OIL INDIA LIMITED

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Oil India Limited, Duliajan, Assam
(Training Period: 1st August 2023 to 31st August 2023)
AN INDUSTRIAL SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON
Township & Maintenance, Project, Survey, Fields, Design and Drawing
Submitted to:
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Oil India Limited
Duliajan, Assam

Submitted by:-
Under guidance of: Dhoijyo Dhiraj
Phukan(213450001001)
Mr. Pankaj Konwar Projects) Sauranga Dutta (203410001002)
Mr. DhimanJyoti Thakuria (Township and Department of Civil Engineering
Maintenance) Dhemaji Engineering College
Mr. Bikash Sonowl(Fields) Dhemaji :787057, Assam
Mr. Gunja Saikia (Survey)
Mr. Aatanu Hazarika (Design and Drawing)

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this project report is being submitted in fulfilment of the
industrial summer internship programme at Oil India Limited, Duliajan, Assam,
and is a result of self-done work carried out by us during duration of one month
in the month of August 2023.
We further declare that to our knowledge; the structure and content of
this report are original and have not been submitted for any purpose before.

Mr. Dhoijyo Dhiraj Phukan

Ms. Sauranga Dutta
B. Tech 3rd Year (6th semester)
Department of Civil Engineering
Dhemaji Engineering College, Dhemaji, Assam

Date: 31/08/2023
Place: Duliajan

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 PREFACE

This report describes the work carried out by us during our one-month
internship at Oil India Limited, Duliajan (Civil Department). During this period,
we have learned a lot of things related to the application of Civil Engineering in
an oil & gas company. We have acquired and applied various practical and
technical knowledge during this training programme and were able to hold a
grip at various civil engineering works at Oil India Limited. This has developed
a sense of confidence in us, which will surely be a booster for us in the future. I
perceive this opportunity as a significant milestone in our career development.

Theoretical knowledge without practical exposure is worth valueless. An

internship is a stepping-stone to one’s career. The purpose of an internship is to
prepare oneself for their chosen career. Civil engineering is an important part of
development of an Industry and from the initial stage to well-functioning of a
building and site, Civil Engineering plays a vital role.

This internship has proved to be a good field experience as well as a good

experience of industrial work culture, and it has also enhanced our technical
knowledge. All the credit goes to the civil engineering department who helped
us in every possible way.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to Oil India Limited
and specifically to L&D Department, OIL for giving us the opportunity for this
industrial internship in the Civil Engineering Department under the supervision
of their esteemed Civil Engineers. We would like to thank Civil Department
(OIL), R&D Department, all the Engineers and also the office Employees for
their immense help and supervision during our internship period. We would like
to thank Mr. Dulal Chandra Nath, Deputy General Manager (DGM) for being
our first mentor and thankful to Mr. Paresh Karmakar, General Manager (GM),
Mr. Arabinda Bairagey Deputy General Manager (DGM), Deep Kumar Saikia,
Deputy General Manager (DGM) and Atanu Hazarika (Chief Engineer) for
allowing us to learn about Different project work, Field work, Survey work for
determining rig location, Design and Drawing and Township and maintenance
in Duliajan OIL town.
We owe our special thanks to Mr. Bikash Sonowal(Chief Engineer),Mr. Pankaj
Konwar (Junior Engineer), Mr. Gunja Saikia (Chief Engineer), and Dhiman
Jyoti Thakuria (Senior Engineer) all the employees for their valuable guidance
throughout the training program.
Again, we would like to thank Training and Placement Cell of Dhemaji
Engineering College for giving us the opportunity to do this internship in OIL
INDIA LIMITED, Duliajan.
Ms. Dhoijyo Dhiraj Phukan
Mr. Sauranga Dutta
B.Tech 3rd Year (6th semester)
Department of Civil Engineering
Dhemaji Engineering College, Assam

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 CONTENTS

➢ Chapter 1: Introduction 6-7

➢ Chapter 2: Survey Section 8-20

➢ Chapter 3: Project Section 21-29

➢ Chapter 4: Design and Drawings 30-33

➢ Chapter 5: Township and Maintenance 34-45

➢ Chapter 6: Field Work 46-52

➢ References: 53

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 INTRODUCTION
Overview of OIL:
Oil India Limited (OIL) is a central public sector undertaking engaged
in the business of exploration, development and production of crude oil and
natural gas, transportation of crude oil and production of liquid petroleum gas.
The central public sector undertaking is a Navratna, with the Ministry of
Petroleum and Natural Gas overseeing its operations. Headquartered in
Duliajan, Assam, the company has its offices in Duliajan, Noida, Guwahati and
Jodhpur.

The company's history spans the discovery of crude oil in India in the year
1889, this was second in the World in the far east of India at Digboi and
Naharkatiya, Assam to its present status as a fully integrated upstream
petroleum company presently operating in more than 9 locations overseas.
Recently, OIL acquired majority shares in Numaligarh Refinery Limited from
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, thus making Numaligarh Refinery
Limited a subsidiary of OIL.
The Oil India Ltd, the oil and gas sector employs civil engineers because of the
abundance of civil work. The whole industry is related to installing machinery,
drilling oil, and extracting hydrocarbons. However, the leading engineer suitable
to work in this sector is a civil engineer. The civil engineer investigates suitable
sites, examines soil and rock samples, makes predictions on the effects on the
surrounding environment, and interacts with residents.

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 Civil engineers are present at the construction site to produce precise project
drawings and maps and monitor other technical professionals’ work. They
ensure that the project is finished in accordance with the design, plan, budget,
and schedule by organizing and supervising the workers, plant, and supplies.
One of the earliest subfields of engineering, civil engineering focuses on the
long-term planning, construction, and management of the essential public works
that support modern life. Oil companies need civil engineers to construct oil
fields, pipelines, bases, and shelters for a wide variety of machinery, storage
facilities, and more.
Civil engineers are responsible for the creation, enhancement, and defence
of the environment in which we live. They are responsible for the planning,
designing, and supervising the construction and maintenance of various building
structures and infrastructures, such as highways, trains, airports, bridges,
harbours, dams, irrigation projects, power plants, and water and sewerage
systems. They are also responsible for designing and constructing massive
constructions and towering buildings that can resist any kind of climate.
Different sections in civil engineering department: The works of civil
engineer in Oil India Limited are divided into many sections. They are:
• Survey section
• Project section
• Design and Drawing section
• Maintenance section and Township maintenance
• Field Work

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 CHAPTER 1

SURVEY SECTION

SURVEYING is the art of making such measurements as will determine the relative
positions of points on the surface of the earth in order that the shape and extent of any portion
of earth surface may be ascertained and delineated on a map or plan. It is a process of
determining positions of points in a horizontal plane.

LEVELLING is the art of determining and representing the relative heights or

elevations of different points on the surface of the earth. It is the process of determining
positions of points in a vertical plane.

Object of Survey:

It is the preparation of a plan or map. The results of surveys when plotted and drawn
on paper constitute a plan or map.

➢ Plan- If the scale is large.

➢ MAP-If the scale is small.

e. g. A plan of a building, A map of India. Layout plan of Loc XYZ, Land map of Loc XYZ.

Primary Division of Surveying:

a) Geodetic: Also called Trigonometrical Surveying. Since the shape of the earth is
spheroidal, it is necessary to take into account the curvature of the earth. The object of the
Geodetic Surveying is to determine precise positions on the surface of the earth. Such surveys
are conducted mainly through the agencies of Government. It is characterized by
(i) the large distance & areas,
(ii) the use of very refined instruments,
(iii) the use of very refined methods of observation and adjustment.
(iv) high precision.

b) Plane: In Plane Surveying the curvature of the earth is not taken into account, as the
surveys extend over small areas. As a rough estimate, American Surveyors put the limit at
250 sq. km. for treating the surveys as plane. Plane methods are frequently employed for
surveys of much greater areas when great accuracy is not required.

Classification of Survey:
1.Based upon the Nature of the field of survey:

a) Land Survey

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b) Marine Navigation Survey

c) Astronomical Survey

2.Based upon the object of Survey:

a) Archaeological survey

b)Geological Survey

c)Mine Survey

d) Military Survey

3. Based upon the methods employed in survey

a) Triangulation Survey

b)Traverse Survey

4. Based upon the Instruments employed:

a) Chain Survey

b) Compass Survey

d) Tacheometric Survey

e) Plane Table Survey

g) Photogrammetric and Aerial Survey

Secondary Classification: Land Survey is further classified into -

a)Topographical Survey-determing the natural & man made features.

b) Cadastral Survey - Additional details like parcel, houses & other properties, path way etc.

c) City Survey - Laying out plots, Street, water supply system,

d) Engineering Survey - for determining quantity & design of works.

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 Uses of survey:

Surveyor must be thoroughly familiar with the principles and practice of surveying, since
all engineering & construction projects extending over large areas, such as highways,
railways, water supply, irrigation, oil, coal, mineral exploration area, dam etc are based
upon elaborate and complete surveys. In all engineering projects the preparation of
accurate map or plans and sections is the first necessity.

Precision in surveying:

The degree of precision required in survey work mainly depends upon the
purpose ofthe survey. Before commencing work, the surveyor must consider the
following factors:

▪ The purpose of the survey.

▪ The degree of precision required for that purpose.
▪ The nature and extent of the area.
▪ The sources of error.
▪ The time available for both field and office work.
▪ The cost of survey.

Having considered these factors, the surveyor may decide upon methods and instruments
bestsuited.

Principal of surveying:
a) To work from the whole to the part. The object of this system of working is to
preventthe accumulation of error and to control and localize minor errors. If we
work from the part to the whole, small errors are magnified in the process of
expansion of survey and become uncontrollable at the end.
b) To fix the positions of new stations by both linear and angular measurements.

Scales in surveying:

Drawings are not made full sized. For convenience it is generally necessary to
draw surveyed features to a reduced size. This operation being known as "Drawing to
Scale". The scale of a map or drawing is the fixed proportion which every distance on the

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map or drawing bears to the corresponding distance on the ground.

Scales are classified as:

a) Plane scale
b) Diagonal scale
c) Vernier scale

There are also some local scales used during surveying and mapping in village areas
by oilIndia Limited. The local scale is:

a) Pura
b) Nol
c) Kotha
d) Loosa

Conversion:

▪ 4bigha =1 pura
▪ 12ft =1nol
▪ 100 loosa / 5 kotha = 1bigha
▪ 1 loosa = 144 square ft
▪ 1 kotha =20 loosa
▪ 1 kotha = 2880 square ft

Role of Survey Section under Civil Engineering Department

Civil engineering Department provide details of location (original or agreed revised). Plinth
and other standard requirements, approach road, land area and cost estimates etc. The role
of survey department is:

▪ After the release of drilling location by geological department, the coordinates of

the proposed location will be calculated from the distance and bearing provided and
the location will be staked on ground by survey section itself on the basis of above
coordinates.
▪ Demarcation of land boundary is done by survey section and prepare land map of
the proposed location.
▪ Field measurement of individual plot is also done by survey section and calculate

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 individual land area and shown to land department.
▪ After release of land, layout of land for drilling location will be prepared.
▪ Demarcation of plinth, approach road, centreline, road over plinth, formation level,
checking of foundation level, checking of derrick sub structure level and engine
benchlevel etc is done by survey section when required by another department.

▪ Earlier Instrument used for surveying and land mapping by OIL

1. Theodolite:
Theodolite surveying is that branch of surveying in which theodolite is used
to measure the horizontal and vertical angles. A Theodolite is a very precise instrument,
mainly used for determining the horizontal and vertical distances between two points.

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2. Dumpy level:
Dumpy level is commonly used levelling instrument to locate the points in
same
horizontal plane. It is also called as automatic level or builder's level. Elevations of
different points and distance between the points of same elevation can be determined by
dumpy level.

3. Chain used in surveying:

Mainly used chain in oil India limited is Gunter’s chain. It is also called
surveyor's chain, is used to measure distances when surveying land. It allows plots of
land to be accurately surveyed and plotted for legal and commercial purposes. It comes in
standard 66 ft. this chain consists of 100 links, each link being 0.66 ft or 7.92 inches. The
length 66 ft is selected because it is convenient in land Measurements

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4. Compass:
There are two main kinds of magnetic compass used in surveying,
both of which are included in the collection. The Surveyor's compass and the Prismatic
compass. The surveyor's compass is usually the larger and more accurate instrument, and
is generally used on a stand or tripod.

5. Inver tape:
Invar tapes are made of a rare metal alloy called invar. Invar has a
low rate of thermal expansion. In surveying, Invar tape is used because it is very accurate
and doesn't change with temperature. This makes it good for making accurate measures
over long distances.

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Instrument used for surveying and land mapping by OIL
Total station:

Total Station instrument combine the following three basic components into
one integral unit
An EDM instrument (Electronic Distance Measurement).

An electronic digital theodolite.

A simple microprocessor. It also consists of a Battery socket which houses the

battery. A fully charged battery works about 3 to 5 hrs continuously.

Accuracy of a total station:

The angular accuracy varies from 1″to 7.

The distance accuracy varies from 7 mm to 2 mm.

With this instrument horizontal angle, vertical angles and slope distances can be
measured from a single setup. With these data it can instantaneously compute horizontal
and vertical distance components, elevation and co-ordinates and display the result on
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). If the co-ordinates of the occupied station and a reference
azimuth are inputted in the system or the co-ordinates of both the occupied & back station
are inputted in the system, the co-ordinates of all the sighted points are immediately
obtained.
All these things are not possible in an ordinary theodolite (In ordinary Theodolite

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everything is to be done manually).
The data is stored directly in the memory of the Total Station. It can also be stored in
memory card. Later, the data is downloaded in the PC, processed & drawing is prepared
which elements manual involvement in field book recording, computation, drawing
preparation etc. The EDM instrument can measure the distance up to 2km with a single
prism and 7km with triple prism and thus manual measurement and error in measurement
can be eliminated.

Function performed by Total Station:

Averaging multiple angle and distance measurements.

Making curvature and refraction correction to elevation.
Reducing slope distances to their horizontal and vertical components.
Calculating point elevation from the vertical distance components (supplemented
with keyboard input of instrument and reflector height.
Computing co-ordinates of survey points from horizontal angle horizontal
distance components.
Remote distance measurement (When two points are not mutually visible.)
Remote elevation measurement.
Fixing of missing pillars
Surface area calculation.
Resection

Applications:
Control surveys.
All types of engineering project.
Cadastral surveys.
Road, Railways, Hydroelectric project etc.
Boundary surveys.
Mine surveys.

Sources of Errors:

Wrong identification of initial known points.

Improper key-in of the coordinates.
Improper job parameters settings.
Prism constant if using the Prism of different make.
Model of total station used by Oil India Limited: W2801N

Reading of Total Station:

I. Backsight reading
Northing: 500
Easting: 5007.135
Elevation: 98.669

II. For height determination of a building

RL of lowest point 98.398m

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RL of top point: 108.808
Height = 10.41m

Hand GPS:
A handheld GPS is a device that uses the global positioning system, combining modern
geographic technology with a portable, user friendly device for everyday use. One of the
significant benefit of handheld GPS device is their ability to accurate and reliable
navigation information. These devices utilize a network of satellite to pinpoint exact
location with remarkable precision. With the handheld GPS devices surveyors can
quickly and easily map out land and accurately gather data on the features of the land.
However handheld GPS does not provide surveying and mapping data of the highest
accuracy.

Model of Hand GPS used by Oil India Limited: Etrex 30.

Determination of location by using Handheld GPS:

Select a suitable location on ground free from obstruction like trees and open to
the sky
For determination longitude and latitude at leat four satellite is required.
After determination of longitude and latitude the points are plotted in google map
and required location is obtained.

Reading taken by hand GPS:

Longitude: N 27'21'22.8"

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Latitude: E 95'19'07.2"

GPS:
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based radio positioning and timetransfer
system designed, financed, deployed and operated by US Department of Defence.
It is also demonstrated a significant benefit to civilian community. The attractions of GPS
are:
Relatively high positioning accuracy.
No inter station visibility is required for high precision positioning.
Results are obtained with reference to a single, global datum.
Signals are available to users anywhere on the earth; in the air, on the ground or
in the sea.
No user charges, requiring only relatively low cost hard ware.
An all- weather system, available 24 hours a day.
Position information is provided in three- dimension.

The GPS observation will yield coordinates of the stations in the World Geodetic
System WGS-84, which is a geocentric datum. After receiving the field data, receivers are
connected to the computer using a data downloading cable and the data is downloaded
into the computer for post processing with the help of downloading software provided
with each instrument.GPS is used in surveying, navigation and related fields including

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control surveys, cadastral surveying, monitoring and engineering problems, precision
navigation, photogrammetry, geodynamics etc.

GPS consists of three components:

a) The space segment.
b) The control segment.
c) The user segment
A) The Space Segment: It consists of 24 satellites in 6 orbital plane inclined at about 63
degrees to the equator at an altitude of approximately 20,200km 4 satellites in each
plane. The space segment broadcast signals which allow user to determine position,
velocity and time. At least 4 satellites are visible at any time of a day. The orbital
period is nearly 12 hrs. Solar cells power each satellite and its atomic clock. Satellites
continuously transmit time information from the clock. The signals can be picked up
and processed by GPS receiver to determine exact loc. and altitude.

The basic functions are:

Receive & store data up loaded by control segment.

Maintain accurate time by means of on board atomic clock.
Transmit information & signal to user on two L band frequency.

The satellite signal consists of the following components:

Two L band carrier waves.
Ranging code modulated on the carrier waves.
Navigation message.

The primary function of the ranging code is to permit the signal transit time (from
satellite to receiver) to be determined. The transit time when multiplied by the speed
of light then gives a measure of the receiver-satellite Range. The navigation message
contains the satellite coordinate information.

B) The control segment: The control segment consists of satellite health monitoring,
telemetry tracking, and command & control satellite orbit. There are currently five
ground facilities stations operated by US dept. of defence & perform the following
functions All the five stns. equipped with GPS receiver to track the satellites. The
resultant data is sent to master control stn. At the master control stations. The data are
processed in order to compute the satellite co-ordinate. Three of the stations are up
loaded stations. Through which data is telemetered to the satellite. Each satellite
predicted co-ordinate expressed in the reference system earth centred earth fixed
reference system known as world geodetic system (WGS-84).

C) The user segment: Appropriate satellite receiver is required to use the GPS signal for
navigation purpose or for geodetic positioning.

Main components of GPS receiver are:

a) Antenna
b) Sensor
c) Controller

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d) 12v Battery

Antenna detects the electromagnetic wave arriving from satellite, converts the wave
energy into electric current amplifying & hands the signal over to receiver electronics.
After receiving the field data, the receiver is connected to the computer using a data
down loading cable & the data is down loaded into the computer for processing with
the help of a down loading software.

Possible application of GPS

Control surveys cadastral surveying Geodynamics.
Monitoring & Engineering problems
Precision navigation
Photogrametry
Marine & glacial geodesy.

DGPS:
A Differential Global Positioning system (DGPS) is an enhancement to the Global
Positioning System (GPS) which provide improved location accuracy, in the range of
operations of each system, from the 15m nominal GPS accuracy to about 1-3cm in case
of how best implementations. DGPS can be used in harsh and rough terrains like hilly
areas or wet places like marshlands and rainy areas. DGPS or Differential Global
Positioning System provides precisely accurate readings even millimetres are corrected

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 CHAPTER 2

LABORATARY TEST
1. Fineness test on cement

The fineness of cement is responsible for the rate of hydration, rate of evolution of heat and
the rate of gain of strength. Finer the grains more is the surface area and faster the development
of strength.

The fineness of cement can be determined by Sieve Test or Air Permeability test.

Sieve Test: Air-set lumps are broken, and the cement is sieved continuously in a circular and
vertical motion for a period of 15 minutes. The residue left on the sieve is weighed, and
it should not exceed 10% for ordinary cement. This test is rarely used for fineness.

Air Permeability Test: Blaine's Air Permeability Test is used to find the specific surface,
which is expressed as the total surface area in sq.cm/g. of cement. The surface area is more for
finer particles.

2. Consistency test on cement

This test is conducted to find the setting times of cement using a standard consistency test
apparatus, Vicat's apparatus.

Standard consistency of cement paste is defined as that water content which will permit a Vicat
plunger of 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate depths of 33-35 mm within 3-5
minutes of mixing.

The test has to undergo three times, each time the cement is mixed with water varying from 24
to 27% of the weight of cement.

This test should be conducted at a constant temperature of 25°C or 29°C and at a constant
humidity of 20%.

3. Setting Time of cement

Vicat's apparatus is used to find the setting times of cement i.e., initial setting time and final
setting time.

Initial Setting Time:

For this test, a needle of 1 mm square size is used. The needle is allowed to penetrate into the
paste (a mixture of water and cement as per the consistency test). The time taken to penetrate
33-35 mm depth is recorded as the initial setting time.

Final Setting Time:

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After the paste has attained hardness, the needle does not penetrate the paste more than 0.5
mm. The time at which the needle does not penetrate more than 0.5 mm is taken as the final
setting time.

5. Strength test of cement

The strength of cement cannot be defined directly on the cement. Instead the strength of
cement is indirectly defined on cement-mortar of 1:3. The compressive strength of this mortar
is the strength of cement at a specific period.

6. Soundness test of cement

This test is conducted in Le Chatelier's apparatus to detect the presence of uncombine lime
and magnesia in cement.

Test for silt contain in sand

A good quality construction sand has a particle size measuring about 150 microns
to 4.75mm. Particles smaller than this are classified as silt. The presence of excess quantity (>
8%) of silt in sand reduces the bonding capacity of raw materials and affects the strength and
durability of work. It is recommended to conduct silt content test for every 20m3 of sand.

Procedure for the Test

1. Firstly, a 100ml solution of 1% salt and water is prepared in the measuring cylinder.
The addition of salt increases the settlement time of silt.
2. According to IS code a 500ml measuring cylinder is taken and 50ml salt solution is
added to it.
3. The sample of sand to be tested is then added to the cylinder until the water level
reaches 100ml.
4. 50ml of the salt solution is added to the measuring cylinder to reach the level of
150ml.
5. Close the open end of the measuring cylinder and shake it well.
6. After a period of 3-4 hours, you will notice a layer of silt settled over the sand.
7. Now note down the volume V1 of the silt layer settled over the sand.
8. Note down the volume V2 of the settled sand.

Percentage of Silt Content = (V1/V2) x 100

V1 - Volume of silt layer

V2 - Volume of sand layer

For example, for a given sand sample, if V1 comes out to be 9 and V2 is 130, the % silt
content would be 6.9 %.

The permissible value of silt content in Sand is 8%, hence the sand sample is ok and
can be used for construction purposes.

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Consistency of cement test
The Consistency of cement test is performed to determine the amount of water content that is
to be added in cement to attain Standard consistency or normal consistency of cement.

Amount of water added in cement to penetrate the Vicat plunger up to a depth of 5-7mm
from the bottom of the Vicat mould or 33-35mm from top of the Vicat Mould.

Significance:-

When water is mixed with cement, it starts hydration. Excessive addition of water in cement
results in an increase in Water cement ratio & ultimately cement loses its strength when it
hardens. If Less water is added than required, Cement isn’t properly hydrated and results in
loss of strength.

The Standard or Normal consistency for Ordinary Portland cement varies between 25-
35%.

To prepare a mix of cement paste of Standard consistency 25-35% of water is added to cement.
To explain in detail Let us assume a standard consistency is 30%.
Take 400g of Cement for this quantity, Add 30% of Water. i.e., 120g of water content is added
in cement to attain standard consistency.

How to calculate the standard consistency or normal consistency of cement?

Well, as already mentioned the standard consistency is varied from site to site and region to
region and also with the composition and fineness of cement. It’s essential to standardize the
percentage of water is added in cement to complete the chemical reaction.

For finding the normal consistency of cement as per IS:4031-PART4-1988 VICAT

APPARATUS test is performed.

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Apparatus required:-

Weighing balance of 1000g with accuracy 1g and Measuring cylinder of 200ml, VICAT
apparatus, VICAT Mould, Glass plate, the plunger of 10mm dia and Hand Trowel.

Procedure:

1. Take 400g of cement and place it in a bowl or tray.

2. Now Assume standard consistency of water is 30% and add the same quantity of water
in cement and mix it.
3. Mix the paste thoroughly within 3-5 minutes. The time taken to obtain cement paste
after adding water is called gauging time.
4. Now fill the paste in Vicat mould correctly any excessive paste remained on Vicat
mould is taken off by using a trowel.
5. Then, place the VICAT mould on Glass plate and see that the plunger should touch the
surface of VICAT mould gently.
6. Release the Plunger and allow it to sink into the test mould.
7. Note down the penetration of the plunger from the bottom of mould indicated on the
scale.
8. Repeat the same experiment by adding different percentages of water until the reading
is in between 5-7mm on the Vicat apparatus scale.

Initial Setting Time of Cement.

Initial setting time of cement is defined as the time elapsed between the moments
when water is added to the cement to the time when the cement paste starts losing its
plasticity. It can also be defined as the time elapsed between the moments when water is

24
added to the cement to the time when the Vicat square needle penetrates a depth of 33-35 mm
from the top (5 to 7 mm from the bottom) of the mould of the Vicat Apparatus.

The device which is used to find the initial setting time of cement is called as Vicat apparatus.
It has a square needle of 1 mm size and 50 mm length and a mould, which is 40 mm in height
and 80 mm in diameter.

Test Procedure:

• A cement paste is prepared by mixing water 0.85P% by weight of cement.

• The time of mixing should not be less than 3 minutes and should not be more than 5
minutes.
• After proper mixing the paste is filled in the vicat mould and the top surface is
levelled properly.
• The mould is then placed under square needle and this needle is slowly brought down
to touch the surface of the paste.
• Now the square needle is suddenly released and allowed to sink into the cement paste
by its own weight.
• The depth of penetration of the square needle in the paste is noted down.
• The whole experiment is repeated with incremental time intervals until such a time
when the square needle is penetrated to a depth of 5-7mm in the vicat scale
• The time elapsed between the moments when water is added to the cement to the time
when the square needle penetrates a depth of 5-7mm in the vicat scale is known as the
Initial Setting Time of that cement.
• The initial Setting Time should not be less than 30 minutes for Ordinary Portland
Cement.

Vicat Apparatus Test For Final Setting Time of Cement

The apparatus used for the final setting time of cement test is same as that of used for
the test of initial setting time of cement but the needle will be different.

Test Procedure :

• A cement paste is prepared by adding water 0.85P% by weight of cement.

• The time of mixing should not be less than 3 minutes and should not be more than 5
minutes.
• Now the paste is filled in the Vicat mould and the top is levelled off.
• The mould is now placed under the square needle with annular collar and is brought
down touch the surface of the paste.
• Now the square needle with annular collar is suddenly released and allowed to make on
impression on the cement paste by its own weight.
• The impression made by this square needle with annular collar is observed.

25
• The whole experiment is repeated with incremental time intervals until such a time
when the square needle makes an impression on the paste while the annular collar fails
to do so.
• The time elapsed between the moments when water is added to the cement to the time
when the square needle makes an impression on the paste while the annular collar fails
to do so is known as the Final Setting Time of the cement.
• The final setting time of cement should not be more than 600 minutes(10 hr) for
Ordinary Portland Cement

26
 CHAPTER 3

TOWNSHIP AND MAINTANCE

It include maintenance of common areas such as roads , buildings ,playgrounds ,
roads , garbage and drainage system of the town.

Oil India Limited is located in upper northeast India , Duliajan is an ideal setting
for the field headquarters of OIL . It is a thriving industrial township set amidst
lush green perennial foliage , a remarkable features of this part of the country.
The township maintenance is responsible for the maintenance and repairing of
Quarters & Bungalows, Office building , industrial sheds and other
establishments.

27
Repairing of Seepage and Leakage
The cracks on ceilings must be repair using cement, mortar or other durable materials.
Application of waterproof putties and coatings must be applied after sealing the cracks.
Moreover, cleaning and clearing of outlets, drainpipes and rainwater pipes for smooth passage
of water must be necessary.
1) Tarfelt Layer :-
Tarfelt is recommended as an economical waterproofing system . It can be
applied over various types of surfaces such as concrete , GI sheet , timber ,etc. It is also use
for waterproofing of godowns , warehouses etc. Tarfelt is consist of a oxidized bituminous
compound. Bituminous coatings are effective at waterproofing and protecting various
substrates, particularly metal, from the adverse effects of corrosion . Its efficient barrier
protection is due mainly to its hydrophobic property , which naturally repels water and
prevents moisture from contacting vulnerable substrates.

2) Waterproofing Paint :-
Epoxy paint is one of the most suitable paint for waterproofing .
Epoxy is a two part coating system resin and curing agent poured over concrete
and other surfaces to create a scratch proof shell for your floor . Epoxy is
different from regular paint in that it creates a tough , hardened surface that is
virtually impervious.
3) Admixtures :-
Admixtures can improve building materials workability, durability ,strength
and aesthetics. Admixtures can be classified into different types based on their
chemical and physical properties. The most common types of admixtures
include chemical admixtures , mineral admixtures and fibre admixtures .

a. Dr . Fixit Pidicrete URP MODEL :- It is based on modified styrene

butadiene latex supplied as a ready to use bonding agent in liquid
consistency. It is used for repair of spalled concrete floors , columns , beam

28
 ,slabs & waterproofing of toilets & bathrooms. Prevents cracking by
improving flexural strength and dust generation. It also reduces drying &
aging shrinkage cracks.

Its coverage area is 2-2.2 sq. meters for a mix of 1kg URP and 1.5 kg cement .
Therefore Pidicrete URP use for water proofing , Cement in the ratio 1: 1.5 by
volume .

b. Fixit Pidiproof LW+ :- It is specially formulated integral liquid

waterproofing compound composed of surface active plasticising agents ,
polymers & additives . It is used as an additive for cement concrete , mortar &
plasters. It makes concrete cohesive and prevents segregation.It make concrete
more cohesive , hence protects steel better against corrosion.Being a liquid ,
easily dispersible & compatible with concrete and mortar mixes . It reduces the
permeability of water into concrete. It also reduces shrinkage crack
development in plaster & concrete.

29
The setting time and compressive strength of the concrete remains within the
specification limits. Dosage of 200 ml per 50 kg bag of cement.

Construction , Repairing and Maintenance of Industrial sheds

Following are the construction, repairing and maintenance work carried out in
industrial area:
a) Drainage Construction: - It is formed on the purpose to control the
water flooding and logging and to protect the industry from various damages
caused by it. It is linked with the main drainage system of the back side.

Fig:-Drainage constructi
b) Central Canteen: - The Central canteen is constructed for the members,
employees, workers etc. to provide everyone a better accessibility of food.

30
 Fig: - Central Canteen
c) Construction of pile foundation in Central Workshop: - There is a deep
foundation of pile is done due to the input of a machine.

Fig: - Pile foundation

d) Repairing of base: -
The base of crude oil storage tank was damaged enough for which a PCC has
done for its repairing

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 Fig :- Repairing of base

Laboratory Test
NDT (Non-Destructive Test) Of Concrete structure:
Non-Destructive Testing Methods for Concrete Are Used to Assess the
Properties and Quality of Concrete Structures Without Causing Any Damage.
These Test Are Important for Evaluating the Structural Integrity, Identifying
Defects, And Determining the Durability of Concrete. Methods of Non-
Destructive Testing of Concrete
A) Penetration Tests on Concrete.
B) Rebound Hammer Method.
C) Pull-Out Tests on Concrete Dynamic.
D) Non-Destructive Test Radioactive Methods Of NDT.

Rebound hammer test: This test involves striking the concrete surface with a
specialized hammer and measuring the rebound velocity. It provides an
indication of the concrete's strength and can help identify areas of low strength
or potential deterioration.
IS code for rebound hammer test: IS 13311(part2): 1992.
Purpose of rebound hammer test:
• To establish the concrete`s comprehensive strength by establishing a
relationship

32
between rebound index and comprehensive strength.
• To evaluate how consistent the concrete is.
• To determine the quality of concrete following the standard requirement.

Procedure:
i)For testing smooth, clean and dry surface is to be selected.
ii. Rough surfaces do not give reliable results and should be avoided.
iii. The point of impact should be at least 20 mm away from any edge or shape.
iv. For taking measurement, the rebound hammer is held at right angles to the
surface of the concrete member.
v. The test can be conducted horizontally on vertical surfaces or vertically
upward or downwards on horizontal surfaces.
vi. If inclined plane of concrete surface is to be tested, the rebound hammer can
be held at intermediate angles also.
vii. But in each case, the rebound number will be different for the sane concrete.
viii. Rebound hammer test is conducted around all the points of observation on
structural element.
ix. Around each point of observation, six readings of rebound
x. Take the average of six readings to get "average rebound number are taken”.

Result Interpretation:
Average Rebound Number Quality of Concrete
>40 Very good hard layer
30 to 40 Good layer
20 to 30 Fair
<20 Poor concrete
0 Delaminated

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 CHAPTER 4
PROJECT SECTION

MGD Water treatment plant system Duliajan

The water treatment Plant at Tipling supply potable water for domestic/Industrial and
Firefighting requirement of entire Duliajan housing and nearby field installations as per IS
10500 standards. The installed capacity of water treatment plant is 4 million Gallons per day
and was commissioned way back in 1989. However, with time the potable water demand in
Housing, industrial area and for firefighting purpose has increase manifold. Presently the
plant is running overload at 5.8 MGD approximately 45% higher than its capacity. This
requires that there is very less time for the equipment to carry out maintenance and to operate
the equipment trouble free for maximum allowable time. The water cycle at 4 MGD passes
through the process of sedimentation, chemical treatment, rapid gravity filtration and
Disinfection. In the water treatment plant the raw water undergoes a series of processes that
improves the quality of water to make it more acceptable for a specific end-use. The 4 MGD
WTP is IMS (ISO 9001:2015 & ISO 14001:2015) Certified Plant.

Process flow in water treatment plant:

a) Surface water: The water is collected from Burhi-dihing River at Pontoon site and is
pumped to the water treatment plant via 24-inch pipeline.

Fig : pumping of water from Burhi-Dihing river

b) Lift house: It is also called intake well. Intake structures are used for collecting water
from the surface source and conveying it further to the water treatment plant. It
consists of vertical pumps.
c) Inlet chamber: Raw water from the Pontoon site enters the inlet chamber through 24-
inch pipes and then flows to the pre settler tank under gravity.

34
 Fig: Free inlet chamber
d) Pre settler tank: Here water is allowed for some retention time for settlement of
Impurities.

Fig: Pre settler tank

The water flows in at the centre of the large circular basins. It consists of two
concentric basins. The raw water enters the pre settler tank through the bottom inlet
with great force or velocities.

e) Addition of chemicals: Water then flows into an open channel where chemicals, viz.
ferric alum, PAC, sodium aluminate and hydrated lime, are added to the water for
treatment and flocculation. After thorough mixing of chemicals in the channel, water
flows to two numbers of 'Clariflocculator' tanks through PVC pipes.

Fig: Addition of hydrated line through PVC pipe

f) Flow meter: A flow meter is an instrument use to control and measure the flow in the
water treatment plant. If the flow of water is more than required flow than the excess
volume of water is again drained to the river.

35
 Fig: Flow Meter

g) Baffle: Baffle are added to the channel to increase the mixing of the chemicals.
Baffles create current directing walls that channels flowing water over specific paths
increase the amount of time and turbulence that water is exposed to treatment
processes. The baffles can greatly reduce water treatment chemical requirements by
improving mixing.

Fig: Baffle
h) Clariflocculator: Clariflocculator is a combined flocculator and clarifier in which
floc formation and its subsequent removal by sedimentation occur. It has two
concentric tanks where the inner tank serves as a flocculation basin and the outer tank
serves as a clarifier.

Fig: Clariflocculator

36
i) Rapid gravity filter (Filter Bed): The two types of rapid sand filter are the gravity
type (e.g., Paterson's filter) and pressure type (e.g., Candy's filter). Rapid sand filters
are typically designed as part of multi-stage treatment systems used by large
municipalities. The filtration system requires a relatively small land area in proportion
to the population served, and the design is less sensitive to changes in raw water
quality. Filters use relatively coarse sand and other granular media to remove particles
41 and impurities that have been trapped in a floc through the use of flocculation
chemicals. The unfiltered water flows through the filter medium under gravity, the
floc material is trapped in the sand matrix. Rapid sand filters must be cleaned
frequently, often several times a day, by backwashing, which involves reversing the
direction of the water and adding compressed air.

Fig: Rapid Gravity filter

j) Disinfection: After the water has been filtered, water treatment plants may add one or
more chemical disinfectants (such as chlorine, chloramine, or chlorine dioxide) to kill
any remaining parasites, bacteria, or viruses. To help keep water safe as it travels to
homes and businesses, water treatment plants will make sure the water has low levels
of the chemical disinfectant when it leaves the treatment plant. This remaining
disinfectant kills germ living in the pipes between the water treatment plant and your
tap.
k) Underground filtered water tank: It is an underground reservoir tank with a
capacity of 4000 million gallons per day. An underground filtered water tank is a
storage tank buried underground that is specifically designed to store filtered and
treated water. These tanks are commonly used in various applications, including
residential, commercial, and industrial settings, to store clean and potable water for
later use. The underground placement helps to save space and protect the tank from
external elements.

37
 Fig: Underground Water reservoir (4KMG)

l) Filtered water pump house: The water from the reservoir is then delivered to
overhead tanks distributed around the city using centrifugal pumps. The function of a
filtered water pump house is to facilitate the distribution of filtered and treated water
from a water treatment plant to various destinations, such as residential areas
(employee and executive quarters), commercial buildings, industrial facilities, and
public distribution points.

Fig: Pump house

Gas supply in Duliajan Oil Town:
In Oil India Limited crude oil and Natural gas is extracted through drilling rig and then separated and
natural gases are collected in GCS and crude oil are collected in OCS.
The Collected natural gases are methane, ethane, propane, ethane, butane etc. Ethene is taken by
BCPL for production of poly ethene. Butane and propane are used for LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas)
production. Rest of the methane are used in household, power production and gas turbine.

Supply of gas in oil colony: The gases are provide to the oil town through mild steel pipe of
diameter 6.1 m. The pressure of gas supplied is (1.5-2) kg/cm2. This mild steel pipes are either bend
or connected with union valve of sizes ½, ¾ , ¼ inch pipe and through this pipe gas are provided in
the kitchens of quarters

38
 CHAPTER 6

FIELDS

Construction Of Roads
Roads:- Road Transport is considered to be one of the most cost effective and preferred
mode of transport, both for freight and passengers, keeping in view its level of penetration into
populated areas. Thus, it is vital for economic development and social integration of the
country. Road Transport has emerged as the dominant segment in India’s transportation sector
with a share of 4.5 % in India’s GDP in 2005-2006. Therefore Ministry formulates policies for
road safety so as to minimize road accidents. The important schemes formulated and managed
by the Road Safety Division / Section include publicity programs , National Highways
Accident Relief Service Scheme (NHARSS).
Roads in India :- There are usually 5 main categories of road in India
• National Highways
• State Highways
• Major District Roads
• Other District Roads
• Village Roads
Types Of Road based on Materials :-

• Earthen Roads
• Murrum Roads
• Gravel Roads
• WBM Roads
• Kankar Roads
• Concrete Roads
• Bituminous Roads

Types Of Road based on rigidity :-

1) Rigid Pavement:-
Rigid pavement is a type of concrete pavement that is designed to
provide durability, has a long lifespan, and has the ability to withstand
heavy loads. It is commonly used for high-traffic roads, airports, and
industrial areas, where the pavement needs to be able to handle a lot of
wear and tear. Types of rigid pavement are:-
i. Jointed Concrete Reinforced Concrete Pavement.
ii. Continuous Reinforced Concrete Pavement
2) Flexible Roads:-
A pavement which consist of a mixture of asphaltic or bituminous material
and aggregate placed on a good quality and compacted granular material is
termed as flexible pavement. The water bound macadam roads is an
example of flexible pavement. The pavement consisting of a portland
cement concrete slab is referred to as rigid pavement.

39
Road Cross – Section :-

Elements Of Road Cross-Section :-

1. Width of Lane :-
The width of vehicle lanes typically vary from 2.7 to 4.6 m (9 to
15 ft). The lane width depends on assumed maximum vehicle width , with an
additional space to allow for lateral motion of the vehicle. The recommended
width for two- lane highways has increased from 16 feet to 24 feet as traffic
density , vehicle speed and truck width have increased.

2. Urban Lane Width :-

Normal lane width is 3.5 m or more,for the reason of
economy or environment narrow lanes are used.

3. Rural Lane Width :-

The recommended lane width for rural roads is 3.65 metres
that can increase capacity and decrease accidents. On typical two-lane single
carriageways , the standard edge treatment entails a 1m strip of the same material
on both sides with a solid white line , bringing the overall width to 9.3m.

4. Median Strips :-
The component of a divided highway known as a median
divides the lanes into opposing directions . Median Strips offer positive protection
against a collision with opposing traffic on divided highways . These Median
Strips range in width from 4’ to 60’.

5. Shoulders :-
The area of the road between the outside edge of the external
traffic lane and the inner edge of the dump, gutter,curb,or slope is known as the
cross-section of roads. Shoulders are provided to ensure safety and enable the
development of the maximum traffic capacity.

6. Road Camber:- Camber is the cross slope given in the pavement in a transverse
direction to drain out the rainwater from the road surface. A camber is constructed

40
 on the straight roads by upraising the carriageway centre concerning the edge,
making the highest point at the centre.

Granular sub base (GSB) :-

It is a typical layer adopted in highway construction,
which is laid above the subgrade and below the crust materials. Naturally available material
consisting of various grades may be used for GSB, the largest grain size upto 65mm. In modern
highway construction, engineers like it to crushed stone having a particular percentage for a
specific range. Thus for GSB the material is laid to be the desired thickness and well compacted
by controlling the moisture.Granular bases are typically constructed by spreading the materials
in thin layers of 150 mm to 200mm and compacting each layer by rolling over it with heavy
compaction equipment.

Water bound macadam (WBM) :-

WBM is a type of road construction where coarse stone
chips having a particular range of grading (generally 65mm range) are bought to the
construction site and the total number of layers and thickness of WBM road depends upon the
details of design pavement . In general for ordinary roads, single layer of compacted thickness
75mm maybe sufficient.The spread layer is well compacted and later stone dust or other non
sticky fine material is spread over the surface.

Cement Concrete or CC road :-

Cement concrete road commonly known as CC roads
are an essential part of our transportation infrastructure. They are known for their duarbility,
strength, and low maintenance cost. CC roads are constructed using a mixture of cement, water
and aggregates, which are compacted and cured to form a hard and sturdy surface. While the
initial cost of constructing a concrete road maybe higher, the long-term benefits far outweigh
the costs.

Carriageway width:-
IRC Specification for carriageway width :-

Carriageway Type Carriageway Width

Single Lane 3.75
Two lane without raised kerbs 7.0
Two lane with raised kerbs 7.5
Intermediate Carriage 5.5
Multi Lane 3.5

41
Gradients for different terrain types:-

Terrain Type Ruling Gradient Limiting Exceptional

Gradient Gradient
Plain and rolling 1/30 or 3.3% 1/20 or 5% 1/15 or 6.7%
Mountainous and 1/20 or 5% 1/16.7 or 6% 1/14.3 or 7%
steep terrain
having elevation
>3000m
Mountainous and 1/16.7 or 6% 1/14.3 or 7% 1/12.5 or 8%
steep terrain
having elevation
<3000m

Viscosity Grade of Bitumen

Grade Viscosity Range at Typical Applications

60°C (Absolute
Viscosity)
VG-10 Bitumen 800-1200 Recommended for road
construction in cold regions
Ideal for spraying Used in
production of bitumen
emulsion
VG-20 Bitumen 1600-2400 Used in cold regions for
road construction
VG-30 Bitumen 2400-3600 Maximizes asphalt
performance in hot regions
A more reliable choice
than bitumen pen 60/70
VG-40 Bitumen 3200-4000 Works in areas with high
traffic loads
Well suited for road
construction in hot weather

Field Tests of Cement for Civil Engineers

1. Date of Manufacturing: As the strength of cement reduces with age, the date
manufacturing of cement bags should be checked.
2. Cement Color: The color of cement should be uniform. It should be typical cement
color i.e. gray color with a light greenish shade.
3. Whether Hard Lumps are Formed:Cement should be free from hard lumps. Such
lumps are formed by the absorption of moisture from the atmosphere.

42
 4. Temperature Inside Cement Bag: If the hand is plunged into a bag of cement, it
should be cool inside the cement bag. If hydration reaction takes place inside the bag,
it will become warm.
5. Smoothness Test: When cement is touched or rubbed in between fingers, it should give a
smooth feeling. If it felt rough, it indicates adulteration with sand.
6. Water Sinking Test: If a small quantity of cement is thrown into the water, it should float
some time before finally sinking.
7. The smell of Cement Paste: A thin paste of cement with water should feel sticky
between the fingers. If the cement contains too much-pounded clay and silt as an
adulterant, the paste will give an earthy smell.

General:
After release of new drilling location by geological department, If the location is released with respect
to neighbouring wells,

a) The co-ordinate of the proposed location will be calculated from distance and bearing provided.

b) The location will be staked on ground by survey section itself on the basis of above co-ordinates.

If the location is released from seismic reference point, the location is staked on ground by geophysics
department and shown to survey section.

Planning for drilling wells (plinth, approach road and other auxiliary requirement such as effluent pit,
mud plant, boiler, flare, CISF camp, canteen etc) considering engineering site suitability and safety
norms.

Well
An oil well is a drill hole boring in earth. The main purpose of Oil India limited to drill well is to
bringing oil or other hydrocarbons, such as Natural gas to the surface. Later the oil and gas collected
from the earth surface through well is separated as OCS (Oil Collecting Station) and GCS (Gas
Collecting Station).

OCS:
OCS means in oil India Limited is oil collecting station. Oil collecting station are present mainly in
the upstream oil companies (like OIL, ONGC). Those are used to separate oil, water and Gases. This
is done prior to sending the Crude oil to the refineries (Downstream units). They are some settling
devices, where water separates out from oil due 10 to gravity. Process units in the refinery will
separate the different components of the Crude oil into different products using some chemical and
physical processes.

GCS
GCS stands for Gas Collecting Station. A gas gathering station is a station where natural gas from
multiple wells is collected together and processed.

Field visit

43
Location: HAAF and HHAH

X-Mass tree: A x-mass tree is a piece of equipment that provides flow control on an oil or
gas well. These are vertical assembly of value with gauge and chokes that allow for
adjustments in flow control as well as injections to stimulate production.

Fig: X mass tree

Layout of Main Leg Foundation:

44
Pillow foundation: The foundation pillow is an assembly composed of the reinforced
concrete Foundation slab, thermal insulation and waterproofing. All its layer are permanently
joint into a whole.

Fig: Pillow Foundation

Mud pump: Mud pump is a reciprocating pump used to circulate fluid (mud) through a well
during drilling. The reason for circulating fluid through the well is to carry the cutting from
the drilling process back up to the surface.

PCC Work:Plain cement concrete is the mixture of cement, fine aggregate(sand) and coarse
aggregate without steel. PCC is an important component of a building which is laid on the
soil surface to avoid direct contact of reinforcement of concrete with soil and water.

Transit Mixer: A transit mixer is a multipurpose device that is used to transport concrete
mortar from a concrete batching plant. The transit mixer is loaded with dry material and
water. The transit mixer consists of a drum with a spiral blade that has the ability to move in
two directions. The purpose of the drum is to ensure the concrete remains in the liquid state;
while it rotates on its own axis.

Fig : Transit mixer used for PCC work

45
REFERENCES

1. Plinth –Area- rates-2021 by CPWD

2. CPWD Maintenance Manual 2019
3. CPWD for Repair and Rehabilitation of RCC building
4. https://www.oil-india.com
5. https://civilwale.com
6. https://www.lawinsider.com

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