Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Class Xi - Practicals 2024
Class Xi - Practicals 2024
AIM:
Use of Vernier’s Calliper to measure the diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical
body and hence find its volume..
Apparatus
• A spherical body ( pendulum bob) / cylindrical body
• Vernier’s Callipers
• Magnifying Glass
Theory
The smallest distance that can be measured along the distance is the least count. It
is the difference between one main scale division and one vernier scale division.
n(V.S.D)=(n−1)M.S.D
Formula Used
Diagram
Procedure
1. Keep the jaws of the vernier calliper closed. Make sure that the zero of the
main scale perfectly coincides with the zero of the vernier scale. If it doesn’t
coincide account for the zero error for all observations.
2. Slide the jaws of vernier callipers enough to hold the sphere or the cylindrical
body between the jaws without any undue pressure.
3. Note down the position of the zero of the vernier’s scale against the main
scale. Record the main scale reading( MSR).
4. Now, Look for the exact coincidence of the vernier scale division with that of
the main scale division in the vernier window from the left end to the right.
Note down the number N.
5. Multiply the obtained N by the least count of the instrument and this gives
the VSR.
8. Find the arithmetic mean of the corrected readings of the diameter of the
body. Hence, find its volume.
Observations
Least count of Vernier Callipers main
OBSERVATION COLUMN
Zero Error=±……….cm
Zero correction=±…………cm
Mean diameter =
RESULT
The diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body=………………………………………………m
Volume of the given body = ……………………………………………………………………m3
DATE- EXPERIMENT No.2
SCREW GAUGE-1
AIM:
To find the diameter of given wire or thickness of given
lamina using screw gauge.
Materials Required
• Screw gauge
• Wire or, an irregular lamina
THEORY
The smallest distance that can be measured in the apparatus gives its least count.
The linear distance moved by the screw in one complete rotation of its head is
called pitch.
Procedure
Observations
2. Zero Error
reference
line(n)
Calculations
Mean Diameter of the wire=---------cm
Result
The volume of the given wire is ---- cm3
DATE- EXPERIMENT No.3
SCREW GAUGE-2
AIM:
To find the volume of given lamina using screw gauge.
Materials Required
• Screw gauge
• irregular lamina
THEORY
The smallest distance that can be measured in the apparatus gives its least count.
The linear distance moved by the screw in one complete rotation of its head is
called pitch.
Procedure
2. Bring the anvil and screw in contact with each other and find the zero error.
Move the screw away from the anvil and place the lead shot/ wire and move
the screw towards the anvil using the ratchet head. Stop when the ratchet slips
3. Note the number of divisions on the pitch scale that is visible and uncovered by
the edge of the cap. The reading N is called the pitch scale reading(PSR)
4. Note the number (n) of the division of the circular scale lying over the reference
line.
5. Repeat 4 to 5 times
Observations
2. Zero Error
divisions L.C] mm
on mm
reference
line(n)
Calculations
Thickness of irregular lamina=--------cm
Area, A= -----------------------cm2
Result
The thickness of given sheet is ------- ---cm
AIM:
To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram
law of vectors.
Materials Required
THEORY
Observations
Sr
P Unknown Resultant
N Q OA OB OC
o (gm (gm (cm) (cm) (cm) weight force
wt) wt) S (gmwt) R ( gmwt)
Calculation
Mean value of unknown weight S = ---------- gwt.
Result
The unknown weight of given body = ------------------ kgwt .
DATE- EXPERIMENT No.5
AIM:
To find the force constant of a helical spring by
plotting a graph between load and extension.
Materials Required
● A rigid support,
● Spring ,
directly proportional to
When a load ‘F’ is the load.
attached to the free end of This can be represented
a spring, then the spring as:
elongates through a
distance ‘l’ .Here ‘l’ is where ‘k’ is constant of
known as the extension proportionality called the
produced. According to force constant or the
Hooke’s Law, extension is spring constant of the
spring.
A graph is drawn with
load M in kg wt along X
axis and extension, l in
metre along the Y axis.
The graph is a straight
line whose slope will give
the value of spring
constant, k .
OBSERVATIONS
Load on
hanger(W)
Serial Reading of position of pointer tip Extension
= Tension=
No of l=
applied Mg (N) Mean,
Obs. Loading Unloading
force Zx10-2 N/m
X(cm) Y(cm)
(F)(kg wt) (cm) (m)
Dead
load(W0)
(W0+ .05)
(W0+.1)
(W0+.15)
(W0+.2)
(W0+.25)
(W0+.3)
Mean k=………………………..N/m.
Result
AIM:
To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous
liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical
body.
Materials Required
THEORY
Observations
divisions L.C] mm
on mm
reference
line(n)
Spherical
body
Mean V’ = ………………………………m/s
Calculations
Radius of the sphere, r = d/2
=.......... mm
= .........×10-3 m
Coefficient of viscosity,
= ............. Nsm-2
RESULT
AIM:
To study the relation between frequency and length of a given
wire under constant tension using sonometer.
Materials Required
• A sonometer
• A set of tuning forks of known frequency
• 0.5kg weight hanger
• Some 0.5kg slotted weights
• Rubber pad
• Paper rider
THEORY
If a string which is stretched
between two fixed points is
plucked at its centre, vibrations
produced and it move out in
opposite directions along the
string. Because of this, a
transverse wave travels along
the string.
OBSERVATION
Resonating 1/ l
Sl Frequency of tuning
length l
No. fork used, f (Hz)
(cm)
Calculations
To find the relation between frequency and length
AIM:
To find the speed of sound in air at room temperature using a
resonance tube by two resonance positions.
Materials Required
• A sonometer
• A set of tuning forks of known frequency
• 0.5kg weight hanger
• Some 0.5kg slotted weights
• Rubber pad
• Paper rider
THEORY
Stationary waves
velocity in opposite directions.
Due to the constructive
interference, these waves
produce certain fixed points
along the medium which
undergo zero displacement.
These points of no displacement
are known as nodes. Midway
between every nodes are regions
Stationary waves are produced
of maximum displacement.
by the superposition of two
These points are
waves of same frequency and
amplitude travelling with same called antinodes.
When the frequency of waves in the air column becomes equal to the
natural frequency of tuning fork, a loud sound is produced in the
air column. It is the condition for resonance. It occurs only when the
length of air column is proportional to one-fourth of the wavelength
of sound waves having frequency equal to frequency of tuning fork.
Observations
First Second
l2-l1 (
Frequency resonating resonating Velocity,
length, length, (×10-2 cm)
of tuning (m/s)
No.
fork, ν l1 (cm) l2 (cm)
(Hz) Me
1 2 1 2 Mean
an
Result: