Biophysics summary

colligative properties of solutions

Don't pepened ontheidentityofsolutebutontheamount ofthe saute
conigativeproperties increaseof
s olutionosmolarity nonconigative properties
Depenes on ofdissolvesparticles
osmolaritynumber it the solute
and solvent

vaporpressure d
Boilingpoint P
freezingpoint d solution withhigh osmolarity remainsliquidoveralargerangeof oftemp
osmotic pressure M comparedto solutionwithlower osmolarity

Triplepoints thephasewhereallofphases exist atthe sametime

At 1Atm pressure watermeltingpointis or
water boilingpointis toooo

Raoult'slaw
vaporpressure of nonvolatilesolute vaporpressure thepressureatthesurfaceofliquidcreatedbyvapormolecules
P Xsolvent Po
rapierpressure
whenyoudissolvenonvolatilesolute camera you lowerthevaporpressure
mote
fraction puresolvent inpuresolution morefranction t

thanexpectedvapourprassure
positivehigher

negative solute isstronglybound

bythesolvent
i
sealsolutionssolutes thatobeyRaoult'slawbehaveexactlyaswepredict

Boilingpointchange by concentration solvent

Boilingpoint thetempofvapor
pressure atmosphericpressure

changeofboilingpoint ots i lab m

g Tb thedifferentbetweenboilingpointofpure the solution

solventand

sinsup onexam
sameair as labsboilingpointconstant
Nacl a
isvan'tnafffactor numberof dissociatespartiespersolute isosmolaritynumber Nason 3

freezing point changebyconcentration

changeoffreezingpoint or i ke im
thedifferentbetweenboilingpointofpure solventandthe solution

iii
sinsup on aim

roes
painsamegear
metemp fortheconcentration

isvan'thofffactor numberof dissociatespartiespersome

 Density

osmoticpressure P pnight
pressure hog Hoff
osmosismovement of wateracross semipermeablemembrane fromnowsometonigesave I more
M gas T
R temp
osmotic
osmoticpressuretheminimum pressurerequires tostop
themomentofwater pressure ay

Cohesion Cohesiveattraction posteda aninland

cohesion particlesofthesame
s ubstancesticktogether dueto intermolecularforces creatwhenorbital
escreatirregularshapethatcreatelectrical force
cohesionattractions attractionof similarm oleculesstickingtogethercreatesurfacetension waterdrops

thesurfaceofaliquid
surface tension cohesiveforces at

cell membrane
passivetransport activetransport macro
transport

osmosis m's endocytosis

diffusion exocytosis

channel

membranepotential
beblocked
so openonly
close
in transportinoutof man matespotentialanwage
snaout2in
sodiumpottasiumpumpmaintainthepotential bypumping in
resting potential sourto room
I
actionpotential
case openswas use
timeamini
second to depolarizeandre
p olarize
nose opens
absoluterefractoryperiod can't produceanother actionpotential nesting ss impersonation use
as ease
locationmusclesneuronsexcitablecells t
mix
ownam
a

Mechanicalwaves

toanotherthebraincaninterprettheenergyasinformationtravelthroughspacerequires a medium
roams

I
wave Howfarfrom
Displacementof theequilibriumpointthewavehas oscillates faster souse liquidgas donotpropagateinvaccum
joyce
amplitude maxofDisplacement

can
onlypropagateinsaisicianis
surface can an
travelthrough except
m ediums
vaccum

Sound waves
frequency howoftenthevibrationrepets infrasound son
audiblesound sortasorta
 ultrasound somitz

wavelength thedistance points ofthesamephase

between a similar ÉaF
wavelength

soundwave theaudio
intensity acousticpressureenergycarriesby spa
torsthresholdooooo
Duration passageoftime
duringasound inabsolutecain
nouns

pitch sensationof frequency nighfrequencyhighpitch

timberqualityofthetone
Loudnessperception ofamplitudein Deciblecob
bones
small
Humansear
cochleahollowspiral bonefilledwithfluid
shape
soundreachthe auricle tympanicmembrane

tympanicmembranevibrates bonesvibrate
small pg
soundwavesamplifiesintympanicmembrane delivered tocochlear

siretheearcausingpressureandflowoffluid
n soundwavesin moreinner cells
main stimulates auditorynerve infotobrain

Minya
a
Puretoneaudiometry
testfornearinglosspatientlistentodifferenttonesinheadphones betweentasteoutta
basicformto
mepairsa.se

Electromagnetic wavesandSpectrum
waves ht if
propagate atthespeedoflightinvaccume
saneoscillations ness
magnetic

Refracted criticalreflected
ray
refraction whenawaveentersdifferentmedium itbends

the refractedraxis
angleatwhich
critical angle the an thelargestanglerefractioncanoccur larger reflection

reflectionthewavefrontchangesbetween amediumssothewavefrontreturns
intotheoriginmedium
 lens opticaldevicethat focuseson disrepres lightbyrefraction
mirrorsreflectthelightasit bounceoffthematerial ifthetenisconcave
produceanimage

eyestructureandoptics
Human
opticpowerthedegreetowhichthelensconvergeson divergeslight
corneaopticalpowerofnodiopter
lens powerofnaso lightonthebackofthe
diopterhelpsfocus exe
retinalight lighttoelectricalssignals sto brain
receptorcellsconvert
sensative proto

caser
anatommovestonigherenergylevel
stimulates absorptionwhen byabsorbingphoton
spontaenousemissionatom back
gives on thesameone occurspontenousix
a pot
whenatom atthehighlevelof stimulates absorption energythatabsorbedisusedto
andit absorbsanotherphotonthe identicalphotontwo
createanother photons
comesout byemission
for atomtobeexciteditneedamount ofenergybypnotones
eachstimulatesemissioneachatomkicks aphotonsthat chargeadifferentatomesthatnicias aphotonseach

we yes

x Ray
lengn
electromagnetic radiation wave oon tonm Haraxray o o um
frequency so'peeditz seetaitz 9.3an
areas

energy no Iwavelengn tf 9 penetration moreDnadamage

x ray image produce by heatedfilamentthatshootselectronsat ametal metalreleasephotones
 e cat
absorb this is howwecanseebones
contrastmedia liquidthatabsorbed xrayandcanbeinsofttissue helps seethetissue

galneara

Ct compoundtomography in more complicatedplacesspinpelvis transmitxrays gets 3D image

PET posintronemission tomography

synthesis moleculewithpositron positiveelectronsinjecttopatient thepositronhitanelectroninthebox releasing agammaraystooppositesince

themecuine willdetectthe locationofthee bythegammarays s gets3Dimageoftheproblem

Spect 3Dimagestakenbycamerathatrotatesaroundthe patient creatfrontaltransversalsagittal cuts

es accumulatesgamma photons the differentfrom

Gammacamera camerawith crystal xray isthatradiationistransmittedfrom
collimator makingsureonlyratsfromspecificdirectionmakes itinto the sensor radioactiveparticle Capraer
behighenergyraysthatcollidewithmaterialthatemitslight
scintillator abson
photomultiplier vaccumtubewithcat nosewhenhitswith
noseand a photonitincreasethesignalproduces getsthesignal
computer simage
theymoresensitivetoradiationandhaveDnaexposedforlonger
ionizationradiationintherapy usestodamagetumorsduetothefactthat time
radiation sensitivityofcellstodifferentamountofradiation nelatux proliferativecellsmoresensitive somaticcells
sensitivity the canrecoverbecausetheyposses
Dna correctionmean
fractionation now longradiationcanbeabsorbed intissuewithoutdamagingit
muchradiationandforhow

isnt joureling

ultrasound

sound thatexceedsin iteandhigher inmedicine s omHe

soooo n
a nose no fanareareaswithbiggerdensityfrom
wavegraph describe now thescanner
B morelinesofanosethatgivesanimage
MMose linesfrom BMoseand amore checkingchangeofmoment cheartrates

A translate
image
grey
ultrasound
wane

Dopier moses utilizeddopieraffect toanalizebloodflow toandfromthe detector

teeth cataractcancerdrugdelivery
ultrasoundcanbe usedin breakingkidney stonescleaning
 therangeofultrasound in pnxsioterapnxiso.rs3mHz

ECG
functiontestthe
repolarizationoftheheart
ca left arm
viewoftheheartfromdifferentangels
includesnoelectronsthatgives arena e a a
socan re right leg and
positiveamplitude positivep otential in g asanaa horizon'iatiiane u leftleg
p atriadepolarization legelectrodeservesasgroundingsosen'ttakemeasurements
theright
ans ventricald epolarization Depolarizationwave positivechange

t ventrica repolarization

positive
Detraction can charge
nodipole
nopiraction cairn
the bigger the dipole
a

d
the Eco corresponasto thesize
of the dipole inthedirection of
the electrode Negative
refraction
y

no
electrons 12leads
create least u n
tears are u us
ears v
are u

EEG
functionmeasurebrainactivitywithvoltagemeasurmentthrough
theskull
in electronswithconductivegel measurepulses indifferentfrequency
fastandnoninvasive lowresolution
 Hz relaxcalm notsleepingbutnoralert
alpha 812 Damn that aligator bit gery
Beta lanotte alertnessfocuslowamplitude beta
concentration frequent pathologies drugs

thannite unconscious seepsleep

Delta less
Theta nsaz relaxdaydreamingfantasizing imagining commoninkiss excessinadultscanmeanabnormalities
Gamma noooh ecstasyhighenergyfocus represent anetworkofanthewaves

MRI
waterin boxismagnetic
usesabigmagnet to creatbigmagnetic
filesaroundthepetiant
thewatermolecules inbossarrangesransom butwithinminetheymove inthesame direction lowenergywatermolecules the onesthatdonthave
thesame airaction
the mechinfoucosonthelowenergyazo
themechin creatradiowavesthatabsorbedbythe LeHao whentheMkestopsthe leHaowillreleasetheenergytheminedetect theenergyandtranslate
intoan image themain magnetruns at 1st theprotonsrealigninelectricfiles
in reeaxionphase protonreleaseenergy
thatdetectbyenergysensors

mm
range tooum i mm
thehigher thetemp themore radiation sentbytheobject infraredincreaseifthetempincrease

detectelectromagneticradiationaround a inmicrometers resultin thermo

gramsimages
withtempabove orcats.si emitsinfrared
blackboo lawallobjects

Radioactivity ionizationturning aneutral intoanion

atom byemittingelectronsoutotfheatom
process when a nucleus of unstableisotope losesenergybyemittingradiation

aprocessthat causethe numberof thecharge oftheelementtochangeuntilits stable

iii
spontaneousmodification protonsand

some
mostionisingantennas penetrating casino

I
Betaminus electron massso
sent change atomicnumberandchange e oneofneutrons intoproton candestroy atunerfromwith
transformed

sent change atomicnumberandchange i usedin Petscan

Betapluses positronmassso

thehigherthemass ofthe emitter particle the

lowerthepenetration

chemicalsymbol fortheelement
Ax amass
2
number
atomicnumber

K
p
units
Becqueralnow
activeanelementis IBq 1nucleusdecayin1sec
Dependson howradioactive thecomponentsandhowbig
Gray route ofanykindof radiation absorbed byringmatter
Sievert Grayx Qthetypeofradiationabsorbedbymater it aident
xp
ra se

Halflife
time
thetimethatrequiresfor aauntiesofisotoptoreachhalfofitsoriginalvalue 115
NetsNo spontaneous can't bestopped
L III
Gamma radiation
photons of electromagnetic radiationhave
no effectedofelectricand
changeun files
magnetic IionizationTpenetrationslainnain Getcellsaremostlikelytobeaffecte
a lessthanropicometer

xmayradiation
oonionm
radiation
electromagnetic canpassskinstopbysensetissuesabove
production generatedby xraytubevacuumthat usehighvoltagetoacceleratetheelectronreleasedbyHotcat
nose

highvelocityewithmetaltargetcone anoseandreleaseasneat xrayscoaxit

course

thermionic emission release e with heatCincathode

The photoelectriceffect
blue
lightemitselectronsresnot
thethreshold
changing frequencyoramplitudeeffectelectronsemission until

Threshold une inthispointandabovethe lightwon'temitt electrons

free macamera
time itemitselectrons
lagtime insinlightthereis a lagtimebetweenthetimethelighthitthemetalandthe
lightismadeof photons whichcarriesenergy Eth streauna
constant
ifweshine a lightonametal itwillrelease e

Dopiereffect

change of wavelengthdueto motionofthesource emittingwave

positronannihilation
positron electroncollide s annunciationoftheelectronpositron sgammaraysphotons baseofpet

energy

positron electron

canine

energy

Pairproduction
creation of anelementary particlecesanditsantiparticle positronsfromneutralboson photon
electrone apositronandelectronhavethesamemasswithoppositecharge
photon uneasy
theprocess haveto occurwithnucleus
s positron e
notevery photon can tothis

stochasticeffect of Radiation

theRandomeffect ofradiation onthehumanboss cancerDna

Damage differentineachperson
Thereis notreshols it simplyhappens ornot
the riskincreasewiththe increasing of thedoseofradiation

Now stochasticeffect of Radiation

Notrandomeffect from acertaindoseofradiationthepersonwill safer burnstains

have threshold afterit occur
dearrelationship betweentheexposure andtheeffect largedosages ofradiationreceivedin a shortamountoftime

geneticeffects of radiation
somatic genetics tetra

Radiation damages tissue when ionizing radiation strikes the atoms of a substance, and may cause
some of its molecules to break apart or to be stuck in the wrong places.
somatic an individual sufferradiation damagecancertumorskinburn

genetic effectthe DNA byradiationnotpassestothe nextgeneration

teratogenic pregnantwomanexposed to radiationeffectthefetus cancausemental retardation

ionizationradiation
radiation emissionof energy as electromagnetic waveor as movingatomicparticles whichcause ionization ionizedatomsbyknocking electrons
nonionizing electromagneticradiationthatrose
not carryenoughenergy toionize atoms can'tremovee fromnucleus infraredmicrowaveradio via
waveultra

AC DC threshold
acevoltageis changing personcanfeelimaatsoooh
Dc voltage notchangingpersoncanfeelsma
 Ac Dc injury
electricalburnscausedamagetotissue

termalcontactburns e quipment cancausedamageto

occurwhenskincomesincontactwithoverheatedelectric internalorgans

musclesviolentlycontractby
electricitycan
damagemusclesten
sonsligamentandcreatebrokenbones

Letgo current ofAcDc

between acoma females ama malesisma
thecurrenttresnois beyond which a person losecontrolofmuscles musclewincontractuntill currentremoves

wax acmore dangerousthanDc

flowthroughcell membrane accancarryitscurrentforlongerdistance
onlyaccan

electriccurrent injury symptoms

electriccurrent Heatthedamagetepenesonampenofcurrentand
causes type
burn onskindirectlytwotocurrentsomethingneaterelectricfive
internal injury neaterinternalorgansdueto electricitymoving them
through
involentercontractionelectric
triggersactionpotentialinnervesand
muscles

na
heart above

basethemincurrent requiredtodepolarize anervethat

Rheo initiateactionpotentialin neuron
chronaxie theduration ofcurrentrequiredtoproducespecificresponsesin a neuron base
thanrheo

Gamma knife
raysofgammaradiationarefocusedintosingleplace pointof interference inordertodamage atumormostlydoneonthebrainsonsourcesof
gamma radiationinteractin onepoint thatrecivesenoughdose to damage tissue

lights electromagneticradiationthatcanbedetectedbynumen
exe wavelengthtoo
um noon
m

Compton scattering
unwanted productofinteraction of xraywithmatter hasdamagingeffects on imagequality
mitesto e and release itfromtheatom
xrayinteract withoutershelle crowenergy someofthephotonenergytrans
the remain energyrelease asanother photon inransomdirection canuitthetissue inunrelatedplace

excitation andluminescence
excitation photonnitsanelectron andcausesit tomovetohigherenergy
stateclosertonucleus
thee willreturntoitsoriginalenergystatebyreleasing proton withequalenergytothe oenergyofits currentstateandthe higherstate
apeaxis
thisis whatcausesmaterialstogrow yasoon
luminescence typeofenergyinvolveonlysight noneat
any