KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HOLTA CAMP

PALAMPUR (H.P.)
Topic:
To Investigate the Relation Between the Ratio
Of (i) output and input voltage and
(ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self-designed transformer

A Project Report Submitted

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

AISSCE – All India Senior School Certificate

Examination
2022-23: SCIENCE – XII A
In
PHYSICS
SUBMITTED BY: Akshita
SUBMITTED TO: Mr. Rakesh Kumar (P.G.T.
Physics)

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 UNDERTAKING
I declare that the work presented in this project titled “To Investigate
the Relation Between the Ratio Of (i) output and input voltage and (ii)
number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-
designed transformer” submitted to Mr Rakesh Kumar (P.G.T.
Physics) for the award of the CBSE – AISSE class XII certificate. I
have not plagiarized or submitted the work for the award of any other
examination. In case this undertaking is found incorrect, I accept that
my certificate may be unconditionally withdrawn.

January, 2023
Place: Kendriya Vidyalaya Palampur

SUBMITTED BY:
AKSHITA
Class: XII A
Roll No: 03

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 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA PALAMPUR
CERTIFICATE

It is to certify that the work contained in the project titled “To Investigate
the Relation Between the Ratio Of (i) output and input voltage and (ii)
number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed
transformer”, by AKSHITA (XII A) has been carried out under my
supervision and that this work has not been submitted elsewhere for a
AISSE certificate.

Mr Rakesh Kumar
PGT-Physics
Kendriya Vidyalaya Palampur (H.P.)

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 CERTIFICATE

The project titled “To Investigate the Relation Between the Ratio Of (i)
output and input voltage and (ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self-designed transformer” submitted by Akshita of class
XII A for AISSE certificate at Kendriya Vidyalaya Palampur has been
examined.

Signature Of Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and gratitude to my project

guide Mr. Rakesh Kumar (P.G.T. Physics) for guiding me immensely
through the course of the project. He always evinced keen interest in my
work. His constructive advice and constant motivation have been
responsible for the successful completion of this project.
My sincere thanks to our principal sir Sh. Sunil Kumar for his
coordination extending every possible support for the completion of this
project.
I also thanks to my parents for their motivation and support. I must thank
my classmates for their timely help and support for completion of this
project.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those who had helped me
directly or indirectly towards the completion of this project.

AKSHITA
Class: XII A
Roll No. 03

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 CONTENTS
1. Objective of the Project Report
2. Introduction to Transformer
3. Functioning of a Transformer
4. Two Different Types of Transformers
5. Self-made Transformer
6. Bibliography

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 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT REPORT

The main objective of this physics project report is ‘To Investigate the
Relation Between the Ratio Of (i) output and input voltage and (ii)
number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-
designed transformer’
And this project, if done well, will be able to explain;
1. Functioning of a Transformer
2. Two different types of Transformers

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 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device used in the power transmission of electric energy. This is
a device which converts low voltage at high current to high voltage at low current and
vice-versa. The transmission current is AC.

A Transformer mainly consists of two types of coils named as primary and secondary.
Variation in number of coils of any one of the coil will result in the change of
functioning of the transformer.
Main Functions of the two coils:
1. PRIMARY COIL:
The primary coil in a transformer work as an input coil.
The primary coil is that where AC is fed in.
2. SECONDARY COIL:
The secondary coil in a transformer works as an output coil.
The secondary coil is where the current is induced to perform some sort of
transfer of energy.
Transformation Ratio (k):
The transformation ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of turns in the
secondary coil to the number of turns in the primary coil of the transformer. It is
defined as the ratio of output voltage to the input voltage of the transformer.

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 FUNCTIONING OF A TRANSFORMER
• WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER:
Transformer works on Faraday's law of mutual induction.

• CONSTRUCTION:
A transformer is made up of a rectangular iron core. It consists of two coils named
as primary and secondary which are insulated from each other and wounded on a soft-
iron core. Both these coils are insulated from the Ferro-magnetic iron core.

• SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A TRANSFORMER:

• RATIO OF NUMBER OF TURNS IN PRIMARY COIL TO THE

NUMBER OF TURNS IN THE PRIMARY COIL:
From the above diagram,
if there are T1 turns in Primary coil and T2 turns in secondary coil, then the
transformation ratio (denoted by ‘k’) will be given as,
T2:T2 = k _______(i)

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• RATIO OF INPUT AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE:
Now,
If V1 is the input voltage/emf from the primary coil, and V2 is the output voltage/emf
from the secondary coil
According to Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction:
Induced emf in primary coil is given by:
V1= -T1(𝑑∅/𝑑𝑡) _________(ii)

Induced emf in secondary coil is given by:

V2 = -T2 (𝑑∅/𝑑𝑡) _________(iii)

We will get the ratio of induced voltage in secondary coil to the induced voltage in
primary coil by dividing equation (iii) by equation (ii);
V2:V1 = T2:T1 ________(iv)

FROM EQUATION (i) AND (iv), WE GET

V2:V1 = T2:T1 = k

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 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
Transformers can be differentiated on the basis on number of turns in the primary and
secondary coil of a transformer.
Therefore, transformers can be classified as follows:
1. Step-up Transformer:
A step-up transformer is a transformer that increases the voltage from the primary
coil to the secondary coil while managing the same power at the rated frequency
in both coils. It converts low voltage & high current from the primary side to the high
voltage & low current on the secondary side of the transformer.
In a step-up transformer, T2>T1
Therefore, the transformation ratio i.e., k>1

2. Step-down Transformer:
A step-down transformer is a type of transformer that converts the high voltage and
low current from the primary side of the transformer to the low voltage and high
current value on the secondary side of the transformer.
In a step-down transformer, T2<T1
Therefore, the transformation ratio i.e., k<1

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 SELF MADE TRANSFORMER
• APPARATUS:
1.Iron Rod
2.Copper wire
3.Voltmeter
4.Ammeter

• PROCEDURE:
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of
turns (say 60) of a thin copper wire on the paper. This will be the primary coil
of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step-down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C. main and measure the input voltage and current using
A.C. voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1 and s2.
5. Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C. main and again measure voltage and current
through primary coil of step-up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing number of turns
in primary and secondary coil.

• CONCLUSION:
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (T2/T1) with respect to the input voltage.
2. There is loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

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• PRECAUTIONS:
1. Keep yourself safe from high voltage.
2. While taking the reading of current and voltage the A.C. should remain constant.

• SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Values of current might be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.

• CAUSES OF ENERGY LOSS IN A TRANSFORMER:

1. Flux Leakage- Reduced by winding the primary and secondary coils one over
the other.
2. Resistance of the Windings: Minimised by using thick wires.
3. Eddy Current: Reduced by using a laminated core.
4. Hysteresis: Minimised by using a magnetic material which has a low hysteresis
loss.

• USES OF TRANSFORMERS:
1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc.
2. A step-down transformer is used for welding purposes, obtaining large current,
etc.
3. A step-up transformer is used for the production of X-rays and NEON
advertisement.
4. Transformers are used in the transmission of alternating current over long
distances.
5. Small transformers are used in radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric
bells, etc.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. https://en.wikipedia.org

2. https://www.slideshare.net

3. https://studylib.net

4. https://www.electrical4u.com

5. https://www.youtube.com

6. https://www.google.com

7. NCERT Physics Textbook for Class XII

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