Summary Sheets

Topic8I
Grade 7 Science End of Topic Exam Revision (2022-2023 Session)

Section A

Topic 8B: Plant Reproduction

Kingdoms
Organisms are classified into 5 kingdoms, which are subdivided into smaller and smaller groups.

Plants have green leaves, have cell walls made of cellulose and can photosynthesise. This
kingdom has four main groups: flowering plants (reproduce using flowers), conifers (reproduce
using cones), ferns (reproduce without flowers or cones) and mosses (no roots).

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Topic8I

Some main groups in the animal kingdom are:

• vertebrates (with backbones), which are divided into mammals (hair, have live young),
reptiles (dry scales, lay leathery eggs), fish (slimy scales, lay jelly eggs), amphibians
(moist skin, lay jelly eggs) and birds (feathers, lay hard-shelled eggs)
• invertebrates, including molluscs (fleshy pad to move) and arthropods (jointed limbs)
o arthropods include insects (6 legs, 3-part body) and arachnids (8 legs, 2-part body).

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Topic8I

Sexual reproduction in plants

Reproduction produces new living things (offspring). Sexual reproduction needs two parents
to produce sex cells or gametes. The gametes fuse to produce a fertilised egg cell or zygote.
The zygote uses cell division to grow into an embryo, which can grow into an adult and become
a parent (completing its life cycle).
The offspring from sexual
reproduction contain
characteristics from both
parents. The differences in
these characteristics is
inherited variation.
Gametes are produced by
reproductive organs.
In plants, these are contained
inside flowers.

The pollen grains made

in the anther need to be
carried to the stigma of
another flower. Pollen
can be carried by
animals (such as
insects).

Pollen can also be

carried by the wind. The
carrying of pollen from an
anther to a stigma is called
pollination.

Once on the stigma, a pollen grain grows a

pollen tube, which enters the ovule
containing an egg cell. The nucleus from
the male gamete inside the pollen grain
joins with the nucleus inside the egg cell to
form a zygote. This is called fertilisation.
The zygote grows into an embryo and the
ovule becomes a seed, containing the
embryo and a food store.

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A part of the flower forms a fruit. This is used for seed dispersal, which stops the new plants
competing with the parent plants for water, nutrients, light and space.
● Some fruits are eaten by animals and the seeds come out in their faeces (e.g. apples).
● Some fruits are carried on the fur of animals (e.g. burdock).
● Some fruits are carried by the wind (e.g. dandelion).
● Some fruits explode, scattering the seeds (e.g. lupins).
When conditions are right, seeds germinate. The resources needed are water, oxygen and
warmth (WOW). Water allows chemical reactions to start, which break down the food store and
allows cells in the embryo to swell up. Oxygen is needed for respiration, to release energy from
the food store. Warmth is needed to speed up the chemical reactions.
The root grows first then the shoot. Finally, new leaves open and photosynthesis can start in the
chloroplasts. The glucose from photosynthesis is turned into starch to be stored. The mass of
material produced is biomass. Photosynthesis can be summarised as a word equation:

A growing plant needs light, air, water, warmth and nutrients called mineral salts (LAWWN). The
energy for growth comes from respiration, a process in which oxygen is used to release energy
from glucose. It happens in the mitochondria of cells and can be summarised as:

Section B

Topic 8I: Fluids

Fluids are liquids or gases.

Change of state and the particle model

The particle model can explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases.

Solids Liquids Gases

Properties ● fixed volume ● fixed volume ● expand to fill container
● fixed shape ● take shape of container ● take shape of container

Particle diagram

Particles ● are close together ● are close together ● are far apart
● are held in fixed ● are held by fairly strong ● are held by very weak
positions by strong forces forces
forces ● can move around ● can move around

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Topic8I

Substances can change state when they are heated or cooled. The three states of matter are solid,
liquid and gas.

A liquid evaporates from its surface. When it is boiling, bubbles of gas form within the liquid.

The melting point and the freezing point of a substance are the same temperature. The
temperature of a substance does not change while it is melting, even if it is still being heated.

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