3rd semester notes WRITTEN BY NAIMAT 034294345506

"PRIDE AND PREJIDICE" WRITTEN BY JANE

AUSTEN.

FULL BOOK SUMMARY

Summary Full Book Summary

The news that a wealthy young gentleman named Charles Bingley has rented the manor of
Netherfield Park causes a great stir in the nearby village of Longbourn, especially in the Bennet
household. The Bennets have five unmarried daughters—from oldest to youngest, Jane, Elizabeth,
Mary, Kitty, and Lydia—and Mrs. Bennet is desperate to see them all married. After Mr. Bennet pays
a social visit to Mr. Bingley, the Bennets attend a ball at which Mr. Bingley is present. He is taken
with Jane and spends much of the evening dancing with her. His close friend, Mr. Darcy, is less
pleased with the evening and haughtily refuses to dance with Elizabeth, which makes everyone view
him as arrogant and obnoxious.

At social functions over subsequent weeks, however, Mr. Darcy finds himself increasingly attracted to
Elizabeth’s charm and intelligence. Jane’s friendship with Mr. Bingley also continues to burgeon, and
Jane pays a visit to the Bingley mansion. On her journey to the house she is caught in a downpour
and catches ill, forcing her to stay at Netherfield for several days. In order to tend to Jane, Elizabeth
hikes through muddy fields and arrives with a spattered dress, much to the disdain of the snobbish
Miss Bingley, Charles Bingley’s sister. Miss Bingley’s spite only increases when she notices that Darcy,
whom she is pursuing, pays quite a bit of attention to Elizabeth. When Elizabeth and Jane return
home, they find Mr. Collins visiting their household. Mr. Collins is a young clergyman who stands to
inherit Mr. Bennet’s property, which has been “entailed,” meaning that it can only be passed down to
male heirs. Mr. Collins is a pompous fool, though he is quite enthralled by the Bennet girls. Shortly
after his arrival, he makes a proposal of marriage to Elizabeth. She turns him down, wounding his
pride. Meanwhile, the Bennet girls have become friendly with militia officers stationed in a nearby
town. Among them is Wickham, a handsome young soldier who is friendly toward Elizabeth and tells
her how Darcy cruelly cheated him out of an inheritance.

At the beginning of winter, the Bingleys and Darcy leave Netherfield and return to London, much to
Jane’s dismay. A further shock arrives with the news that Mr. Collins has become engaged to
Charlotte Lucas, Elizabeth’s best friend and the poor daughter of a local knight. Charlotte explains to
Elizabeth that she is getting older and needs the match for financial reasons. Charlotte and Mr.
Collins get married and Elizabeth promises to visit them at their new home. As winter progresses,
Jane visits the city to see friends (hoping also that she might see Mr. Bingley). However, Miss Bingley
visits her and behaves rudely, while Mr. Bingley fails to visit her at all. The marriage prospects for the
Bennet girls appear bleak.

That spring, Elizabeth visits Charlotte, who now lives near the home of Mr. Collins’s patron, Lady
Catherine de Bourgh, who is also Darcy’s aunt. Darcy calls on Lady Catherine and encounters
Elizabeth, whose presence leads him to make a number of visits to the Collins’s home, where she is
staying. One day, he makes a shocking proposal of marriage, which Elizabeth quickly refuses. She
tells Darcy that she considers him arrogant and unpleasant, then scolds him for steering Bingley
away from Jane and disinheriting Wickham. Darcy leaves her but shortly thereafter delivers a letter
to her. In this letter, he admits that he urged Bingley to distance himself from Jane, but claims he did
so only because he thought their romance was not serious. As for Wickham, he informs Elizabeth that
the young officer is a liar and that the real cause of their disagreement was Wickham’s attempt to
elope with his young sister, Georgiana Darcy.
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This letter causes Elizabeth to reevaluate her feelings about Darcy. She returns home and acts coldly
toward Wickham. The militia is leaving town, which makes the younger, rather man-crazy Bennet
girls distraught. Lydia manages to obtain permission from her father to spend the summer with an
old colonel in Brighton, where Wickham’s regiment will be stationed. With the arrival of June,
Elizabeth goes on another journey, this time with the Gardiners, who are relatives of the Bennets. The
trip takes her to the North and eventually to the neighborhood of Pemberley, Darcy’s estate. She
visits Pemberley, after making sure that Darcy is away, and delights in the building and grounds,
while hearing from Darcy’s servants that he is a wonderful, generous master. Suddenly, Darcy arrives
and behaves cordially toward her. Making no mention of his proposal, he entertains the Gardiners
and invites Elizabeth to meet his sister.

Shortly thereafter, however, a letter arrives from home, telling Elizabeth that Lydia has eloped with
Wickham and that the couple is nowhere to be found, which suggests that they may be living
together out of wedlock. Fearful of the disgrace such a situation would bring on her entire family,
Elizabeth hastens home. Mr. Gardiner and Mr. Bennet go off to search for Lydia, but Mr. Bennet
eventually returns home empty-handed. Just when all hope seems lost, a letter comes from Mr.
Gardiner saying that the couple has been found and that Wickham has agreed to marry Lydia in
exchange for an annual income. The Bennets are convinced that Mr. Gardiner has paid off Wickham,
but Elizabeth learns that the source of the money, and of her family’s salvation, was none other than
Darcy.

Now married, Wickham and Lydia return to Longbourn briefly, where Mr. Bennet treats them coldly.
They then depart for Wickham’s new assignment in the North of England. Shortly thereafter, Bingley
returns to Netherfield and resumes his courtship of Jane. Darcy goes to stay with him and pays visits
to the Bennets but makes no mention of his desire to marry Elizabeth. Bingley, on the other hand,
presses his suit and proposes to Jane, to the delight of everyone but Bingley’s haughty sister. While
the family celebrates, Lady Catherine de Bourgh pays a visit to Longbourn. She corners Elizabeth and
says that she has heard that Darcy, her nephew, is planning to marry her. Since she considers a
Bennet an unsuitable match for a Darcy, Lady Catherine demands that Elizabeth promise to refuse
him. Elizabeth spiritedly refuses, saying she is not engaged to Darcy, but she will not promise
anything against her own happiness. A little later, Elizabeth and Darcy go out walking together and
he tells her that his feelings have not altered since the spring. She tenderly accepts his proposal, and
both Jane and Elizabeth are married.

COMPLETE DETAIL STORY OF THE NOVEL "PRIDE

AND PREJIDICE" WRITTEN BY JANE AUSTEN.
"Pride and Prejudice" is a novel written by Jane Austen, first published in
1813. The story is set in the early 19th century in rural England and primarily
revolves around the social and romantic lives of the Bennet family,
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particularly the second eldest daughter, Elizabeth Bennet, and the wealthy,
proud Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy.

Plot Summary:

The novel begins with the arrival of Mr. Charles Bingley in Netherfield Park, a
wealthy and eligible bachelor. He is accompanied by his sisters and his close
friend, Mr. Darcy. The arrival of the wealthy gentlemen creates a stir in the
local society, as they are considered desirable matches for the local young
ladies. Mrs. Bennet, the mother of five unmarried daughters, is particularly
excited about the prospect of marrying one of her daughters to Mr. Bingley.

Elizabeth Bennet, the witty and independent second daughter of the Bennet
family, is introduced to Mr. Darcy at a local ball. Her first impression of him is
that he is aloof, proud, and haughty. Mr. Darcy, in turn, is attracted to
Elizabeth's intelligence and independence but is put off by her lower social
standing.

As the story progresses, Mr. Bingley is clearly interested in Elizabeth's elder

sister, Jane, while Mr. Darcy's admiration for Elizabeth continues to grow
despite his initial reservations. However, various misunderstandings and
obstacles stand in the way of their love.

One of the key obstacles is the interference of the haughty and scheming
Lady Catherine de Bourgh, who is Mr. Darcy's aunt. Lady Catherine strongly
disapproves of the match between Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth and tries to
persuade Elizabeth not to accept his proposal.

Throughout the novel, we witness the complex dynamics of love, pride, and
prejudice. Mr. Darcy struggles with his own arrogance and learns to become a
more humble and virtuous man. Elizabeth, too, must confront her own
prejudices and preconceived notions about Mr. Darcy.

The novel also delves into the lives and romantic relationships of Elizabeth's
sisters. Jane, the eldest, experiences heartbreak when Mr. Bingley abruptly
leaves Netherfield. Meanwhile, Elizabeth's best friend, Charlotte Lucas,
marries the obsequious Mr. Collins, a clergyman who originally proposed to
Elizabeth but was rejected.
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As the story nears its conclusion, Mr. Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, and she
initially rejects him, citing his interference in Jane and Mr. Bingley's
relationship and his role in separating Mr. Bingley from her sister. However,
Mr. Darcy writes her a letter explaining his actions and feelings, which leads
Elizabeth to reevaluate her judgments.

The novel reaches its climax when Lydia, the youngest Bennet sister, elopes
with Mr. Wickham, a charming but unscrupulous soldier. This scandal
threatens to ruin the Bennet family's reputation. Mr. Darcy, still in love with
Elizabeth, helps to locate and secure a marriage for Lydia and Wickham,
saving the family from disgrace.

In the end, misunderstandings are resolved, and Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth
finally confess their love for each other. They marry, and the novel concludes
with a glimpse into their happy future together.

"Pride and Prejudice" is not only a love story but also a keen social
commentary on the rigid class structure and the limitations placed on women
in 19th-century England. It is celebrated for its sharp wit, memorable
characters, and enduring exploration of themes like love, reputation, and
personal growth. Jane Austen's novel continues to be a beloved classic in
English literature, with adaptations and retellings in various forms, including
film and television.

CHARACTERIZATION OF THIS NOVEL.

Characterization in "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen plays a crucial role
in developing the story and conveying the novel's themes. Jane Austen excels
at creating complex, multidimensional characters, each with their own
distinctive traits, flaws, and growth throughout the narrative. Here are some
of the key characters and their characterization in the novel:

1. Elizabeth Bennet: Elizabeth is the novel's protagonist and is characterized as

an intelligent, independent, and spirited young woman. She possesses a sharp
wit, a strong sense of morality, and a willingness to speak her mind. Her
initial prejudice against Mr. Darcy, based on his perceived arrogance, leads to
the novel's central conflict. Over the course of the story, Elizabeth learns to
overcome her own pride and prejudices, and she undergoes significant
personal growth.
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2. Fitzwilliam Darcy: Mr. Darcy is the wealthy, reserved, and initially proud
aristocrat. He is seen as aloof and judgmental, but he is also honorable, loyal,
and introspective. His character arc involves learning to overcome his own
pride and prejudices, particularly those related to social class. He is
transformed into a more humble and virtuous man through his love for
Elizabeth.
3. Jane Bennet: Jane, Elizabeth's older sister, is characterized as sweet-natured,
kind, and beautiful. She is the epitome of feminine virtue and is admired by
many, including Mr. Bingley. Her character represents traditional ideals of
femininity in the 19th century.
4. Charles Bingley: Mr. Bingley is a wealthy, amiable, and affable young man.
He is quick to fall in love with Jane Bennet and is characterized by his good
nature and lack of prejudice. His character contrasts with that of Mr. Darcy.
5. Lydia Bennet: Lydia is the youngest Bennet sister, characterized as immature,
flirtatious, and careless. Her elopement with Mr. Wickham creates a
significant plot point in the story and highlights the consequences of
impulsive behavior.
6. Mr. Wickham: Mr. Wickham is initially charming and appears to be wronged
by Mr. Darcy. However, he is ultimately revealed to be manipulative and
deceitful, preying on Lydia's naivety.
7. Lady Catherine de Bourgh: Lady Catherine is Mr. Darcy's formidable and
imperious aunt. She is characterized by her arrogance, class-consciousness,
and condescension. Her opposition to Mr. Darcy's relationship with Elizabeth
adds tension to the plot.
8. Mr. Collins: Mr. Collins is the pompous and obsequious clergyman who
proposes to Elizabeth and later marries her friend Charlotte Lucas. He
represents the absurdity of social conventions and the pursuit of
advantageous marriages.
9. Mr. and Mrs. Bennet: Elizabeth's parents are characterized as mismatched in
personality. Mrs. Bennet is frivolous and concerned with marrying off her
daughters, while Mr. Bennet is sarcastic, detached, and often retreats into his
library to escape his wife's frivolity.
10.Charlotte Lucas: Charlotte is Elizabeth's close friend and is characterized by
her practicality and willingness to marry Mr. Collins for financial security,
even though she does not love him.
11.Mr. and Mrs. Bingley: Mr. and Mrs. Bingley are Mr. Bingley's sisters. They are
characterized as snobbish and disapproving of Jane Bennet's social standing.
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Austen's skillful characterization allows the reader to delve into the

complexities of human nature, social class, and the challenges of finding
genuine love and happiness in a society defined by its prejudices and
expectations. Each character undergoes some form of transformation or
revelation, contributing to the overall theme of personal growth and self-
awareness.

MAIN THEMES OF THIS NOVEL.

"Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen explores several main themes that are
central to the narrative and provide a deeper understanding of the characters
and the society in which they live. Some of the main themes of the novel
include:

1. Love and Marriage: The theme of love and marriage is central to the novel. It
examines various facets of romantic relationships, from the practical and
financial considerations that influence marriage choices to the idea of true
love and compatibility. The characters in the novel grapple with the tension
between societal expectations and personal desires in their pursuit of love
and marriage.
2. Social Class and Status: The rigid social hierarchy of 19th-century England is
a prominent theme in the novel. The characters' social standing and
economic situations play a significant role in determining their eligibility for
marriage and their interactions with others. The novel highlights the
prejudices and snobbery associated with social class.
3. Prejudice and Pride: These two vices are addressed in the characters of
Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy. The novel explores the consequences of
forming hasty judgments about others based on appearance, reputation, or
social status. Both Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy must overcome their own pride
and prejudices to achieve personal growth and happiness.
4. Family and Relationships: The dynamics of family relationships, particularly
within the Bennet family, are central to the story. The characters' interactions
with their parents, siblings, and other relatives reveal the importance of
family in shaping their personalities and decisions.
5. Femininity and Women's Roles: The novel provides a commentary on the
societal expectations of women in the 19th century. It explores the limited
options available to women in terms of education, employment, and
marriage. Characters like Elizabeth challenge traditional notions of femininity
by asserting their independence and intelligence.
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6. Moral and Ethical Values: Moral and ethical values, such as honesty, integrity,
and honor, are examined in the characters' actions and decisions. The novel
underscores the importance of these values and their impact on individuals'
reputations and happiness.
7. Irony and Satire: Jane Austen uses irony and satire to critique the manners,
behaviors, and superficiality of the upper classes in her society. The novel
employs humor and wit to expose the flaws and absurdities of the characters
and their society.
8. Self-Awareness and Personal Growth: Many characters in the novel undergo
personal growth and self-discovery. Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, in particular,
learn from their mistakes and prejudices, leading to personal transformation
and a deeper understanding of themselves and others.
9. Scandal and Reputation: Scandal and its impact on reputation are explored
when Lydia Bennet's elopement with Mr. Wickham threatens the family's
social standing. The novel examines how society judges individuals and their
families based on their actions and behaviors.

"Pride and Prejudice" skillfully weaves these themes together to create a rich
and engaging story that continues to resonate with readers due to its
exploration of universal human experiences and the enduring relevance of its
social commentary.

MAIN SYMBOLS USED IN THIS NOVEL AND THEIR

INTERPRETATION.
"Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen employs various symbols that add
depth and layers of meaning to the narrative. These symbols often reflect the
novel's central themes and contribute to the overall understanding of the
characters and their world. Here are some of the main symbols and their
interpretations in the novel:

1. The Title "Pride and Prejudice": The title itself is a symbol, as it encapsulates
the central themes of the novel. "Pride" represents Mr. Darcy's initial
arrogance and Elizabeth's strong-willed nature, while "prejudice" alludes to
Elizabeth's initial negative judgment of Mr. Darcy and the societal biases that
shape the characters' interactions.
2. The Estate of Pemberley: Pemberley, Mr. Darcy's grand estate, symbolizes
wealth, status, and social standing. It contrasts with his initial pride and
aloofness, representing his transformation into a more humble and virtuous
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character. Pemberley also symbolizes the ideal future that Elizabeth could
have had if she had let go of her pride and prejudice earlier.
3. Letters: Letters are a recurring symbol in the novel. They serve as a means of
communication and revelation, conveying information and emotions that
characters might not express directly. For instance, Mr. Darcy's letter to
Elizabeth explaining his actions and feelings is a pivotal moment in the story,
as it challenges her prejudices and initiates her self-awareness.
4. Journey and Movement: The physical journeys and movements of characters
in the novel often symbolize personal growth and change. Elizabeth's visit to
Hunsford and her tour of Pemberley represent her maturation and the
evolution of her feelings for Mr. Darcy.
5. Weather and Nature: The weather and natural settings in the novel often
mirror the emotional climate of the story. Rain and gloomy weather are
associated with moments of tension and conflict, while sunny and pleasant
weather symbolizes happiness and resolution.
6. Dancing: Dancing serves as a symbol of social interaction and courtship in
the novel. The balls and dances are significant settings for characters to meet
and engage with one another. They also reveal the characters' personalities
and social dynamics.
7. Books and Reading: Books and reading symbolize intelligence, wit, and
personal growth. Elizabeth is portrayed as an avid reader, and her love of
books reflects her intellectual depth. Mr. Darcy is similarly characterized by
his love of reading.
8. Wedding Rings and Marriage: Marriage and wedding rings symbolize the
ultimate goal and aspiration for many characters in the novel. The act of
giving and receiving a ring is a symbol of commitment and the union of two
individuals.
9. Mistaken Identities: Mistaken identities and misunderstandings symbolize the
consequences of hasty judgments and societal prejudices. Characters often
misinterpret each other's actions and intentions, leading to conflicts and
complications.
10.Redemption and Transformation: Characters' personal growth and
redemption symbolize the capacity for individuals to change and improve.
Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth both undergo significant transformation, shedding
their initial flaws and biases.

These symbols contribute to the richness of the narrative and provide readers
with a deeper understanding of the characters' development and the social
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context of the story. They are integral to the novel's exploration of human
nature, relationships, and society.

CHARACTER LIST
Elizabeth Bennet An intelligent and spirited young woman who possesses a keen wit and enjoys
studying people's characters. Although she initially dislikes Darcy, circumstances cause her to
reassess her negative impression of him, and she eventually falls in love with him.

Fitzwilliam Darcy A wealthy, proud man who falls in love with Elizabeth and reveals a generous,
thoughtful nature beneath his somewhat stiff demeanor.

Mr. Bennet Elizabeth's ironic and often apathetic father. Unhappily married, he has failed to provide a
secure financial future for his wife and daughters.

Mrs. Bennet Elizabeth's foolish and unrestrained mother who is obsessed with finding husbands for
her daughters.

Jane Bennet A gentle and kind-hearted young woman who is Elizabeth's confidant and the oldest of
the Bennet daughters. She falls in love with Bingley but is cautious about revealing the depth of her
feelings for him.

Mary Bennet The pretentious third Bennet daughter, who prefers reading over socializing.

Catherine (Kitty) Bennet The Bennet's peevish fourth daughter, who joins her sister Lydia in flirting
with soldiers.

Lydia Bennet The Bennet's immature and irresponsible youngest daughter. Mrs. Bennet's favorite,
she shocks the family by running away with Wickham.

Charles Bingley A good-natured and wealthy man who falls in love with Jane. He is easily influenced
by others, especially by his close friend Darcy.

Caroline Bingley Bingley's shallow and haughty sister, who befriends Jane and later snubs her. She
attempts to attract Darcy's attentions and is jealous when Darcy is instead drawn to Elizabeth.

Mr. and Mrs. Hurst Bingley's snobbish sister and brother-in-law. Mrs. Hurst spends most of her time
gossiping with Caroline, while Mr. Hurst does little more than play cards and sleep.

George Wickham A handsome and personable fortune hunter to whom Elizabeth is initially attracted.
He eventually runs off with and is forced to marry Lydia.

Lady Catherine De Bourgh Darcy's arrogant aunt, who dominates Mr. Collins and entertains hopes
that her daughter will marry Darcy.

Miss De Bourgh Lady Catherine's sickly, bland daughter.

Colonel Fitzwilliam Darcy's well-mannered and pleasant cousin, who is interested in Elizabeth, but
who needs to marry someone with money.

Georgiana Darcy Darcy's shy but warmhearted sister.

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Mr. Collins Mr. Bennet's ridiculous cousin, who will inherit Longbourn after Mr. Bennet's death. Upon
Lady Catherine De Bourgh's recommendation, he seeks a bride, first proposing to Elizabeth and then
to Charlotte Lucas.

Charlotte Lucas Elizabeth's sensible and intelligent friend, who disappoints Elizabeth by marrying Mr.
Collins for money and security.

Sir William and Lady Lucas Charlotte's parents and the Bennets' neighbors.

Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner Mrs. Bennet's intelligent and cultivated brother and sister-in-law.

Mr. and Mrs. Phillips A country attorney and his vulgar wife, who is Mrs. Bennet's sister.

BOOK SUMMARY
When Charles Bingley, a rich single man, moves to the Netherfield estate, the neighborhood residents
are thrilled, especially Mrs. Bennet, who hopes to marry one of her five daughters to him. When the
Bennet daughters meet him at a local ball, they are impressed by his outgoing personality and friendly
disposition. They are less impressed, however, by Bingley's friend Fitzwilliam Darcy, a landowning
aristocrat who is too proud to speak to any of the locals and whom Elizabeth Bennet overhears
refusing to dance with her.

Bingley and the oldest Bennet daughter, Jane, soon form an attachment. Any serious relationship
between the two, however, is opposed by Bingley's sisters (who do not approve of Jane as a wife for
Bingley because of her mother's lower status) and by Darcy (who believes that Jane is indifferent to
Bingley). Meanwhile, Darcy finds himself attracted to Elizabeth despite his objections to her family. He
is drawn to her spirited wit and expressive eyes, and Caroline Bingley's jealous criticisms of Elizabeth
can do nothing to lessen Darcy's admiration.

As Darcy grows more interested in Elizabeth, Elizabeth continues to despise him and is instead
attracted to George Wickham, a handsome and personable militia officer. Wickham tells Elizabeth that
his father worked for Darcy's father and that he and Darcy grew up together. Stating that he was
favored by Darcy's father, Wickham claims that Darcy disobeyed his father's bequest of a clergyman's
revenue to Wickham out of selfish resentment. Wickham's tale makes Darcy appear not only proud
but cruel, and Elizabeth accepts Wickham's account without question, disliking Darcy even more
because of it.

In the midst of Jane and Elizabeth's developing relationships, the Bennet family is visited by Mr.
Bennet's cousin, William Collins, a clergyman who will inherit Mr. Bennet's estate when he dies
because of a legal stricture known as an entail. Full of apologies for the entail and praises for his
patroness, Lady Catherine De Bourgh, Mr. Collins informs the Mrs. Bennet that Lady Catherine has
instructed him to marry and that he plans to choose a wife from the Bennet daughters. He settles on
Elizabeth, but is stunned and offended when she refuses him. He quickly turns his attention to
Elizabeth's friend, Charlotte Lucas, who wants to marry for security rather than love, and the two are
soon engaged and married.

At the same time, Jane is dismayed to find out that Bingley and the entire Netherfield party have
unexpectedly left for London. Caroline Bingley writes to Jane that they do not intend to return, and
she predicts a match between Bingley and Darcy's sister, Georgiana, who is also in London. Although
Jane quietly resigns herself to a life without Bingley, Elizabeth is angry for her sister and suspects that
Bingley's sisters and Darcy are trying to keep him from Jane.
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Elizabeth visits Charlotte at her new home in Hunsford, Kent, and meets Mr. Collins' patroness and
Darcy's aunt, Lady Catherine De Bourgh, an overbearing woman who thrives on meddling in other
people's lives. Soon after Elizabeth's arrival in Kent, Darcy visits his aunt with his cousin, Colonel
Fitzwilliam. Darcy puzzles Elizabeth with his behavior; he seems to seek out her company, but he
never says much. One day, he surprises Elizabeth by proposing to her. Still repelled by his pride and
believing Darcy is responsible for Bingley's separation from Jane and for Wickham's misfortune,
Elizabeth refuses him. The next day, Darcy gives her a letter explaining his role in influencing Bingley
away from Jane and details the facts of Wickham's situation. A careful examination of the facts
reveals that Darcy, while proud, is innocent of wrongdoing, leaving Elizabeth mortified at her
discovery of how her own pride prejudiced her against Darcy.

After returning home for a month, Elizabeth goes on a trip with her aunt and uncle Gardiner to
Derbyshire county, where they visit Darcy's estate of Pemberley. There they meet Darcy
unexpectedly and are all surprised at how graciously he treats them. He calls on Elizabeth at her inn,
introduces her to his sister, and invites her to Pemberley for dinner. Darcy is still in love with
Elizabeth, and Elizabeth begins to have similar feelings for him.

In the midst of this promising situation, Elizabeth receives two letters from Jane telling her that Lydia
has eloped with Wickham, causing Elizabeth and the Gardiners to leave for home immediately.
Elizabeth fears that Lydia and the Bennet family are permanently disgraced and that her newly-
discovered love for Darcy is hopeless. When Lydia is found, however, she and Wickham marry. After
the wedding, Elizabeth discovers that Darcy was instrumental in orchestrating the marriage, thereby
saving the reputation and marriageability of the other Bennet daughters.

Bingley returns to Netherfield and soon asks Jane to marry him. Jane, of course, accepts, and Mrs.
Bennet's exultation is only lessened by her irritation at Darcy's occasional presence. Meanwhile,
Elizabeth's happiness for her sister is interrupted by a visit from Lady Catherine De Bourgh, who has
heard a rumor that Darcy and Elizabeth are engaged, which they are not. She lectures Elizabeth on
the imprudence of such a match, and then demands that Elizabeth promise not to accept any
proposal from Darcy. Elizabeth refuses, causing Lady Catherine to tell Darcy about Elizabeth's
impertinence and to scold him about the folly of an engagement between them. Lady Catherine's
description of Elizabeth's response to her demands gives Darcy hope that Elizabeth has had a
change of heart. He proposes again and Elizabeth happily accepts.

Character Analysis Elizabeth Bennet

Even in her blindest moments, Elizabeth Bennet is an unfailing attractive character. She is described
as a beauty and has especially expressive eyes, but what everybody notices about her is her spirited
wit and her good sense. Mainly because of that good sense, Elizabeth is her father's favorite child and
her mother's least favorite. Her self-assurance comes from a keen critical mind and is expressed
through her quick-witted dialogue.

Elizabeth's sparkling and teasing wit brings on Lady Catherine's disapproval and Darcy's admiration.
She is always interesting to listen to and always ready to laugh at foolishness, stating, "I hope I never
ridicule what is wise or good. Follies and nonsense, whims and inconsistencies do divert me, I own,
and I laugh at them whenever I can." Because of her exceptional powers of observation, Elizabeth's
sense of the difference between the wise and foolish, for the most part, is very good.

In spite of her mistake in misjudging Wickham and Darcy, and her more blamable fault of sticking
stubbornly to that judgment until forced to see her error, Elizabeth is usually right about people. For
example, she painfully recognizes the inappropriate behavior of most of her family, and she quickly
identifies Mr. Collins as a fool and Lady Catherine as a tyrant. However, this ability to size people up
leads her too far at times. She proceeds from reasonable first impressions of Darcy and Wickham to
definite and wrong conclusions about their characters. Her confidence in her own discernment — a
combination of both pride and prejudice — is what leads her into her worst errors.
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Character Analysis Fitzwilliam Darcy

Darcy exhibits all the good and bad qualities of the ideal English aristocrat — snobbish and arrogant,
he is also completely honest and sure of himself. Darcy is not actually a titled nobleman, but he is one
of the wealthiest members of the landed gentry — the same legal class that Elizabeth's much poorer
family belongs to. While Darcy's sense of social superiority offends people, it also promotes some of
his better traits. As Wickham notes in his sly assessment, "His pride never deserts him; but with the
rich, he is liberal-minded, just, sincere, rational, honorable, and perhaps agreeable — allowing for
fortune and figure."

It is, in fact, his ideal of nobility that makes Darcy truly change in the novel. When Elizabeth flatly turns
down his marriage proposal and tells him that it was ungentlemanly, Darcy is startled into realizing
just how arrogant and assuming he has been. He reflects later on why he was that way: "I was spoiled
by my parents, who though good themselves . . . allowed, encouraged, almost taught me to be selfish
and overbearing . . . to think meanly of all the rest of the world." Darcy's humbling makes him more
sensitive to what other people feel. In the end, he is willing to marry into a family with three silly
daughters, an embarrassing mother, and Wickham as a brother-in-law. It may be that he becomes
more easygoing about other people's faults because he is now aware of his own.

Character Analysis Jane Bennet

The oldest and most beautiful of the Bennet daughters, Jane has a good heart and a gentle nature.
As Elizabeth's confidant, Jane helps to keep her sister's tendency to be judgmental in check by
offering positive interpretations of negative situations. Jane's desire to see only the best in people
becomes rather extreme at times, as in her disbelief that Wickham could be a liar, but she is not so
entrenched in her world view that her opinion cannot be changed. Take, for example, her relationship
with Caroline Bingley. When Jane finally recognizes Miss Bingley's insincerity, she stops making
excuses for her and does not pursue the friendship. However, when she and Miss Bingley become
sisters-in-law, Jane's good nature causes her to receive Miss Bingley's friendly overtures with more
responsiveness than Miss Bingley deserves.

Although Jane enters into one of the happiest and most successful marriages in the novel, her
relationship with Bingley is a rather static one. Just as she is consistently good and kind, her feelings
and regard for Bingley never falter or change. She feels sorrow when he leaves, of course, but that
does not diminish her love for him. Their relationship, while pleasant, is not marked by the range of
emotions that Elizabeth and Darcy feel for one another. Her marriage, then, is favorable because she
and Bingley married for love and are compatible, but it is not quite ideal because it lacks the depth
found in Elizabeth and Darcy's marriage.

Character Analysis Mr. Bennet

Mr. Bennet is one of the least mobile characters in the book. In a novel in which people are active
visiting neighbors or going on trips, Mr. Bennet is rarely seen outside of his library. His physical retreat
from the world signifies his emotional retreat from his family. Although he is an intelligent man, he is
lazy and apathetic and chooses to spend his time ridiculing the weaknesses of others rather than
addressing his own problems. His irresponsibility has placed his family in the potentially devastating
position of being homeless and destitute when he dies. He recognizes this fact, but does nothing to
remedy the situation, transforming him from a character who is simply amusing into someone whom
readers cannot help but feel some degree of contempt for.

Character Analysis Mrs. Bennet

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Silly, emotional, and irrational, Mrs. Bennet's behavior does more to harm her daughters' chances at
finding husbands than it does to help. She encourages Kitty and Lydia's bad behavior and her
attempts to push Elizabeth into an unwanted marriage with Mr. Collins show her to be insensible of
her children's aversion to a loveless marriage. Mrs. Bennet is concerned with security rather than
happiness, as demonstrated by her own marriage to a man she cannot understand and who treats
her with no respect.

Character Analysis Lydia Bennet

Emotional and immature, Lydia is the Bennet daughter who most takes after her mother. Lydia's
misbehavior stems from a lack of parental supervision on the parts of both her mother and father. Her
marriage to Wickham represents a relationship that is based on physical gratification. Lydia does not
think, she simply acts upon her impulses, and that impulsiveness, combined with negligent parents,
leads to her near ruin.

Character Analysis George Wickham

A charming and well-spoken young man, Wickham uses his charisma to insinuate himself into the
lives of others. His behavior throughout the novel shows him to be a gambler who has no scruples
about running up his debts and then running away. His mercenary nature regarding women is first
noted by Mrs. Gardiner, who comments on his sudden interest in Miss King. Like Elizabeth, he
possesses an ability to read people; however, he uses this knowledge to his advantage. When he
finds that Elizabeth dislikes Darcy, for example, he capitalizes on her dislike to gain her sympathies.

Character Analysis Charlotte Lucas (later Collins)

Although Charlotte's marriage of convenience to Mr. Collins is criticized by Elizabeth, her situation
and marriage is much more realistic than is Elizabeth's for nineteenth-century Britain. Elizabeth's story
is a work of romantic fiction, but Charlotte's is a mirror of reality. Even though Elizabeth cannot
understand Charlotte's reasons for marrying Mr. Collins, she does respect Charlotte's sound
management of her household and her ability to see as little of Mr. Collins as possible. Whereas
Elizabeth's relationship with Darcy was what Austen's female readers may dream of, Charlotte's
marriage to Mr. Collins was the actual life they would most likely have to face.

BRIEF SUMMORY OF THE NOVEL "JOSEPH

ANDREW".
"Joseph Andrews" is a novel written by Henry Fielding and first published in
1742. It is often considered one of the earliest examples of the English novel.
The story follows the adventures of the title character, Joseph Andrews, who is
a virtuous and good-hearted footman. Joseph faces numerous challenges and
temptations while on a journey to reunite with his love, Fanny Goodwill.
Along the way, he encounters various eccentric characters and comical
situations. The novel is a satirical and humorous work that parodies the social
norms and conventions of its time, offering a commentary on the class
system and the moral values of 18th-century England. It is also known for its
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character development and exploration of the theme of virtue in the face of

adversity.

CHARACTERIZATIONS OF THIS NOVEL.

"Joseph Andrews" by Henry Fielding features a range of distinctive characters,
each with their own quirks and qualities. Here are some of the key
characterizations in the novel:

1. Joseph Andrews: The eponymous protagonist is a virtuous and handsome

footman. Joseph is characterized by his unwavering moral integrity and
loyalty to his love, Fanny. He is portrayed as the embodiment of true virtue in
the face of various challenges and temptations.
2. Fanny Goodwill: Fanny is Joseph's love interest and a paragon of virtue as
well. She is modest, kind, and honest, making her a central character in the
novel's exploration of virtue and morality.
3. Lady Booby: Lady Booby is Joseph's employer, a wealthy and promiscuous
noblewoman. She is a satirical representation of the upper class, marked by
her lustful desires and disregard for social norms.
4. Parson Adams: Parson Adams is a kind-hearted and scholarly clergyman who
is both endearingly naive and principled. He embarks on a journey with
Joseph and Fanny, becoming a source of comic relief and moral guidance.
5. Mr. Slipslop: Mr. Slipslop is Lady Booby's maid and a comic character known
for her over-the-top, amorous advances toward Joseph.
6. Mr. Wilson: Mr. Wilson is a good-natured traveler who aids Joseph and Fanny
during their journey. He represents the kindness and generosity of strangers.
7. Mr. Booby: Lady Booby's wealthy nephew and a potential suitor for Fanny. He
contrasts with Joseph's humble background and virtuous character.
8. Mrs. Adams: Parson Adams' wife, who is patient and understanding,
providing a stabilizing influence in her husband's adventures.
9. Peter Pounce: A scheming lawyer who embodies the greed and corruption of
the legal profession in the novel.
10.Lady Graveairs: A noblewoman who, like Lady Booby, is satirically depicted as
being preoccupied with her own desires and social status.

These characters collectively contribute to the novel's satirical and comedic

elements, while also serving as vehicles for exploring themes of virtue, social
class, and moral values in 18th-century England.
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IMPORTANT THEMES OF THIS NOVEL.

"Joseph Andrews" by Henry Fielding explores several important themes that
were relevant to the social and moral landscape of 18th-century England.
Some of the key themes in the novel include:

1. Virtue: Virtue is a central theme in the novel. Joseph Andrews and Fanny
Goodwill are portrayed as paragons of virtue, and their unwavering moral
integrity is contrasted with the hypocrisy and moral failings of other
characters. Fielding uses these characters to celebrate the importance of
maintaining one's moral principles in the face of temptation and adversity.
2. Social Class: The novel offers a satirical critique of the rigid class system of
18th-century England. It explores the divide between the aristocracy and the
lower classes, highlighting the absurdity of class distinctions and the behavior
of the upper class.
3. Satire: Fielding employs satire throughout the novel to lampoon various
aspects of society, including the legal system, the clergy, and the upper class.
The characters and situations are often exaggerated for comic effect, making
the novel a satirical commentary on the moral and social issues of the time.
4. Parody of the Picaresque Novel: "Joseph Andrews" is a parody of the
picaresque novel, a genre that typically features a rogue or antihero as the
protagonist. In Fielding's work, the virtuous Joseph serves as a contrast to the
traditional picaresque hero, highlighting the difference between true virtue
and the roguish behavior often celebrated in such novels.
5. Love and Relationships: Love and romantic relationships are central to the
plot. Joseph's love for Fanny drives much of the action, and their commitment
to each other stands in stark contrast to the superficial and lustful
relationships of other characters in the novel.
6. Human Nature: Fielding explores the complexities of human nature, showing
both the flaws and the potential for goodness in his characters. The novel
reflects on the moral and ethical choices people make and the consequences
of those choices.
7. Morality and Hypocrisy: The novel highlights the hypocrisy of characters who
profess moral values but fail to live up to them. Fielding exposes the double
standards and moral pretensions of society.
8. Christian Morality: The character of Parson Adams, a well-intentioned and
morally upright clergyman, embodies Christian values and serves as a source
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of moral guidance. The novel explores the clash between true Christian
morality and the hypocritical behavior of some clergy.

"Joseph Andrews" is a satirical and moralistic work that uses humor and
character development to engage with these themes, providing a social and
ethical commentary on the society of its time.

SUMMORY
"Joseph Andrews" is a novel written by Henry Fielding and published in 1742.
It is often considered one of the earliest English novels and is known for its
satirical and humorous exploration of themes like virtue, social class, and
morality in 18th-century England.

The story centers around Joseph Andrews, a virtuous and handsome footman
who works for Lady Booby, a wealthy and promiscuous noblewoman.
Joseph's character is defined by his unwavering moral integrity and his love
for Fanny Goodwill, a virtuous and modest servant girl.

The plot is set in motion when Lady Booby becomes infatuated with Joseph
and attempts to seduce him. However, Joseph's unwavering commitment to
Fanny leads him to reject Lady Booby's advances. Angered by his rejection,
Lady Booby dismisses Joseph from his job.

Joseph embarks on a journey to reunite with Fanny, who has also left Lady
Booby's service. Along the way, Joseph encounters various eccentric
characters and faces numerous challenges and temptations. His travels bring
him into contact with characters such as Parson Adams, a kind-hearted and
scholarly clergyman who is both naive and principled, and Mr. Wilson, a
generous traveler who aids Joseph and Fanny.

The novel is filled with comedic situations and satirical elements. It parodies
the social norms and conventions of the time, with Lady Booby representing
the upper class's moral decay and disregard for social norms. Fielding uses
humor and exaggeration to critique the hypocrisy, superficiality, and moral
failings of various characters.

Throughout the novel, Joseph and Fanny's virtuous love stands in stark
contrast to the behavior of those around them, emphasizing the importance
of maintaining moral principles in the face of temptation and adversity. The
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novel also explores the rigid class system of 18th-century England,

highlighting the absurdity of class distinctions and the behavior of the upper
class.

Parson Adams, a symbol of true Christian morality, provides a moral

compass for Joseph and others. His character represents the clash between
genuine Christian values and the hypocritical behavior of some clergy in the
story.

In "Joseph Andrews," Henry Fielding uses a combination of satire, humor, and

character development to engage with themes of virtue, social class, morality,
and human nature in a way that both entertains and offers a social and
ethical commentary on the society of the time.

GLOSSARY OG THIS NOVEL.

"Joseph Andrews" by Henry Fielding was written in the 18th century, and
some of its language and terms may be less familiar to modern readers. Here
is a glossary of some of the terms and expressions you might encounter in the
novel:

1. Parson - A clergyman, often associated with the Church of England.

2. Footman - A male servant, typically responsible for running errands, assisting
with household tasks, and accompanying their employers in public.
3. Noblewoman - A woman of noble or aristocratic birth, typically of high social
rank.
4. Maid - A female servant, responsible for various domestic duties, including
cleaning and assisting her mistress.
5. Virtue - Moral excellence, goodness, or righteousness.
6. Lust - Intense or unrestrained sexual desire or craving.
7. Hypocrisy - The practice of pretending to have moral principles, beliefs, or
virtues that one does not possess.
8. Social Class - A division of a society based on economic and social status,
typically characterized by distinct levels of privilege, power, and wealth.
9. Satire - The use of humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize or mock the
shortcomings, vices, or follies of individuals or society.
10.Picaresque Novel - A genre of fiction that depicts the adventures of a roguish
or antiheroic protagonist as they navigate a corrupt or absurd society.
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11.Moral Integrity - The quality of having strong moral principles, honesty, and
ethical character.
12.Social Norms - Accepted standards and behaviors within a society, often
related to etiquette, customs, and values.
13.Adversity - Difficulties or misfortune; a state of hardship or distress.
14.Christian Morality - Ethical principles and values derived from Christian
religious teachings.
15.Christian Values - Moral principles based on the teachings and beliefs of
Christianity, such as love, forgiveness, and compassion.
16.Hypocritical - Behaving in a way that contradicts one's stated beliefs or
feelings.
17.Rogue - A dishonest or unprincipled person; a scoundrel.
18.Moral Compass - A person's inner sense of right and wrong, guiding their
decisions and behavior.
19.Generosity - The quality of being kind, openhanded, and willing to help
others.
20.Double Standards - Applying different sets of principles or rules to different
people or groups, often unfairly.

This glossary should help you better understand the language and concepts
used in "Joseph Andrews" and the social context in which the novel is set.

detail long summary of the novel "the great expectations" written by Charles
Dickens.
"Great Expectations" is a classic novel written by Charles Dickens, first
published in 1861. This timeless work is a bildungsroman, a coming-of-age
story, and a social commentary that explores themes such as ambition, class,
crime, and personal transformation. The novel is set in 19th-century England
and follows the life of its protagonist, Pip, from childhood to adulthood.

The story begins with Pip, an orphan being raised by his cruel sister and her
husband, Joe Gargery, a blacksmith in a rural English village. One evening,
while visiting the graves of his parents in a churchyard, Pip encounters an
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escaped convict named Abel Magwitch. Magwitch demands that Pip steal
food and a file to remove his leg irons. Pip, although fearful, helps the
desperate man. This encounter sets in motion a series of events that will
change Pip's life forever.

Pip's life takes a dramatic turn when he is invited to the home of the reclusive
and eccentric Miss Havisham, a wealthy spinster who lives in a decaying
mansion called Satis House. She asks Pip to play with her beautiful but cruel
adopted daughter, Estella, who is being raised to break men's hearts. Pip
becomes infatuated with Estella, and Miss Havisham's manipulative behavior
leaves a lasting impact on him. Pip is introduced to the world of the upper
class and starts to develop "great expectations" of becoming a gentleman,
thanks to an anonymous benefactor who provides him with the means for
education and an extravagant lifestyle in London.

As Pip grows older, he distances himself from his humble beginnings and his
devoted brother-in-law, Joe. He becomes friends with Herbert Pocket, who
helps him navigate high society. However, Pip's true benefactor is revealed to
be Abel Magwitch, the escaped convict from the beginning of the novel.
Magwitch has been working in the shadows to make Pip into a gentleman as
a way of repaying his kindness. This revelation shocks Pip and forces him to
reevaluate his values.

The novel also explores the character of Jaggers, a prominent lawyer who
represents many of the story's key figures, including Pip and Magwitch.
Jaggers is a mysterious and morally ambiguous figure, known for his
detachment and for keeping his emotions in check. He is a central figure in
the unfolding of the plot.

As Pip's life becomes increasingly entangled with the lives of the people
around him, he faces moral dilemmas, unearths family secrets, and learns the
true meaning of love and friendship. Ultimately, he comes to appreciate the
value of his humble origins and the people who cared for him, especially Joe,
who embodies the true spirit of kindness and integrity.

The story takes several unexpected twists and turns, leading to a dramatic
climax in a foggy marshland, where Pip confronts his benefactor, Magwitch,
and faces the consequences of his actions. The novel's conclusion is both
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bittersweet and redemptive, as Pip comes to terms with his past and seeks to
make amends.

"Great Expectations" is not only a character-driven story but also a critique of

the class system and societal values of Victorian England. Charles Dickens
masterfully weaves together the threads of the characters' lives and the
themes of ambition, identity, and the corrupting influence of wealth. The
novel is known for its vivid and memorable characters, its exploration of the
human condition, and its enduring themes of redemption and self-discovery.
It remains a classic in the world of literature and continues to captivate
readers with its rich storytelling and social commentary.

Full Book Summary

Full Book Summary

Pip, a young orphan living with his sister and her husband in the marshes of Kent, sits in a cemetery
one evening looking at his parents’ tombstones. Suddenly, an escaped convict springs up from behind
a tombstone, grabs Pip, and orders him to bring him food and a file for his leg irons. Pip obeys, but
the fearsome convict is soon captured anyway. The convict protects Pip by claiming to have stolen
the items himself.
One day Pip is taken by his Uncle Pumblechook to play at Satis House, the home of the wealthy
dowager Miss Havisham, who is extremely eccentric: she wears an old wedding dress everywhere she
goes and keeps all the clocks in her house stopped at the same time. During his visit, he meets a
beautiful young girl named Estella, who treats him coldly and contemptuously. Nevertheless, he falls
in love with her and dreams of becoming a wealthy gentleman so that he might be worthy of her. He
even hopes that Miss Havisham intends to make him a gentleman and marry him to Estella, but his
hopes are dashed when, after months of regular visits to Satis House, Miss Havisham decides to help
him become a common laborer in his family’s business.
With Miss Havisham’s guidance, Pip is apprenticed to his brother-in-law, Joe, who is the village
blacksmith. Pip works in the forge unhappily, struggling to better his education with the help of the
plain, kind Biddy and encountering Joe’s malicious day laborer, Orlick. One night, after an altercation
with Orlick, Pip’s sister, known as Mrs. Joe, is viciously attacked and becomes a mute invalid. From
her signals, Pip suspects that Orlick was responsible for the attack.
One day a lawyer named Jaggers appears with strange news: a secret benefactor has given Pip a
large fortune, and Pip must come to London immediately to begin his education as a gentleman. Pip
happily assumes that his previous hopes have come true—that Miss Havisham is his secret
benefactor and that the old woman intends for him to marry Estella.

In London, Pip befriends a young gentleman named Herbert Pocket and Jaggers’s law clerk,
Wemmick. He expresses disdain for his former friends and loved ones, especially Joe, but he
continues to pine after Estella. He furthers his education by studying with the tutor Matthew Pocket,
Herbert’s father. Herbert himself helps Pip learn how to act like a gentleman. When Pip turns twenty-
one and begins to receive an income from his fortune, he will secretly help Herbert buy his way into
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the business he has chosen for himself. But for now, Herbert and Pip lead a fairly undisciplined life in
London, enjoying themselves and running up debts. Orlick reappears in Pip’s life, employed as Miss
Havisham’s porter, but is promptly fired by Jaggers after Pip reveals Orlick’s unsavory past. Mrs. Joe
dies, and Pip goes home for the funeral, feeling tremendous grief and remorse. Several years go by,
until one night a familiar figure barges into Pip’s room—the convict, Magwitch, who stuns Pip by
announcing that he, not Miss Havisham, is the source of Pip’s fortune. He tells Pip that he was so
moved by Pip’s boyhood kindness that he dedicated his life to making Pip a gentleman, and he made
a fortune in Australia for that very purpose.
Pip is appalled, but he feels morally bound to help Magwitch escape London, as the convict is
pursued both by the police and by Compeyson, his former partner in crime. A complicated mystery
begins to fall into place when Pip discovers that Compeyson was the man who abandoned Miss
Havisham at the altar and that Estella is Magwitch’s daughter. Miss Havisham has raised her to
break men’s hearts, as revenge for the pain her own broken heart caused her. Pip was merely a boy
for the young Estella to practice on; Miss Havisham delighted in Estella’s ability to toy with his
affections.

As the weeks pass, Pip sees the good in Magwitch and begins to care for him deeply. Before
Magwitch’s escape attempt, Estella marries an upper-class lout named Bentley Drummle. Pip makes
a visit to Satis House, where Miss Havisham begs his forgiveness for the way she has treated him in
the past, and he forgives her. Later that day, when she bends over the fireplace, her clothing catches
fire and she goes up in flames. She survives but becomes an invalid. In her final days, she will
continue to repent for her misdeeds and to plead for Pip’s forgiveness.

The time comes for Pip and his friends to spirit Magwitch away from London. Just before the escape
attempt, Pip is called to a shadowy meeting in the marshes, where he encounters the vengeful, evil
Orlick. Orlick is on the verge of killing Pip when Herbert arrives with a group of friends and saves Pip’s
life. Pip and Herbert hurry back to effect Magwitch’s escape. They try to sneak Magwitch down the
river on a rowboat, but they are discovered by the police, who Compeyson tipped off. Magwitch and
Compeyson fight in the river, and Compeyson is drowned. Magwitch is sentenced to death, and Pip
loses his fortune. Magwitch feels that his sentence is God’s forgiveness and dies at peace. Pip falls ill;
Joe comes to London to care for him, and they are reconciled. Joe gives him the news from home:
Orlick, after robbing Pumblechook, is now in jail; Miss Havisham has died and left most of her fortune
to the Pockets; Biddy has taught Joe how to read and write. After Joe leaves, Pip decides to rush
home after him and marry Biddy, but when he arrives there he discovers that she and Joe have
already married.

Pip decides to go abroad with Herbert to work in the mercantile trade. Returning many years later,
he encounters Estella in the ruined garden at Satis House. Drummle, her husband, treated her badly,
but he is now dead. Pip finds that Estella’s coldness and cruelty have been replaced by a sad
kindness, and the two leave the garden hand in hand, Pip believing that they will never part again.
(Note: Dickens’s original ending to Great Expectations differed from the one described in this
summary. The final Summary and Analysis section of this SparkNote provides a description of the first
ending and explains why Dickens rewrote it.)
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Full Book Analysis

Full Book Analysis

The major conflict of Great Expectations revolves around Pip’s ambitious desire to reinvent himself
and rise to a higher social class. His desire for social progress stems from a desire to be worthy of
Estella’s love: “She’s more beautiful than anybody ever was, and I admire her dreadfully, and I want
to be a gentleman on her account.” The plot gets underway when Pip is invited to go to Satis House,
and first encounters Estella and Miss Havisham. The inciting action, however, has actually been
earlier when Pip had a seemingly random encounter with an escaped convict; neither he nor the
reader will know for a long time that this encounter will actually determine the course of his life. The
rising action progresses as Pip becomes increasingly dissatisfied with the prospect of living a simple
life as a country blacksmith. As he explains, “I never shall or can be comfortable … unless I can lead
a very different sort of life from the life I lead now.”
Pip receives news that he is going to be financially supported by an anonymous benefactor and moves
to London, where he becomes more refined and sophisticated while also becoming extravagant and
self-absorbed. After some years, Pip is astonished to discover that his benefactor is actually
Magwitch the convict. This discovery intensifies the conflict around Pip’s desire to be perceived as a
gentleman and be loved by Estella, since he is now tainted by an association with a criminal. The
rising conflict forces Pip to declare his love to Estella, since he is planning to leave England in order
to cover up his secret. He tells her that “you are part of my existence, part of myself,” but she
explains that she plans to marry another man. This conversation resolves part of the conflict, making
it clear to Pip that Estella is incapable of loving him.

The conflict surrounding Pip’s shame at his social background and desire to be a gentleman
continues as he struggles to protect Magwitch and get him to safety. Along the way, Pip realizes that
Magwitch is Estella’s father. This discovery transforms Pip’s understanding of social position and
criminality. Up to this point, Pip has considered Estella and the criminal underworld Magwitch
represents as oppositional to one another, but now Pip understands that Estella and Magwitch have
always been interconnected. At the novel’s climax, Pip confides to a dying Magwitch that his lost
child “is living now. She is a lady and very beautiful. And I love her!” By showing kindness to a
criminal and describing Estella as a both a lady and the daughter of a convict, Pip shows that he no
longer thinks about social position in a black or white way. The conflict resolves with Pip letting go of
his social aspirations in order to focus on reconciling with the characters who have been loyal to him
all along, paying off his debts, and earning an honest living.

At a Glance:
Full TitleGreat Expectations
AuthorCharles Dickens
Type Of WorkNovel
GenresBildungsroman, social criticism, autobiographical fiction
LanguageEnglish
Time And Place WrittenLondon, 1860-1861
Date Of First PublicationPublished serially in England from December 1860 to August 1861;
published in book form in England and America in 1861
PublisherSerialized in All the Year Round; published in England by Chapman & Hall; published in
America by Harper & Brothers

In-depth Facts:
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NarratorPip
ClimaxA sequence of climactic events occurs from Chapter 51 to Chapter 56: Miss Havisham’s
burning in the fire, Orlick’s attempt to murder Pip, and Pip’s attempt to help Magwitch escape
London.
ProtagonistPip
AntagonistGreat Expectations does not contain a traditional single antagonist. Various characters
serve as figures against whom Pip must struggle at various times: Magwitch, Mrs. Joe, Miss
Havisham, Estella, Orlick, Bentley Drummle, and Compeyson. With the exception of the last three,
each of the novel’s antagonists is redeemed before the end of the book.
Setting (Time)Mid-nineteenth century
Settings (Place)Kent and London, England
Point Of ViewFirst person
Falling ActionThe period following Magwitch’s capture in Chapter 54, including Magwitch’s death,
Pip’s reconciliation with Joe, and Pip’s reunion with Estella eleven years later
TensePast
ForeshadowingGreat Expectations contains a great deal of foreshadowing. The repeated references
to the convict (the man with the file in the pub, the attack on Mrs. Joe) foreshadow his return; the
second convict on the marsh foreshadows the revelation of Magwitch’s conflict with Compeyson; the
man in the pub who gives Pip money foreshadows the revelation that Pip’s fortune comes from
Magwitch; Miss Havisham’s wedding dress and her bizarre surroundings foreshadow the revelation
of her past and her relationship with Estella; Pip’s feeling that Estella reminds him of someone he
knows foreshadows his discovery of the truth of her parentage; the fact that Jaggers is a criminal
lawyer foreshadows his involvement in Magwitch’s life; and so on. Moreover, the weather often
foreshadows dramatic events: a storm brewing generally means there will be trouble ahead, as on the
night of Magwitch’s return.
ToneComic, cheerful, satirical, wry, critical, sentimental, dark, dramatic, foreboding, Gothic,
sympathetic
ThemesAmbition and the desire for self-improvement (social, economic, educational, and moral);
guilt, criminality, and innocence; maturation and the growth from childhood to adulthood; the
importance of affection, loyalty, and sympathy over social advancement and class superiority; social
class; the difficulty of maintaining superficial moral and social categories in a constantly changing
world
MotifsCrime and criminality; disappointed expectations; the connection between weather or
atmosphere and dramatic events; doubles (two convicts, two secret benefactors, two invalids, etc.);
ghost imagery.
SymbolsThe stopped clocks at Satis House symbolize Miss Havisham’s attempt to stop time; the many
objects relating to crime and guilt (gallows, prisons, handcuffs, policemen, lawyers, courts, convicts,
chains, files) symbolize the theme of guilt and innocence; Satis House represents the upper-class
world to which Pip longs to belong; Bentley Drummle represents the grotesque caprice of the upper
class; Joe represents conscience, affection, loyalty, and simple good nature; the marsh mists
represent danger and ambiguity; the forge represents the inherent goodness and respectability of
Pip's childhood and the opportunity it offers him to become a self-made man.

characterization of this novel.

"Great Expectations" by Charles Dickens is renowned for its complex and

vividly portrayed characters. Dickens excels at creating a diverse cast of
individuals, each with their own distinctive qualities, flaws, and complexities.
Here are some of the key characters and their characterization in the novel:
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1. Pip (Philip Pirrip): Pip is the novel's protagonist and narrator. He is

characterized as an orphan who is initially meek, humble, and sensitive. As
the story progresses, Pip becomes more ambitious and longs to rise above his
humble origins. His journey is one of self-discovery and moral growth, as he
grapples with the consequences of his desires and learns to appreciate the
true values of love and integrity.
2. Abel Magwitch: Magwitch is a compelling character, an escaped convict who
initially seems menacing and ruthless. However, he is revealed to have a
deeper humanity as the story unfolds. He is fiercely devoted to Pip, acting as
Pip's secret benefactor and illustrating the theme of the possibility of
redemption.
3. Miss Havisham: Miss Havisham is a highly eccentric and enigmatic character.
She is characterized by her wealthy, decaying mansion and her eccentric
behavior, having stopped all the clocks in her home at the exact moment she
was jilted at the altar. Her purpose is to raise Estella to break men's hearts,
and she represents the destructive effects of bitterness and obsession.
4. Estella: Estella is Miss Havisham's adopted daughter and is portrayed as a
beautiful, but emotionally detached young woman. She is the object of Pip's
affections and represents the unattainable ideal of high society. Her character
embodies the theme of social class and the emotional toll it can take on
individuals.
5. Joe Gargery: Joe is Pip's brother-in-law and father figure. He is characterized
as a simple, kind, and honest man who works as a blacksmith. Joe remains
loyal to Pip throughout the story, serving as a moral anchor and representing
the values of humility and genuine love.
6. Jaggers: Mr. Jaggers is a prominent London lawyer who represents several
characters in the novel. He is characterized by his detachment, sharp wit, and
moral ambiguity. His mysterious and authoritative presence adds an air of
intrigue to the story.
7. Herbert Pocket: Herbert is one of Pip's closest friends and serves as a foil to
Pip. He is characterized by his good-natured and generous spirit. Herbert
helps Pip adapt to life in London and offers a sense of stability and friendship.
8. Wemmick: Wemmick is Mr. Jaggers' clerk and becomes a close friend to Pip.
He is known for his dual personality, displaying a stern, businesslike
demeanor at work and a jovial, domestic side at home. This duality adds
depth to his character.
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9. Biddy: Biddy is a kind and intelligent young woman who works at the local
school in Pip's village. She is a symbol of simplicity and represents an
alternative path for Pip's affections.
10.Compeyson: Compeyson is another escaped convict and serves as a foil to
Magwitch. He is characterized as manipulative and untrustworthy, in contrast
to Magwitch's loyalty and generosity.

These characters, along with many others, contribute to the depth and
complexity of "Great Expectations." Dickens' skill in creating memorable and
multi-dimensional characters is a hallmark of his storytelling, and it adds to
the novel's enduring appeal and literary significance. Each character's
growth, development, and interactions help to convey the novel's themes and
messages about society, morality, and human nature.

main themes of this novel.

"Great Expectations" by Charles Dickens explores several central themes that
are woven throughout the narrative. These themes contribute to the depth
and richness of the novel and provide valuable insights into Victorian society
and the human condition. Some of the main themes of the novel include:

1. Social Class: The theme of social class is pervasive in the novel. Dickens
portrays the stark divisions between the upper and lower classes in 19th-
century England. Pip's journey from a humble working-class background to
the world of the upper class underscores the social inequalities of the time
and the impact of one's social status on their opportunities and self-worth.
2. Ambition and Self-Improvement: Pip's aspirations for a better life and his
desire to become a gentleman drive the narrative. His "great expectations"
symbolize the idea of personal ambition and the pursuit of social
advancement. The novel explores the consequences of ambition and the
potential for personal growth and moral development.
3. Identity and Self-Discovery: Pip's journey of self-discovery is a central theme.
He grapples with questions of identity, moral values, and self-worth as he
moves between different social classes and encounters various influential
figures. The novel examines how one's true identity can be clouded by
external influences and societal expectations.
4. Guilt and Redemption: Several characters in the novel, including Pip and Abel
Magwitch, struggle with feelings of guilt and the desire for redemption. The
theme of redemption is exemplified by Magwitch's transformation from a
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hardened criminal to a selfless, caring figure. Pip's journey to make amends

for his own mistakes highlights the possibility of redemption and forgiveness.
5. Appearance vs. Reality: The contrast between appearances and reality is a
recurring theme. Characters like Miss Havisham and Estella present
themselves in a certain way to the world, but their true natures are often
quite different. Pip's initial perception of individuals and situations is often at
odds with the underlying truth.
6. Love and Personal Relationships: The novel explores various forms of love,
including romantic love (Pip's infatuation with Estella), familial love (Joe's
unwavering love for Pip), and the love of friends (Herbert's friendship with
Pip). Love and relationships play a significant role in the characters'
development and the novel's resolution.
7. Wealth and Materialism: The pursuit of wealth and material possessions is a
driving force for some characters, such as Pip's desire for a gentleman's
lifestyle. The novel underscores the emptiness of materialism when it is
disconnected from genuine human relationships and values.
8. Isolation and Loneliness: Many characters in the novel experience feelings of
isolation and loneliness. Miss Havisham's self-imposed seclusion and Estella's
emotional detachment highlight the consequences of isolation. Pip also
experiences isolation as he distances himself from his true roots.
9. Moral Values and Integrity: The novel emphasizes the importance of moral
values and integrity, especially through characters like Joe, who embodies
honesty and goodness. Pip's journey involves a growing awareness of the
significance of these qualities in contrast to the allure of wealth and social
status.
10.Education and Knowledge: The role of education and knowledge in personal
development is explored as Pip receives an education and exposure to
literature in London. This theme relates to the idea that education can be
both empowering and corrupting.

These themes collectively contribute to the depth and complexity of "Great

Expectations," making it a timeless and thought-provoking work that
continues to resonate with readers, offering insights into the human condition
and the society in which it was written.

glossary of this novel.

"Great Expectations" by Charles Dickens contains some terms and expressions
that may be specific to the time period in which the novel is set or that may
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not be commonly used in contemporary English. Here is a glossary of some

terms and phrases from the novel:

1. Pip: The protagonist's nickname, derived from his given name, Philip Pirrip.
2. Gentleman: In the context of the novel, a gentleman refers to someone of the
upper class or aristocracy, characterized by wealth, social standing, and
refinement.
3. Satis House: The mansion where Miss Havisham lives. "Satis" is a Latin word
meaning "enough" or "sufficient," suggesting Miss Havisham's desire to keep
things as they were at the moment of her jilting.
4. Estella: A name that means "star." Estella is Miss Havisham's adopted
daughter and is often seen as a symbol of unattainable beauty and
sophistication.
5. Magwitch: The surname of the escaped convict who Pip encounters in the
marshes. Abel Magwitch is a central character in the novel.
6. Compeyson: Another escaped convict and a contrast to Magwitch. He is a
more polished and deceitful character.
7. Blacksmith: A person who forges and shapes iron and other metals. Joe
Gargery is a blacksmith in the novel.
8. Forge: The workshop where a blacksmith works to shape and mold metal
using heat and tools.
9. Convict: A person who has been found guilty of a crime and is serving a
sentence, or someone who has escaped from prison, as in the case of
Magwitch and Compeyson.
10.Benefactor: Someone who provides assistance or financial support, often
anonymously, to another person. Pip's benefactor is initially unknown to him.
11.Clerk: A person who handles administrative and record-keeping duties in an
office or legal practice, such as Wemmick, Mr. Jaggers' clerk.
12.Jilted: To be left at the altar or rejected in a romantic relationship, as Miss
Havisham was when she was abandoned by her fiancé.
13.Expectations: In the novel, "expectations" refers to one's hopes and
aspirations, especially for social advancement and wealth. Pip's "great
expectations" signify his desire to become a gentleman.
14.Marshes: Wet, low-lying areas of land that are often covered in water. The
marshes are the setting for Pip's early encounters with Magwitch.
15.Circumlocution Office: A satirical reference to a fictional government office in
Dickens' works, representing bureaucracy and inefficiency.
16.Stipend: A regular payment or salary, often received for work or services.
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17.Superannuated: Retired due to old age or obsolescence, often referring to a

person who has reached the age of retirement.
18.Woolsack: A large, cushioned seat in the House of Lords in the British
Parliament, symbolizing the importance of the wool trade in England.
19.Gaiters: Protective coverings for the lower legs, often made of cloth or leather,
and worn by people working in the countryside.
20.Courtship: The traditional process of wooing and pursuing a romantic partner
with the intent of marriage, as seen in Pip's infatuation with Estella.

These terms provide context for understanding the world of "Great

Expectations" and the social and cultural elements that shape the characters
and plot. Dickens' use of language and imagery adds depth to the story and
captures the nuances of Victorian England.