iucd;Sh ñY%K ødjK f,i yeÈkafõ
ñY%Kh mqrdu ixhq;sh
taldldr fkdjk ñY%K
úIucd;Sh ñY%K f,i
yeÈkafõ
ødjlh + ødjHh = ødjKh
ødjKh iE§ug ñY% l<
ix>gl w;=ßka jeämqr we;s
ix>glh ødjlh f,i yeÈka
fõ

ødjKh iE§ug ñY% l<

ix>gl w;=ßka wvqfjka we;s
ix>gl ødjH f,i yeÈka fõ
hï WIaK;ajhl § hï
ødjlhl 100g la ;=< Èhfjk
lsishï ødjHhl Wmßu
ialkaOh tu WIaK;ajfha §"
tu ødjlh ;=< ødjHfha
ødjH;dj f,i ye|ska fõ
ødjHhl ødjH;dj flfrys
n,mdk idOl

1' WIaK;ajh
2' ødjHfha iajNdjh
3' ødjlfha iajNdjh
O%eùh ødjH O%eùh
ødjlj, Èh fõ

ks¾O%eùh ødjH ks¾O%eùh

ødjlj, Èh fõ
jdhqjl c, ødjH;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl
1& WIaK;ajh^WIaK;ajh jeä lrk úg
jdhqjl c, ødjH;dj wvq fõ&

2& mSvkh ^mSvkh jeä lrk úg jdhqjl

c, ødjH;dj jeä fõ&
újD; fkdl< fidavd
fnda;,hla ^ma,diaála&
;=< we;af;a jdhq - øj
iucD;Sh ñY%Khls

újD; l< fidavd fnda;,h ;=<

we;af;a jdhq - øj úIucd;Sh
ñY%Khls
 øjH ujq, .Kk
ødjKfha idkaøKh =
ødjK mßudj
𝑛
𝐶=
𝑣

idkaøKh >k fvisógrhg ujq, j,ska olajhs (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑚 −3

)
>k øjHhla njg m;a jk ødjHhla
ødjKhl mj;sk úg idkaølsÍu uÕska >k
øjH fjka lr.ekSfï l%uh iaMálSlrKh
f,i ye`Èka fõ
iaMálrEmS >k øjHhla ødjK .; lr h<s;a iaMál
njg m;a lsßfï l%shdj,sh mqk¾iaMálSlrKh kï fõ
hï ødjlhl iq¿ jYfhka Èh jk
ødjHhl ødjKhlg,tu øjH b;d
fydÈka Èh jk tfy;a m<uq ødjlh
iuÕ ñY% fkdjk ødjlhla ±uq úg
m<uq ødjlfha Èh ú ;snq ødjHh
l%ufhka fojeks ødjlh fj;g
wjfYdaIKh jkafka h.fufia
ødjlh fj;g wjfYdaIKh úu
ødjl ksiaidrKh f,i yeÈkafõ.
wdhq¾fõo T!IO j¾. jk ;r, idr,wßIaG
wdÈh ksme§fï È fï l%uh Ndú;d lrhs
wdijkh
ødjKhla fyda
ñY%Khla
kegùug i,iajd
,efnk jdIamh
ikSNjkhg ,la
lr ix>gl fjka
lsÍu wdijkh
f,i ye`Èka fõ
 ñY%Khla r;a
l< úg msg jk
jdIamh isis,alr
.ekSug ,Sì.a
lkafvkairh
Ndú;d lrhs
wdijkh w¾: ±laùu Ndú;
ir, wdijkh jdIamYS,s ix>glhla yd jdIamYS,s fkd <sx c,fhaka wdi%e; c,h
jk ix>gl we;s jsg Ndjs; lrhs ieÈu
Nd.sl wdijkh ñY%Kh ;=< jdIamYS,S ix>gl fndrf;,a msßmyÿj
lSmhlska hqla; úg Nd.sl wdijkh
fhdod .ks

yqud, wdijkh jdIamYS,S ixfhda. fjka lr .eksu we;eï Ydl fldgia j,

i|yd jdIamYS,S ixfhda. fjkalr
.eksug
jdIamYS,s fkdjk ix>gl wvx.= ñY%Khl ^>k fyda
øj& we;s ix>gl tlsfklska fjka lr y÷kd.ekSug
j¾Kf,aL Ys,amh Ndú;d lrhs
 j¾Kf,aL Ys,am l%ufha Ndú;

• c,hg úI ridhk øjH uqiq ù

we;s oehs fiùug
• wdydrj,g wys;lr øjH tl;= ù we;soehs
mÍlaId lsÍfï §
• Ydlj, we;s l%shdldÍ ridhksl ixfhda.
wkdjrKh lr .ekSfï §
 jdIamsNjkh yd iaMálSlrKh
Ndú;fhka ¨Kq ksmoùu

• m<uq ;gdlfha 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 wjlafIam fõ

• fojk ;gdlfha 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 wjlafIam fõ
• f;jk ;gdlfha 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 wjlafIam fõ
¨Kqleg j, wmøjH f,i
MgCl2 wvx.+h.fuu øjH
jd;fhka c,jdIam Wrdf.k
Èhfõ.ta ksid ¨Kq leg f;;a
fõ.fuh bj;a lr .eksu
ioyd udi 6la muK msrñv
yevhg f.dv .id jd;hg
ksrdjrKj ;nhs
 04

;rx. yd
tajdfha fh§ï
;rx. tla ;ekl isg ;j;a ;eklg
lsishï udOHhla ;+<ska fyda
wjldYhla yryd fyda .uka
lrk le<öula ;rx.hla
^wdj¾;Sh p,s;hla& fõ

;rx.hla hkq tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg

Yla;sh .uka lsßuhs
 hdka;%sl ;rx. úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx.
;rx. .uka lsßug udOHhla wjYH fõ udOHhla wjYH fkdfõ

;s¾hla ;rx. wkajdhdu ;rx.

;rx. p,kh jk ÈYdjg ;rx.h p,kh jk ÈYdjg

,ïnlj wxY+ lïmkh fõ iudka;rj wxY+ lïmkh fõ

>k yd øj mDIaG u; m%pdrKh >k,øj yd jdhq yryd m%pdrKh

fõ fõ

Ys¾I yd ksïk idohs iïmSvk yd úr,k idohs

 úia;drh

úia;drh hkq uOHkH msysàfï isg wxY=jl isÿ

jk Wmßu úia:dmkh tys úia;drh kï fõ. (m)
 ;rx. wdhduh

;rx.hl wkqhd; ia:dk folla w;r ÿr

;rx. wdhduh fõ (m)
wdj¾; ld,h

tla wxY=jla úiska iïmQ¾K foda,khla isÿ lsÍu i|yd .;

lrk ld,h wdj¾; ld,h kñka yeÈkafõ .wdj¾; ld,
/ila tla ú ;rx.hla ks¾udKh fõ
tla wxY=jla úiska
tall ld,hl È isÿ
lrk foda,k
ixLHdj ixLHd;h
(f) kñka yeÈkafõ
.uksk tallh y¾Üia
fõ (Hz)
;rx.hl fõ.h = ixLHd;h x ;rx. wdhduh

𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆
 • iïfm%aIKhg udOHhla wjYH ke;
• ;S¾hla ;rx. fõ
úoHq;a pqïnl • úoHq;a yd pqïNl .+K we;
;rx. j, • mrdj¾;k yd j¾;k kshu j,g tlÕ fõ
• wdfrdamKhla rys;h
,laIK • ndysr úoHq;a yd pqïnl lAfIa;% u.ska fuu ;rx. j,g n,mEula
fkdue;‘h
úoHq;a pqïnl j¾Kdj,sh
.eud lsrK .eud lsrK
x x lsrK
mdr mdrcïnq, lsrK
osf.a oDIH wdf,dalh
wvq wfOdarla; lsrK
ld,hlska laIqø ;rx.
.shd .=jka jsoq,s ;rx.
èjks ;x. hdka;%sl wkajdhdu ;rx.hla fõ
 èjksfha ,dlaIKslh rod mj;sk idOlh

;dr;djh ixLHd;h
yfâ ier^úmq, ;djh& lïmk úia;drh

èjks .=Kh ;rx.fha yevh

Y%jH;d isudj

wfOda èjks w;s èjks

 ix.S; NdKavh ixLHd;h ^;dr;djh& rod mj;sk idOlh
;;a NdKav • ;;a fldgfia È.
• ;f;a wd;;sh fyj;a ;; weÈ we;s m%udKh
• ;f;a ialkaOh
iu>d; NdKav • mg,fha j¾.M,h
^mg,,ovq fyda • mg,fha wd;;sh
;yvq&
Y=Ysr NdKav • jdhq lfoa È.
05 m%ldY úoHdj
 wdf,dal mrdj¾;k
kshu

m;k lsrKh;a"
mrdj¾;k lsrKh;a"
1 m;k ,laIHfha os
mDIaGhg we¢ wNs,ïnh;a
hk fïjd tl u ;,hl
mj;sh
m;k fldaKh;a
2 mrdj¾;k fldaKh;a
tlsfklg iudkh
 ;, o¾mKhlska
iefok m%;sìïnhl
,laIK

• w;d;aúl m%;sìïnhls
• Wvql+re m%;sìïnhls
• jia;+fõ isg o¾mKhg we;s
ÿr, o¾mKfha isg m%;sìïnhg
we;s ÿr iudkh
• m%;sìïnfha m%udKh jia;+fõ
m%udKhg iudkh
• m%;sìïnh md¾Yaúl
wmj¾;kh ù mj;s
wj;, o¾mKhla bÈßfha jia;=jla msysgk ia:dkh wkqj
m%;sìïnh iEfok ia:dkh" m%;sìïnfha iajNdjh yd
m%;sìïnfha m%udKh fjkia fõ
 •wj;, o¾mK j, Ndú;
wj;, o¾mK •mrdj¾;l ÿf¾laI j,
j, Ndú; •/jq, nEfï §
•oka; ffjoH lghq;=j, È
W;a;, o¾mKhlska iefok m%;sìïnhl ,laIK
 jia;+jg jvd l+vdhs
 Wvql+reh
 w;d;aúl m%;sìïnhls
 md¾Yaúl wmj¾;khla isÿ fõ
W;a;, o¾mK j, Ndú;

• jdyk j, me;s lKakdä i|yd

• úYd, fj<|ie,a j,
• jx.= iys; ud¾. j,
 j¾;kh
tlsfklg fjkia mdr oDIH udOH
folla yryd wdf,dalh .uka
.kakd úg udOH fjka jk mDIaGfha
È wdf,dal lsrK j, keñ .uka
lsßu wdf,dal j¾;kh f,i
yeÈkafõ
wdf,dal j¾;k kshu
1
m;k lsrKh;a j¾;k
lsrKh;a m;k ,laIHfhaa È
weÈ wNs,ïNh;a hk fïjd
tlu ;,hl msysghs 2
m;k fldaKfha ihskfha w.h;a
,j¾;k fldaKfha ihskfha
w.h;a w;r wkqqmd;h ksh;hls
 wjê fldaKh

.yk;r udOHhl isg

úr,;r udOHhlg wdf,dal
lsrK .uka lsßfï È j¾;k
fldaKfha w.h 90° jk úg
m;k fldaKh wjê fldaKh
f,i yeÈka fõ
 .yk;r udOHhl isg úr,;r udOHhlg wdf,dal
mq¾K wNHka;r lsrK .uka lsßfï È m;k fldaKh wjê fldaKh blau
mrdj¾;kh jq úg j¾;kh isÿ fkdú .yk;r udOH ;=<gu
wdf,dal lsrK mrdj¾;kh fõ.fuh mq¾K wNHka;r
mrdj¾;khhs
W;a;, ldphla bÈßfha jia;=jla msysgk ia:dkh wkqj
m%;sìïnh iEfok ia:dkh" m%;sìïnfha iajNdjh yd
m%;sìïnfha m%udKh fjkia fõ
 • m%;sìïnh w;d;aúlhs
• jia;=jg jvd l=vdhs
• Wvql=rehs

wj;, ldphla u.ska iefok

m%;sìïnhl ,laIK