repaso (algo así)

According to the lineal evolutionist taxonomy of Lewis H. Morgan, describe the cultural stage
of civilization: When writing developed, the civil government, and the monogamous couple as
the basis of the family.

According to the lineal evolutionist taxonomy of Lewis H. Morgan,describe the cultural stage
of barbarism: Recognizable by the invention of agriculture and pottery, the prohibition of incest
was extended to all female offspring, and the clan and village formed the basic units of
organization.

According to the lineal evolutionist taxonomy of Lewis H. Morgan, describe the cultural stage
of lower savagery: Characterized by the subsistence through the collection of wild food,
promiscuity, nomadic horde as a basic unit of this type of societies, and common property of
resources.

According to the lineal evolutionist taxonomy of Lewis H. Morgan, describe the cultural stage of
the higher stage of barbarism: When metallurgy was being developed, family relationships were
traced by the male line, men married several women (which is known as polygyny) and private
property appears.

1. Tell me a situation that best represents the sociocultural pattern known

as structure: Sociocultural factors influence people's feelings, values, beliefs,
behaviors, attitudes, and interactions. Examples include social classes, religious beliefs,
wealth distribution, language, business practices, social values, customer preferences,
social organization, and attitude towards work.
2. Mention a situation, that describes better how we applied education in
antropology: analysing cultural relations and social processes in educational
contexts (or in an educational perspective).
 3. According to the lineal evolutionist taxonomy of Lewis H. Morgan, describe the
cultural stage of civilization:
4. Tell me a scenario where linguistic anthropology is being used.
5. According to the lineal evolutionist taxonomy of Lewis H. Morgan,describe the
cultural stage of barbarism.
6. Give me an example,where you can identify the polygamous relationship that
belongs to polyandry.
7. Describe a scenario where you can applied archeology.
8. Describe a situation, where you can applied to businesses anthropology.
9. From the following situations, select the one that describes better which one is
applied to cultural marketing.
10. According to the lineal evolutionist taxonomy of Lewis H. Morgan, describe the
cultural stage of lower savagery.
11. Tell me a situation that best represents the sociocultural pattern known
as infrastructure.
12. Give me an example, where you identify the polygamous relationship that
belongs to polygyny.
13. Describe a situation, where you can applied to economic development.
14. Describe a situation where physical anthropology is being applied.
15. According to the lineal evolutionist taxonomy of Lewis H. Morgan, describe the
cultural stage of the higher stage of barbarism.
16. Tell me a situation that represents the sociocultural pattern known
as superstructure.

Topic 1

Definition of antropology: “the science devoted to the study of the (ancient and modern)
human beings and their lifestyles (Harris, 2004). According to Harris (2004): “Given the range
and complexity of the subject, the different branches of anthropology focus on different
aspects or dimensions of human experience”.

the characteristics of anthropology: by gathering all aspects of a human group (holistic

perspective) and comparing them with those of other groups (comparative perspective), it
seeks an explanation by contrasting both the characteristics they have in common and those
that make them different from each other.

the 4 subdisciplines of anthropology:

physical: studies the physical characteristics of humans through the fossils found and the
distinctive features of contemporary groups. Here, you can recognize primatology, human
paleontology, forensic anthropology, and population genetics.

archeology: It is devoted to the study of material remains of past cultures. By reconstructing

extinct forms of life, it seeks to know the ecological environment and the causes that led to its
demise. Among the most widespread branches have historical and industrial archeology.

Antropological linguistics: studies the diversity of languages spoken by the existing human
groups, attempts to reconstruct the history of their origin, as well as the role of the relationship
between language and the development of the groups that speak it. The branches in which this
aspect is divided include historical linguistics, descriptive linguistics and sociolinguistics.

cultural anthropology: Also known as social anthropology. It refers to the analysis and
description of cultures, both from the past and from human groups of today. This includes
applied, medical, urban, development, and religion anthropologies, as well as politics,
anthropology and indigenous, among other themes.

Topic 2

the 7 diferent theories.

Evolutionist school: argues that the societies shall pass through states of development, in that
way they could be able to place in some of them. The work of the social scientist is to discover
and present the stages that spanned all cultures to reach the highest level of development,
generally associated with the European societies of that time.

Historical particularism: It is proposed, rather than to strive to establish general stages, to

emphasize particular aspects of the singular history of the studied cultures. In other words,
every culture or society, is the consequence of its own particular process which result of the
sum of the aspects who have been build it through the pass of time. This proposal is led by the
American Franz Boas, and one of his main contributions is his demonstration that race,
language and culture are elements independent from the human condition and that it is
possible to find societies that shared the same racial features, behaviors and different
languages (Harris , 2004).

Diffusionism: This current also emerges as a reaction to evolutionism, and proposes that
cultures adopted their elements by imitation. Independent creation is discarded and, in this
sense, the most ancient cultures are the centers of origin from which, over time, techniques
and knowledge have been transmitted or distributed. For example, the Egyptian culture is one
of the diffuser centers, and the Aztecs and Incas resumed their knowledge from it. Appearing a
very important concept, acculturation, understanding it as the exchange of cultural features, a
result of continuous direct contact between two groups. As the name says it, the cultural
characteristics were diffused from one society to another by the voluntary or involuntary
contact, it causes that several societies share language, ideology, ways of think, religion,
economy, among other elements.

Functionalism: The emphasis of this British current is on function; the duty of the
anthropologist is to describe the functions of the customs and institutions for the society
studied, means by which we come to understand its origins.

This position is represented by British researcher Bronislaw Malinowski. Very close to this
proposal we have the structural functionalism of Radcliffe-Brown, who added to the concept
of function the place it occupied in the social structure, i.e., the way society was organized as a
whole. One of the contributions of this theory is the importance of conducting field work for
long periods, learning the language and local customs as the only method that provides valid
and reliable data in anthropology. In other words, analyze which are the functions of the social
institutions as the economy, kinship, religion and crime in society in order to maintain
the social cohesion, understanding the cohesion as the proper function of the society.
Culture and personality, the influence of Freud in anthropology: This theoretical current
resumes aspects of the work of noted German psychologist Sigmund Freud, linking cultural
practices and beliefs of the individual with his personality and vice versa. Topics such as
childhood and sex education bring a significant influence on the development of the adult
personality and allow us, through their study, access the knowledge of society. This proposal,
which main representatives are Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict, does not explain why this
influence can be seen in some societies but is absent in others.

Neoevolutionism: The works of Morgan are re-examined and his contributions to the science
of culture are redeemed: the existence of a cultural evolution determined by the amount of
energy that could be captured and put into execution by person.

Almost simultaneously, Julian Steward and his cultural ecology propose to include the
influence of the natural environment (climate and natural conditions of the land) with cultural
factors, such as technology and the economy. This interaction would allow you to learn both
the differences and similarities of ancient and contemporary civilizations.

French structuralism: This school —represented by Levi-Strauss, from France— uses an

analogy to explain the origin of the differences and similarities among cultures: the crux lies in
the existence of a general structure (symphony), an underlying pattern common to all cultures.
And what marks the difference among them is the melody, understood as the particular
arrangement or interpretation that each society makes of them, where the main interest is to
understand said structure. Another contribution of this current is the tendency of the human
mind to think in binary terms; an example of this is the nature versus culture opposition,
present in numerous myths collected along the anthropological endeavor.

the stage of evolucionisim:

lower savagery: Characterized by the subsistence through the collection of wild food,
promiscuity, nomadic horde as a basic unit of this type of societies, and common property of
resources.

higher savagery: They already had utensils for hunting (bow and arrows), banned marriage
among siblings, and family relationships were recognized exclusively through women.

barbarisim: Recognizable by the invention of agriculture and pottery, the prohibition of incest
was extended to all female offspring, and the clan and village formed the basic units of
organization.

higher stage of barbarisim: When metallurgy was being developed, family relationships were
traced by the male line, men married several women (which is known as polygyny) and private
property appears.

civilization: When writing developed, the civil government, and the monogamous couple as
the basis of the family.

Topic 3

deifinition of enculturation: enculturation (a learning process where the older generation

transmits and induces new generations to adopt ways of thinking and behaving in a socially
acceptable way).

Enculturation allows entering and perpetuating the expected behavior in the members of a
society, while allowing them to form value judgments about other cultures that do not share
them.
the different patterns of structure:

Infrastructure: Composed of activities from an external and behavioral point of view, by which
society meets its minimum requirements for subsistence and regulates demographic growth. In
this aspect it refers to family, groups of friends and in-law relationship, e.g.

structure: It consists of activities from an external and behavioral point of view, through which
society is organized into groups that distribute and regulate goods and labor. Here we are
talking about companies, their employees and workers.

super structure: Composed of behavior devoted to artistic, recreational, intellectual and

religious activities, such as attending worship practices, the temple or church and carry out in
practice the behaviors promoted by religion. It includes all activities from the internal point of
view of structure and infrastructure.

Topic 4

definition of:

nuclear family: is the one consisting of father, mother and children, as a result of the union of
the said couple, regardless of the quality and duration of the bond between them.

According to Murdock, the nuclear family has four vital functions to the functioning of society:

 Sexual relations (satisfies the sexual needs of its members).

 Reproduction (to ensure the protection of women during pregnancy and lactation).
 Education (allows the transmission and persistence of culture in families).
 Subsistence (through a division, by sex, of the activities needed for subsistence, it
ensures the economic welfare of the family).

extended family: includes, besides the father, mother and children, the parents and siblings of
each of the parents, as well as the children of the latter. It is, in this sense, the sum of all nuclear
families linked by blood ties.

definition of:

monogamy: Exclusive couple, comprising one man and one woman.

and one woman.

polygamy: Relationships are established with a variable number of spouses or partners.

Definition of:

Polygyny: one man is shared by several wives.

Polyandry: the woman has several husbands.

concepts of:

myth: These are stories that —by recreating places and people of unproven existence— fulfill
the aim of recreating the origins of human cultures. Picking up elements of real events, they
express the ideas of the group that creates them and allow them to locate in time and space of
their current reality. For example, in our country there are several myths that have persisted
over time until today, such as the legend of the volcanoes in central Mexico.

religion: One of the first authors to address this issue is Tylor, who —trying to define religion—
proposes the idea of God as the essence of this religious belief, and develops a concept of soul:
that intangible and invisible being that coexists inside the human body. His doctrine of souls or
animism is present in all societies.

magic: It is based on the idea that there are hidden powers in nature that must be appeased
through certain practices in order to get a benefit or cause misfortune; it is a constant that
appears widespread in many societies described by anthropologists. In the case of the former,
we have the patron saint’s feast days (celebrations around a Catholic saint, patron of the town
or neighborhood) and the offerings made to ask for favors (rain for good harvests, pest
extermination, etc.). In the case of cities, a close look at the stores and premises will allow you
to discover amulets to attract sales (plants with tied red ribbons, pictures of saints, hanging
garlic, etc.) and you can even observe that they throw sugar outside their stores to attract
customers.
Topic 5

Definitions of antropology in…

Education: The knowledge that anthropology can provide in this aspect is closely related to the
beliefs of the human group in question. The vicissitudes —faced by rural teachers in Mexico in
the past and present— are a good example in this regard.

The first attempts to bring education to the largest possible number of towns and villages
distant from the big cities are a high-risk enterprise for that who runs it. Despite repeated
government attempts to reduce the level of illiteracy, this remains as a difficult problem in the
country. The reasons include the contradiction between the locally accepted set of beliefs in a
group and the contents provided in textbooks.

Medicine: it is the study of social perceptions of disease, and the influence of culture in the
diagnosis, treatment and attention to health problems. In this regard, it must be said that the
work of the rural doctor is equally risky, because they have to deal with issues that have to do
with the doctor-patient relationship; in small communities it is common that —when interns or
doctors arrive to do their jobs— they face the refusal of female patients to be seen by a doctor
if her husband or a male relative is not present. Similarly, it is common that women prefer a
female doctor to treat them and vice versa, a practice that extends to large cities, where the
doctor’s gender should not be relevant to conduct medical consultation.

Urban: The role of the knowledge provided by the anthropologist in the study of human
behavior in large cities is a study area of recent development. The lifestyle in big cities, the way
individuals from various extractions live and solve their conflicts, the permanence of the sense
of rootedness and particular identity of populations who proclaim their existence since the pre-
Hispanic era, the existence of different levels of identity that arise from the ownership of the
local territory (the neighborhood, the town) and that are manifested in the preservation of ties
between those who are considered equal, as well as the contrasts between rural and urban life,
are just some of the many aspects in the study of cities from an anthropological point of view.

bussines antropology: It is worth mentioning the introduction of ethnographic techniques to

study business scenarios, and to improve and diagnose faults in the production process of
factories. On the other hand, ethnographic techniques are starting to be used recently for
market research. Anthropologists are increasingly incorporating in the development of
questionnaires, training of personnel to conduct house to house interviews to specific sectors
of the population, either to identify market niches or to measure the scope of advertising. Also
for creating databases of consumers, indicators calculation, etc.