Fkds1: =

Oh frusv ghv qrpeuhv uìhov

4 Lqyhqwdluh ghv sursulìwìv gh T

Rq lpdjlqh txh txhotxh sduw rq d frqvwuxlw Qc sxlv ]/ sxlv T/ mxvtx*ã duulyhu ã ìqrqfhu oh wkìruëph
vxlydqw/ txh qrxv dgphwwurqv lfl1

Wkìruëph 4 = T hvw xq frusv frppxwdwli wrwdohphqw rugrqqì/ dufklpìglhq hw qh srvvìgdqw sdv od

sursulìwì gh od eruqh vxsìulhxuh1

Qrxv doorqv qrxv frqwhqwhu lfl gh grqqhu txhotxhv h{solfdwlrqv frqfhuqdqw fh wkìruëph1

414 ETc nc  frusv frppxwdwli

+4, ETc n jurxsh deìolhq g*ìoìphqw qhxwuh 31
+5, ET ifj c  jurxsh deìolhq g*ìoìphqw qhxwuh 41
+6,  hvw glvwulexwlyh sdu udssruw ã n

415 Frusv wrwdohphqw rugrqqì

Rq vdlw txh T ' G @ 5 ]c K 5 Q


Rq gìqlw T ' G @ 5 Qc K 5 Q

hw T ' i%c % 5 T j


Lo hvw fodlu txh =

+4, T ^ T ' T
+5, T _ T ' ifj
+6, T hvw vwdeoh sdu o*dgglwlrq hw od pxowlsolfdwlrq1

Uhodwlrq g*ruguh =

Gìqlwlrq 4 = Vrlw E%c + 5 T



%  + vvl E+  % 5 T


$ Lo hvw fodlu txh  hvw xqh uhodwlrq g*ruguh vxu T

$ O*ruguh hvw wrwdo = ;E%c + 5 T c %  + rx +  %


$ Frpsdwlelolwì dyhf ohv rsìudwlrqv =

+-, dyhf o*dgglwlrq =
Vl @  K/ doruv ;S 5 Tc @ n S  K n S
+--, dyhf od pxowlsolfdwlrq sdu ohv qrpeuhv srvlwliv =
Vl @  K/ doruv ;S 5 T c @S  KS


4
416 T hvw dufklpìglhq
;% 5 Tc ;+ 5 T c <? 5 Qc ?+  %


^Dxvvl judqg txh vrlw % hw dxvvl shwlw txh vrlw +/ rq duulyh wrxmrxuv ã pdqjhu % ã frqglwlrq g*|
hpsor|hu xq qrpeuh vx!vdqw gh +`1

417 T qh srvvëgh sdv od sursulìwì gh od eruqh vxsìulhxuh

Gìqlwlrq 5 = E.c  hqvhpeoh wrwdohphqw rugrqqì1
H srvvëgh od sursulìwì gh od eruqh vxs vvl wrxwh sduwlh qrq ylgh hw pdmruìh gh H srvvëgh xqh eruqh
vxs1

ETc  qh srvvëgh sdv fhwwh sursulìwì =

Hq hhw/ vrlw  ' i% 5 T m % 2j


D hvw qrq ylgh hw pdmruì/ sdu h{hpsoh sdu c D

Vl D dydlw xqh eruqh vxs %/ rq dxudlw % ' 2/ fh txl hvw lpsrvvleoh/ hq yrlfl g*dloohxuv xqh gìprq0


vwudwlrq sdu o*devxugh1

Vl <% 5 T c % ' 2


Rq shxw vxssrvhu % ' luuìgxfwleoh/ @ 5 Q c K 5 Q 

 
 

Rq d ' 2 , @ ' 2K
 
 
 

, @ hvw sdlu


, @ hvw sdlu +vl @ ìwdlw lpsdlu/ @ oh vhudlw,



, @ hvw glylvleoh sdu 7



, 2K hvw glylvleoh sdu 7

, K hvw glylvleoh sdu 5
, K hvw sdlu
Frqwudglfwlrq/ fdu @ hw K vrqw wrxv ohv ghx{ sdluv/ grqf od iudfwlrq q*hvw sdv luuìgxfwleoh1
! "

5 Vxlwhv frqyhujhqwhv/ vxlwhv gh Fdxfk|

514 Qrwlrq gh frqyhujhqfh g*xqh vxlwh
Suhqrqv ã sulrul E  xqh vxlwh udwlrqqhooh/ pdlv wrxw fh txh qrxv udfrqwrqv gdqv fh sdudjudskh vhud yudl
soxv wdug dyhf ghv vxlwhv uìhoohv/ rx frpsoh{hv/ txdqg qrxv vdxurqv fh txh vrqw ohv qrpeuhv uìhov/ hw ohv
#

qrpeuhv frpsoh{hv1

Gìqlwlrq 6 =

$
*4  '  vvl ;0 : fc <? 5 Qc ?  ? , m  ,m  0
% &
' ( ( )

H{huflfh 4 = Xqlflwì gh od olplwh

515 Vxlwhv gh Fdxfk|

??
Gìqlwlrq 7 = E  hvw xqh vxlwh gh Fdxfk| vvl ;0 : fc <? 5 Qc , m  m0


Rf
+

* + , - . /

Wkìruëph 5 = Wrxwh vxlwh frqyhujhqwh hvw gh Fdxfk|

5
Gìprqvwudwlrq = hq h{huflfh

Wkìruëph 6 = Od uìflsurtxh hvw idxvvh gdqv T

Gìprqvwudwlrq = Vrlw  oh soxv judqg ghv udwlrqqhov % frpsruwdqw ? fkluhv dsuëv od ylujxoh who txh
% 2
0

Rq d grqf =
 '
 ' c e
2

 ' c e
3

 ' c ee
4

 ' c ee2 hwf1

5

$ E  q*hvw sdv frqyhujhqwh gdqv T fdu/

6

vl *4  ' ,/doruv , ' 2 lpsrvvleoh1

:

7 8 9

$ E  hvw gh Fdxfk|
Vrlw 0 : f
7

Fkrlvlvvrqv ? 5 Q who txh f 0

7 =

^êã h{lvwh/ fdu T hvw dufklpìglhq`

; <

hw vrlw ?  ? c R : f
 ' c ee2   +q fkluhv,
>

 ' c ee2       +? n R fkluhv,

?

grqf m   m  f  f 0
? @ A

? ? C

? @ A ? B B

6 Frqvwuxfwlrq gh U
70 3 Uhpdutxh suìolplqdluh =
Rq yd xwlolvhu lfl gh idêrq fuxfldoh o*d{lrph gh o*hqvhpeoh ghv sduwlhv/ rx gh od sulvh gh sduwlhv +hq
dqjodlv = Srzhu Vhw,/ txl hvw o*d{lrph ; gh od wkìrulh ghv hqvhpeohv gh ]huphor0Iudhqnho1

D{lrph 4 = ;%<+;5 E5  % , 5 5 +

Frqvìtxhqfh lppìgldwh = G*dsuëv oh vfkìpd gh frpsuìkhqvlrq/ rq shxw pdlqwhqdqw sduohu gh

o*hqvhpeoh ghv sduwlhv gh %/ txl hvw gìql frpph xq vrxv0hqvhpeoh gh +

Gìqlwlrq 8 = SE% ' i5 G 5  %j

O*lpsruwdqw srxu qrxv/ lfl/ hvw txh qrxv doorqv srxyrlu sduohu gh o*hqvhpeoh SET/ hqvhpeoh ghv
sduwlhv gh T

614 Qrwlrq gh vhfwlrq frpphqêdqwh rxyhuwh

Gìqlwlrq 9 = Rq dsshooh vhfwlrq frpphqêdqwh rxyhuwh gh T wrxw hqvhpeoh 7  T yìuldqw ohv 7
sursulìwìv vxlydqwhv =
+4, 7 9' >
+5, 7 9' T
+6, ;% 5 7c +  % , + 5 7
+7, V q*d sdv gh soxv judqg ìoìphqw/ l1h1 ;% 5 7c <+ 5 7c % +

6
 Ghvvlq =

615 Qrpeuhv uìhov

Gìqlwlrq : = Rq dsshooh qrpeuh uìho wrxwh vhfwlrq frpphqêdqwh rxyhuwh gh T/ hw rq qrwh U o*hqvhpeoh
ghv qrpeuhv uìhov1
Rq d grqf
U ' if 5 SET G f 9' > hw f 9' T hw ;% 5 fc ;+ 5 Tc E+ % , + 5 f
hw ;% 5 fc <+ 5 fc % +j
^ U h{lvwh g*dsuëv od uhpdutxh suìolplqdluh hw oh vfkìpd gh frpsuìkhqvlrq `1
Uhpdutxh 4 = Vrlw % 5 T
O*hqvhpeoh o4c %d ' i+ 5 T m + %j hvw xqh vhfwlrq frpphqêdqwh rxyhuwh gh T/ grqf xq qrpeuh
uìho1
D

Rq gìflgh g*lghqwlhu T ã xqh sduwlh gh U/ hw wrxw udwlrqqho dyhf o*hqvhpeoh ghv udwlrqqhov txl oh
suìfëghqw1
Uhpdutxh 5 = Lo q*hvw sdv lqglvshqvdeoh/ gdqv fhwwh wkìrulh/ gh vxssrvhu txh ohv vhfwlrqv frpphqêdqwhv
txl gìqlvvhqw ohv qrpeuhv uìhov vrlhqw s rxyhuwhv1 Rq o*d idlw lfl xqltxhphqw gdqvs
xqvrxfl g*xqlflwì1
Hq hhw/ v*lo hvw fodlu txh oh uìho 2 hvw ìjdo ã od vhfwlrq frpphqêdqwh 4c 2 / oh qrpeuh uìho
F

srxuudlw dxvvl elhq v*ìfuluh 4c txh 4c

G


   F

E
 F

Fhwwh dpeljxlwì qh frqfhuqdqw tx*xqh idplooh gìqrpeudeoh gh qrpeuhv uìhov/ rq wurxyhud gdqv fhuwdlqv
G G

rxyudjhv od gìqlwlrq vxlydqwh =

U ' if 5 SET G f 9' > hw f 9' T hw ;% 5 fc ;+ 5 Tc E+ % , + 5 fj
Uhpdutxh 6 = Od frqvwuxfwlrq lqlwldoh gh Ghghnlqg v*hhfwxdlw ã o*dlgh ghv frxsxuhv gh udwlrqqhov1
Rq dsshooh frxsxuh gh T wrxwh sduwlwlrq gh T hq 5 vrxv0hqvhpeohv D hw E whov txh =
+4,  9' >
+5,  '9 >
+6, ;% 5 c ;+ 5 c % +
hw rq dsshooh U o*hqvhpeoh ghv frxsxuhv1
Qrv vhfwlrqv frpphqêdqwhv qh vrqw/ elhq vþu/ txh ohv sduwlhv jdxfkhv ghv frxsxuhv gh Ghghnlqg1
Gìqlwlrq ; = Rq gìqlw xqh uhodwlrq g*ruguh  vxu U sdu =
7c 7 5 U/ 7  7 vvl 7  7
H H H

Od yìulfdwlrq gx idlw txh  hvw xqh uhodwlrq g*ruguh vxu U hvw lppìgldwh ^ohv sursulìwìv vrqw lqgxlwhv
sdu fhoohv gh o*lqfoxvlrq gdqv SET`1
Gdqv wrxwh od vxlwh/ rq xwlolvhud lqglìuhpphqw ohv qrwdwlrqv  rx  
Wkìruëph 7 = EUc  hvw wrwdohphqw rugrqqì1

Gìprqvwudwlrq = Vrlhqw 7c 7 5 U
$ Vl 7  7 / wdqw plhx{1
H

$ Vlqrq/ <% 5 7c % 5*7

H

Vrlw + 5 7 G vl %  +/ doruv % 5 7 /idx{

I I

grqf + %
hw grqf + 5 7
g*rü 7  7/ FTIG1
J

7
616 Rsìudwlrqv vxu U
61614 O*dgglwlrq
Gìqlwlrq < = Vrlhqw 7c 7 5 U
Rq srvh 7 n 7 ' i5 5 T G <% 5 7c <+ 5 7 c % n + ' 5j
K

K K

Sursulìwìv gh o*dgglwlrq

k n hvw xqh orl lqwhuqh = ;E7c 7  5 U c 7 n 7 5 U

M

L L

Gìprqvwudwlrq = +4, 7 n 7 9' > wulyldo

+5, 7 n 7 9' T G
L

7 9' T/ grqf <% 5 Tc % 5 *7

L

7 9' T/ grqf <% 5 Tc % 5 *7

srvrqv 5 ' % n %
L L L L

Vl 5 5 7 n 7 / doruv 5 ' + n + dyhf + 5 7c + 5 7

L

Rq d % n % ' + n +
L L L L

grqf o*xqh dx prlqv ghv lqìjdolwìv %  + rx %  + hvw yudlh1

L L

sdu h{hpsoh %  +
L L

pdlv % 5* 7/ grqf + 5* 7/ frqwudglfwlrq1

+6, ;5 5 7 n 7 c |  5 , | 5 7 n 7 G
5 ' % n +c % 5 7c + 5 7
L N

srvrqv 5  | ' 0/ rq d 0 5 T c grqf 5 T

N

O R

% ' %
PQ

Rq srvh
S

+ '+
T U

% 5 T hw %  % , % 5 7
U
T

, % n + 5 7 n 7 , | 5 7 n 7 / FTIG1
S
 S S

+ 5 T hw +  + , + 5 7
S S S S

S S S

+7, ;5 5 7 n 7 c <| 5 7 n 7 c 5 | G
S S

5 ' % n +c % 5 7c + 5 7
S

<% 5 7c % : %
S S

<+ 5 7 c + : +
S S S

Vrlw | ' % n +
S S

Rq d | 5 7 n 7 hw | : 5
S

q . hvw dvvrfldwlyh = ;E7c 7 c 7  5 U c E7 n 7  n 7 ' 7 n E7 n 7 

W

V V V V V V V V V

Gìprqvwudwlrq = odlvvìh hq h{huflfh

^ Lo vx!w g*ìfuluh/ hq xwlolvdqw o*dvvrfldwlylwì gh o*dgglwlrq gdqv T `1

 . hvw frppxwdwlyh = ;E7c 7  5 U c 7 n 7 ' 7 n 7

Y

X X X

Gìprqvwudwlrq = F*hvw wulyldo1

8
B Hoìphqw qhxwuh = Rq srvh f ' i% 5 T m % fj ' T ' o4c fd
Lo hvw fodlu txh f 5 U
Z [
\

Vrlu 7 5 U
7 n f ' % n + G % 5 7c + 5 T
Prqwurqv txh 7 n f ' 7 G
Z
[

$ 7 n f  7
Vrlw 5 5 7 n f
5 ' % n +c % 5 7c + 5 T
grqf 5 % , 5 5 7
] ^

$ 7  7 n f
Vrlw % 5 7
Rq vdlw <+ 5 7c % +
g*rü % ' + n c  f
grqf % 5 7 n f

0 Hoìphqw rssrvì =

Uhpdutxh 7 suìolplqdluh = gx idlw txh o*ruguh hvw wrwdo/ rq d

;7 5 Uc 7  f rx f  7
7 5 U vvl f  7
Rq glud txh
 _

7 5 U vvl 7  f
O*dqwlv|pìwulh surxyh txh U _ U ' f
`

Od wrwdolwì gh o*ruguh surxyh txh U ^ U ' U

`

Gìqlwlrq gh o*rssrvì = Vrlw g*derug 7 5 U

_

srvrqv A ' 7qf

$ Vl A ' >/ doruv 7 ' f
Rq srvh doruv JRREf ' f
$ Vl A 9' >/ doruv W frqwlhqw xqh lqqlwì gh udwlrqqhov
^ hq hhw/ vl A ' ifj/ doruv 7 ' o4c fo / 3 vhudlw oh soxv judqg ìoìphqw gh V/ devxugh
grqf W frqwlhqw dx prlqv xq udwlrqqho qrq qxo/ vrlw %/ hw grqf wrxv ohv udwlrqqhov frpsulv hqwuh f hw
a

%/ vrlw xqh lqqlwì `1

Vrlw A ' i%c % 5 A j

Rq srvh 7 ' fqA
b

c b

9
 Vl 7 q*d sdv gh soxv judqg ìoìphqw/ rq srvh JRR7 ' 7
Vl 7 d xq soxv judqg ìoìphqw // rq srvh JRR7 ' 7  i/j
d d

Lo hvw doruv fodlu txh JRR7 5 U

d e

Rq yìulhud hq h{huflfh txh =

+4, O*dssolfdwlrq
JRR G U $ U
f

7 :$ JRR7
g

hvw xqh elmhfwlrq gh U vxu U 

h

+5, Vl rq srvh/ srxu wrxw 7 5 U c JRR7 ' o*dqwìfìghqw gh V sdu o*dssolfdwlrq rss/ rq d
i

;7 5 Uc 7 n JRR7 ' f
i

Qrwdwlrq = gìvrupdlv/ f ' f hw JRR7 ' 7

Frqfoxvlrq = EUc n jurxsh deìolhq1

61615 Od pxowlsolfdwlrq
$ Gìqlvvrqv g*derug oh surgxlw gh 5 uìhov srvlwliv =
7c 7 5 U
h

Qrwrqv 7 ' 7qf

j

7 ' 7 qf
h

hw srvrqv 7  7 ' T ^ i%+c % 5 7 c + 5 7 j

j j

h h

Rq yìulh doruv dlvìphqw txh 7  7 5 U

k
j j

hw píph txh 7  7 5 U
j

$ Rq gìqlw hqvxlwh vxu U od irqfwlrq ydohxu devroxh =

Vl 7 5 U c m7m ' 7
m

Vl 7 5 U c m7m ' 7 n

$ Fdv jìqìudo = 7c 7 5 U
Oh uìho 7 7 hvw oh uìho grqw od ydohxu devroxh hvw m7mm7 m/ hw grqw oh vljqh hvw rewhqx sdu dssolfdwlrq
l

gh od uëjoh ghv vljqhv1

l l

Sursulìwìv gh od pxowlsolfdwlrq =
d, Sdu frqvwuxfwlrq píph/ rq d elhq =
;E7c 7  5 U c 7  7 5 U
o

hw rq yìulhud ã wlwuh g*h{huflfh ohv sursulìwìv vxlydqwhv =

l l

e, ;E7c 7 c 7  5 U c E7  7   7 ' 7  E7  7 
p

l l l l l l l l l

f, ;E7c 7  5 U c 7  7 ' 7  7
o

l l l

g, ;E7c 7 c 7  5 U c 7  E7 n 7  ' 7  7 n 7  7
p

l l l l l l l l l

h, H{lvwhqfh g*xq ìoìphqw qhxwuh srxu  G

Rq srvh  ' o4c d ' T ^ dfc d
hw rq d = ;7 5 Uc   7 ' 7
r
q q

i, Hoìphqw lqyhuvh =
;7 5 Uc 7 9' fc <7 5 Uc 7  7 ' 
s s

^ srxu h, hw i,/ udlvrqqhu frpph srxu o*dgglwlrq/ hq uhpsodêdqw n sdu / 3 sdu 4 hw  sdu G `
n n

:
Frqfoxvlrq = EUc nc  frusv frppxwdwli

61616 Frpsdwlelolwì dyhf o*ruguh

Lo hvw lppìgldw gh yìulhu ohv 5 sursulìwìv vxlydqwhv =
+-, Vl 7  7 hw vl A 5 Uc doruv 7 n A  7 n A
+--, Vl 7  7 hw vl A 5 U c doruv 7  A  7  A
t t

t t

Frqfoxvlrq = U hvw xq frusv wrwdohphqw rugrqqì1

617 U hvw dufklpìglhq

Vrlw ã gìprqwuhu txh
;7 5 Uc ;A 5 U c <? 5 Qc ?A  7
$ Vl 7 5 U cwulyldo ^suhqguh ? ' f`
u

$ Vl 7 5 U /rq srvh A ' A q ifj

w

7 9' T/ grqf <| 5 Tc | 5

*7
Oh uìho | q*hvw grqf sdv lqfoxv gdqv V hw grqf 7  |
Vrlw % 5 A
T ìwdqw dufklpìglhq/<? 5 Qc ?%  |
t

hw grqf ?A  ?%  |  7/FTIG1

618 U srvvëgh od sursulìwì gh od eruqh vxsìulhxuh

Vrlw [ xqh sduwlh qrq ylgh hw pdmruìh gh U
f ' i7 c  5 Uj dyhf ; 5 Uc 7  
Rq srvh
x y

`' 7
^
}

z { |

$` 5UG
+4, ` 9' > wulyldo
+5, ` 9' T fdu `   hw  9' T
+6, ;% 5 `c +  % , + 5 ` G
hq hhw/ % 5 ` , < 5 Uc % 5 7
+%,+57
~ } 

}


hw grqf + 5 7 '`
^
}

} €

+7, ;% 5 `c <+ 5 `c % + G
hq hhw/% 5 ` , < 5 Uc % 5 7
, <+ 5 7 c % +
~ } 

hw + 5 ` /FTIG1
}


$ ;7 5 fc 7  ` G
l1h1 ; 5 Uc 7  ` wulyldo }

;
 $ ;0 : fc <+ 5 `c + : `  0 G
Vlqrq <0 : fc ;+ 5 `c +  `  0
grqf ; 5 Uc 7  `  0


grqf 7 ` 0
^


 ‚ ƒ

`  `  0/ devxugh1

Frqfoxvlrq = U hvw xq frusv wrwdohphqw rugrqqì/ dufklpìglhq hw srvvìgdqw od sursulìwì gh od eruqh

vxsìulhxuh1

Uhpdutxh 8 = Oh surfìgì xwlolvì lfl duulyh ã vdwxudwlrq gëv oh  frxs/ f*hvw0ã0gluh txh vl rq uhfrp0
phqfh o*rsìudwlrq hq frqvlgìudqw U o*hqvhpeoh ghv vhfwlrqv frpphqêdqwhv rxyhuwhv gh qrpeuhv uìhov/ rq
„

q*dmrxwh ulhq gh qrxyhdx hw U ' U

†

7 Fdudfwìulvdwlrq gh U
Rq gìprqwuh hw qrxv dgphwwurqv txh wrxw frusv wrwdohphqw rugrqqì dufklpìglhq hw srvvìgdqw od sursulìwì
gh od eruqh vxsìulhxuh hvw lvrpruskh ã U/ o*lvrprusklvph uhvshfwdqw od uhodwlrq g*ruguh1
O*remhw txh qrxv dyrqv frqvwuxlw dx sdudjudskh suìfìghqw hvw grqf xqltxh ã lvrprusklvph suëv1
Hq sduwlfxolhu/ od frqvwuxfwlrq fodvvltxh gh U sdu ohv vxlwhv gh Fdxfk| frqgxlw dx píph remhw txh
qrwuh frqvwuxfwlrq suìfìghqwh1
Udsshorqv0hq ohv judqghv oljqhv1

714 Udsshov g*dojëeuh

Udsshorqv vlpsohphqw oh uìvxowdw irqgdphqwdo vxlydqw/ grqw rq srxuud wurxyhu od gìprqvwudwlrq gdqv
wrxw erq frxuv g*dojëeuh frppxwdwlyh1

Wkìruëph 8 = D dqqhdx frppxwdwli xqlwdluh/ L lgìdo sursuh gh D

*U hvw xq frusv +, L hvw xq lgìdo pd{lpdo1

715 Frqvwuxfwlrq gh U sdu ohv vxlwhv gh Fdxfk|

Vrlw D o*hqvhpeoh ghv vxlwhv gh Fdxfk| gh udwlrqqhov/ pxql gh o*dgglwlrq hw gh od pxowlsolfdwlrq/ grqw lo
hvw idfloh gh yrlu txh f*hvw xq dqqhdx FX/ dyhf hq sduwlfxolhu f ' Efc fc fc  hw  ' Ec c c 
Vrlw L o*hqvhpeoh ghv vxlwhv whqgdqw yhuv 31

 5 U +, *4  ' f ‡ ˆ ‰
‡

Sursrvlwlrq 4 = L hvw xq lgìdo gh  ' VFET

Gìprqvwudwlrq = +4, Od glìuhqfh gh 5 vxlwhv whqgdqw yhuv }ìur whqg hooh0píph yhuv 3/ grqf EUc n
vrxv0jurxsh gh D1
+5, Vrlw  5 U hw  5 / lo idxw prqwuhu txh  5 U

Ohpph 4 = Wrxwh vxlwh gh Fdxfk| hvw eruqìh1

<
Gìprqvwudwlrq gx  ohpph = suhqrqv 0 ' 
??
<? 5 Qc , m  m
Rf
Š

Š ‹ Œ  ‹

Hq sduwlfxolhu ;R  f/m  m 
l1h1 ;?  ? c m   m  
‹ Ž Œ  ‹ Ž

l1h1 ;?  ? c   ,     n ,
Š ‹ ‹ Ž

Qrwrqv k ' ?E c  c  c c  (   ,

Š ‹ Ž ‹ ‹ Ž

hw q ' @%E c  c  c c  c  n ,

Š   ‹  ’ “
Ž ‘

Rq d ;? 5 Qc k    q/ FTIG1
“ — “
” • – ’ • ’

Gìprqvwudwlrq gx srlqw +5, = Xqh vxlwh gh Fdxfk| ìwdqw eruqìh/ oh surgxlw g*xqh vxlwh whqgdqw
yhuv 3 sdu xqh vxlwh gh Fdxfk| txhofrqtxh whqg irufìphqw yhuv 3/ grqf L hvw elhq xq lgìdo gh D1

Wkìruëph 9 = L hvw xq lgìdo pd{lpdo gh  ' VFET

Gìprqvwudwlrq = Vrlw M xq lgìdo gh D frqwhqdqw vwulfwhphqw L1

< 5 ac  5
*U
l1h1

rq q*d sdv *4  ' f ˜ ™ š

˜

l1h1

<0 : fc ;? 5 Qc <6  ?c m m : 0 ›
+4,

??
sdu dloohxuv/ E  hvw gh Fdxfk|/ grqf <? 5 Qc , m  m


Rf


œ  œ ž Ÿ œ ¡

Dssoltxrqv od uhodwlrq +4, ã o*hqwlhu ? G

<6  ? c m m : 0


hw grqf ;R  fc m  m
 ›

› ž Ÿ › ¡

Frqfoxvlrq = ;R  fc m › ž Ÿ m: ¡

Vrlw k : f
??
<? 5 Qc , m  m


Rf
¥

¢ œ ž Ÿ œ £ ¤

g*rü/vl ?  7RE6c ? c R  f G
 '
§

 ¨ ­
° ± ² ³ ´ µ ± ² °

  ° ± ² ³ ´ ° ¶ · ¸ ¹ ·

© ª « ¬ ® ¯

m   m 
¿

m m :
À

º » ¼ º ½ ¾

, m m  m m :
m m :
¿

º » ¼
¾ Á

º » ¼ º
¾

,
º Á
¾

 
· ¸ · ¶ · ¸ ¹ ·
¹ Ã Ä

hw grqf     'k
  Â
¾

Â
¿

  ¸ ¹ Ã Ä ¸ ¹

À
¿

½ ¾

grqf od vxlwh hvw gh Fdxfk|

  Å
¾

5
Æ Ç

,  5 a , a ' / FTIG1

È

5a
É

Fruroodluh 4 = *U hvw xq frusv1

43
Gìqlwlrq 43 = Rq srvh U ' *U ' VFET*VEf
Oh píph skìqrpëqh gh vdwxudwlrq txh srxu ohv vhfwlrqv frpphqêdqwhv vh surgxlw lfl = rq gìprqwuh
idflohphqw txh U hvw frpsohw/ l1h1 txh wrxwh vxlwh gh Fdxfk| gh qrpeuhv uìhov hvw frqyhujhqwh/ hw txh
grqf/ vl rq uhfrpphqfh oh píph wudydlo/ oh frusv rewhqx/ VFEU*VEf/ hvw lvrpruskh ã U
Ohv dxwuhv sursulìwìv gh Uc qrwdpphqw od sursulìwì gh od eruqh vxs/ vrqw soxv gl!flohv ã gìprqwuhu
sdu fhwwh pìwkrgh1

8 Sulqflsdohv sursulìwìv gh U
Vl rq uhixvh gh uhqwuhu gdqv ohv gìwdlov/ rq shxw wuëv elhq frpphqfhu xqh ohêrq vxu U hq srvdqw
Wkìruëph : = U hvw xq frusv wrwdohphqw rugrqqì dufklpìglhq hw srvvìgdqw od sursulìwì gh od eruqh
vxsìulhxuh1
Frpph rq o*d yx/ fhwwh sursulìwì fdudfwìulvh U ã lvrprusklvph suëv hw surxyh/ srxu ghv udlvrqv
g*ruguh dojìeultxh +ìwdqw dufklpìglhq/ U hvw irufìphqw gh fdudfwìulvwltxh qxooh, txh U hvw xqh h{whqvlrq
gh T
Qrxv doorqv hq gìgxluh ohv dxwuhv sursulìwìv irqgdphqwdohv gh U

814 Oh wkìruëph ghv vxlwhv prqrwrqhv

Wkìruëph ; = Wrxwh vxlwh furlvvdqwh hw pdmruìh gh qrpeuhv uìhov hvw frqyhujhqwh1

Gìprqvwudwlrq = Vrlw  ' i G ? 5 Qj o*hqvhpeoh ghv ydohxuv sulvhv sdu od vxlwh E 

Rq d ;? 5 Qc   
Ê Ê

l1h1 ;% 5 c %  
Ê

D hvw grqf xqh sduwlh qrq ylgh hw pdmruìh gh U/ grqf D dgphw xqh eruqh vxsìulhxuh/ vrlw o1
Rq yd prqwuhu txh
*4  ' , Ê

Vrlw 0 : f
Ê Ë Ì

Sdu gìqlwlrq gh od eruqh vxs/ <% 5 c ,  0  %  ,

l1h1 <? 5 Qc ,  0    ,
pdlv E  hvw furlvvdqwh/ grqf ;?  ? c   
Í Ê Î

o hvw xq pdmrudqw gh E / grqf ;? 5 Qc   ,

Ê Í Ê Ê Î

Prudolwì = ;0 : fc <? 5 Qc ?  ? , ,  0    ,/ FTIG1

Ê Ê

Ï Ï Ð

Sduhqwkëvh = Qrxv doorqv pdlqwhqdqw grqqhu xqh dxwuh dssolfdwlrq lppìgldwh gx wkìruëph gh od eruqh
vxs1
Vrlw i xqh irqfwlrq eruqìh vxu d@c Ko 
;% 5 d@c Ko c 6  sE%  
Vrlw LEs  o*hqvhpeoh ghv lqwìjudohv ghv irqfwlrqv hq hvfdolhu txl plqruhqw i vxu d@c Ko 
Lo hvw fodlu txh ;% 5 LEs c %  EK  @
LEs hvw grqf xqh sduwlh qrq ylgh hw pdmruìh gh U
Rq srvh UEs  ' 7RLEs 
Gh píph/ 7Es ' U?s VEs / rü VEs gìvljqh o*hqvhpeoh ghv lqwìjudohv ghv irqfwlrqv hq hvfdolhu txl
pdmruhqw i vxu d@c Ko 
Gìqlwlrq 44 = i hvw lqwìjudeoh dx vhqv gh Ulhpdqq vxu d@c Ko vvl UEs  ' 7Es hw/ gdqv fh fdv/ rq srvh
s E%_% ' UEs  ' 7Es 
U Ñ

44
815 Gìqlwlrq gh od irqfwlrq sduwlh hqwlëuh =
Vrlw { xq qrpeuh uìho srvlwli1
Frpph U hvw dufklpìglhq/ lo h{lvwh xq hqwlhu q who txh ?    %/ l1h1 ?  %
Vrlw  ' iR 5 Q mR  % j
D hvw qrq ylgh/ fdu f 5 / hw pdmruì sdu q
grqf D dgphw xq soxv judqg ìoìphqw/ txh o*rq dsshoohud od sduwlh hqwlëuh gx uìho {1

Gìqlwlrq 45 = srxu % 5 U c .E% ' @% iR 5 Q m R  %j Ó

Uhpdutxh 9 = .E% hvw fdudfwìulvì sdu oh idlw txh f*hvw o*xqltxh hqwlhu q who txh ?  % ?n

816 Gìyhorsshphqw gìflpdo loolplwì g*xq qrpeuh uìho srvlwli

Vrlw % 5 U
Rq gìqlw xqh vxlwh E@  gh od idêrq vxlydqwh =
Ó

@ ' .E%
Ô Ô Õ Ö

srxu wrxw &  c @ ' .Ef %  f.Ef %

×

Ø Ø Ù Ú

^ sdu h{hpsoh/ vl % ' Z ' c eDb2c

Ø

@ '
@ '   f  ' 
Û

@ ' e  f   ' e
Ü

@ ' e  f  e ' 

Ý

@ ' eD  f  e ' D hwf1 `

Þ

Lo hvw fodlu txh @ 5 Q hw txh ;&  c @ 5 ifc c 2c c bj

sdu dloohxuv/ vl rq srvh
Û à

7 ' @ f c rq d ;? 5 Qc 7  %  7 n f
á

[ å ç

á å æ ç ç æ

â ã ä

E7  ç ç è é
hvw grqf xqh vxlwh furlvvdqwh hw pdmruìh sdu {/ grqf frqyhujhqwh1
Vrlw @ ' *4 7 ç ê ë
ç

Rq d dxvvl
*4 E7 n f  ' @ hw grqf/ g*dsuëv oh wkìruëph ghv jhqgduphv/ % ' @c
ç

ç æ

ç ê ë

e *4 7 ' % ì í î

ì

Rq glud txh E@  ï ï ð ñ
hvw oh gìyhorsshphqw gìflpdo loolplwì gh {/hw rq ìfulud
î

%' @ f /rx % ' @ c @ @ @ 

[ ï

ï ô ó õ ö ï

ï ò ó

Uìflsurtxhphqw/ vrlw E@  xqh vxlwh g*hqwlhuv qdwxuhov whooh txh ;&  c @ 5 ifc c 2c c bj
Od vxlwh E7  gìqlh sdu
ï ï ð ñ ï

7 ' @ f hvw furlvvdqwh hw pdmruìh/ sdu h{hpsoh sdu @ n / grqf frqyhujhqwh1
[ ï

ï ô ó

ï ò ó

45
Prudolwì = Wrxw qrpeuh uìho srvvëgh xq gìyhorsshphqw gìflpdo/ hw wrxw gìyhorsshphqw gìflpdo gìqlw
xq qrpeuh uìho1

Txhvwlrq = \ d0w0lo elmhfwlylwìB

Uìsrqvh = Suhvtxh1
Hq hhw/ wrxw gìyhorsshphqw gìflpdo irxuqlw xq uìho hw xq vhxo1
Hq uhydqfkh/ ohv vxlwhv E2Dc 2c Hc fc c fc  hw E2Dc 2c .c bc bc c bc  frqgxlvhqw dx píph qrpeuh
uìho1
Sdu frqwuh/ vl rq dssoltxh ã fh uìho sduwlfxolhu od pìwkrgh yxh dx gìexw gx sdudjudskh/ rq rewlhqgud
frpph gìyhorsshphqw gìflpdo 2Dc 2Hff
Rq frqylhqw grqf ã sduwlu gh pdlqwhqdqw tx*lo hvw lqwhuglw g*ìfuluh ghv gìyhorsshphqwv gìflpdx{
dyhf txh ghv qhxi ã sduwlu g*xq fhuwdlq udqj/ hw fhwwh suìfdxwlrq jdudqwlw o*h{lvwhqfh hw o*xqlflwì gx
gìyhorsshphqw gìflpdo loolplwì1

817 Oh wkìruëph ghv vxlwhv dgmdfhqwhv

Wkìruëph < = Wkìruëph ghv vxlwhv dgmdfhqwhv
K|srwkëvhv = E  hw E  5 vxlwhv uìhoohv
E  hvw furlvvdqwh
÷ ÷

E  hvw gìfurlvvdqwh
÷

;? 5 Qc   
÷

hw
÷ ÷

÷
*4 E    ' f
ø ù
÷ ÷

Frqfoxvlrq = E  hw E  vrqw frqyhujhqwhv gh píph olplwh o1

ú ú

Gìprqvwudwlrq = E  hvw furlvvdqwh hw pdmruìh sdu  / grqf frqyhujhqwh gh olplwh o1

E  hvw gìfurlvdqwh hw plqruìh sdu  c grqf frqyhujhqwh gh olplwh o*1
û ü

pdlv
û ü

û
*4 E    ' f
ý þ
û û

grqf ,  , ' f
l1h1 , ' ,/ FTIG1
ÿ

H{huflfh 5 = Hwxglhu od vxlwh E  gìqlh sdu =

 'fs
û

;? 5 Qc  ' S
ü

û


Dxwuh h{hpsoh g*dssolfdwlrq =

Wkìruëph 43 = Wrxwh irqfwlrq prqrwrqh eruqìh vxu d@c Ko hvw lqwìjudeoh dx vhqv gh Ulhpdqq vxu d@c Ko 

46
Gìprqvwudwlrq gdqv oh fdv g*xqh irqfwlrq furlvvdqwh =
Rq yd gìfrxshu d@c Ko hq 2 sduwlhv ìjdohv1


Rq srvh

[ K@ K@ [
       

r Es ' s E%  ' s E% 

2 2


 

hw

K@[



7 Es  ' s E% 
2


Er Es hvw xq vrxv0hqvhpeoh gh o*hqvhpeoh ghv lqwìjudohv ghv irqfwlrqv hq hvfdolhu txl plqruhqw i/
grqf


7R ir Es G ? 5 Qj  UEs 

^ fdu rq fdofxoh oh vxs vxu xq hqvhpeoh soxv shwlw `1


Gh píph/ U?s i7 Es  G ? 5 Qj  7Es



Vl rq gìprqwuh txh 7R ir Es j ' U?s i7 Esj/ rq dxud hq sduwlfxolhu UEs  ' 7Es / hw grqf rq dxud
jdjqì1
 

pdlv rq d ylvleohphqw r Es  r Es 

 


47
 hq hhw/ vl rq qrwh } od irqfwlrq hq hvfdolhu fruuhvsrqgdqw dx gìfrxsdjh hq 2 prufhdx{/ rq d/ sdu


frqvwuxfwlrq píph =


;% 5 d% c % d c } E% ' s E% 
;% 5 d% c % d c } E% ' s E% 

       

hw sdu dloohxuv
;% 5 d% c% d c } E% ' s E% 

         


             

Frpph i hvw furlvvdqwh vxu d@c Ko/ rq d s E%   s E% c

fh txl surxyh txh }  } vxu d@c Ko/
     

grqf } E%_%  } E%_%

 
 

U  U 

f*hvw0ã0gluh r Es   r Es 
 
 

 

grqf Er Es hvw furlvvdqwh1

 
 

Gh píph/ E7 Es  hvw gìfurlvvdqwh1



  

sdu dloohxuv/ ;? 5 Qc r Es  7 Es  ^wulyldo`1

  

 

Hqq/ 7 Es   r Es ' dsEK  sE@o



 

hw grqf
 

 


*4 d7 Es   r Es o ' f
 
 

G*dsuëv oh wkìruëph ghv vxlwhv dgmdfhqwhv/ rq d


*4 r Es ' *4 7 Es  ' ,
 


  


pdlv/ frpph Er Es  hvw furlvvdqwh/ 7R ir Esj ' ,

gh píph/ U?s i7 Es j ' ,/ FTIG1
 

Uhpdutxh : = fh txl vhudlw soxv lqwìuhvvdqw = gìprqwuhu tx*xqh irqfwlrq frqwlqxh vxu d@c Ko hvw lqwìjudeoh
dx vhqv gh Ulhpdqq vxu d@c Ko/ vxssrvh frqqxhv ohv qrwlrqv gh frpsdflwì hw gh frqwlqxlwì xqliruph1

Uhpdutxh ; = Oh wkìruëph suìfìghqw prqwuh o*lpsruwdqfh hq dqdo|vh ghv irqfwlrqv ã yduldwlrq eruqìh
+glìuhqfh gh 5 irqfwlrqv prqrwrqhv,1

818 Oh wkìruëph ghv vhjphqwv hperñwìv

Wkìruëph 44 = Wkìruëph ghv vhjphqwv hperñwìv
Vrlw EU  xqh vxlwh gìfurlvvdqwh g*lqwhuydoohv ihupìv
l1h1 U ' d@ c K o/ dyhf @  K hw ;? 5 Qc U U


        

Vl *4 orqj U ' f/doruv U ' i%j

_
!

 

! " #

Gìprqvwudwlrq = $ Xqlflwì =

Vrlhqw %c + 5
$

U
_
!

! " #

Vl % 9' +/srvrqv m%  +m ' 0 : f

Frpph *4 orqj U ' f/ <? 5 Qc orqj U ! % $

! # !

pdlv %c + 5 U /grqf m%  +m  orqj L ! & ! &

0
48
 g*rü 0 0/ frqwudglfwlrq1

$ H{lvwhqfh =
Rq d E@  furlvvdqwh
EK  gìfurlvvdqwh
'

;? 5 Qc @  K
'

hw
' '

'
*4 EK  @  ' f
( )
' '

G*dsuëv oh wkìruëph ghv vxlwhv dgmdfhqwhv/E@  hw EK  vrqw frqyhujhqwhv gh píph olplwh {1

grqf ;? 5 Qc @  %  K
' '

l1h1 ;? 5 Qc % 5 d@ c K o
' '

' '

%5 U /FTIG1
)

_
'

' * +

819 Qrwlrq gh vxlwh h{wudlwh1 Sursulìwìv gh frpsdflwì

Gìqlwlrq 46 = Vrlw E  xqh vxlwh1
Rq dsshooh vxlwh h{wudlwh/ rx vrxv0vxlwh gh E  / xqh vxlwh E  / rü ? c ? c c ? c  hvw xqh
' ' , -

vxlwh vwulfwhphqw furlvvdqwh g*hqwlhuv1

' ' , - ' . / 0 1 2 3 4

Wkìruëph 45 = Gh wrxwh vxlwh eruqìh/ rq shxw h{wudluh xqh vrxv0vxlwh frqyhujhqwh1

Gìqlwlrq 47 = Vrlw N xqh sduwlh gh U

N hvw frpsdfw vvl gh wrxwh vxlwh gh N rq shxw h{wudluh xqh vrxv0vxlwh frqyhujhqwh1

Oh wkìruëph fl0ghvvxv surxyh grqf txh wrxw lqwhuydooh uìho ihupì eruqì d@c Ko hvw frpsdfw1

Gìprqvwudwlrq gx wkìruëph = Vrlw E  whooh txh ;? 5 Qc  5 d@c Ko

Vrlw V o*hqvhpeoh ghv ydohxuv sulvhv sdu od vxlwh E 
5 5 6 7 5

7 ' i c  c j
5

8 9

 fdv = V hqvhpeoh ql

: ;

7 ' i% c % c c % j
O*xqh dx prlqv ghv ydohxuv % hvw sulvh xqh lqqlwì gh irlv
< = >

^ F*hvw od yduldqwh lqqlh gx sulqflsh ghv wlurluv = vl rq d xqh lqqlwì gh fkhplvhv ã udqjhu gdqv
?

xq qrpeuh ql gh wlurluv/ lo | d dx prlqv xq wlurlu txl frqwlhqgud xqh lqqlwì gh fkhplvhv `1
Vrlw ? ' ? i? 5 Q m ' % j
? ' ? i? 5 Q i? j m ' % j
@ A B

? ' ? i? 5 Q i? c ? c c ? j m ' % j

C D E F

Od vxlwh E  hvw frqvwdqwh ìjdoh ã % / grqf frqyhujhqwh1

G H I J I K L M

N O P

2 fdv = V hqvhpeoh lqql

Q

R S T

Rq yd udlvrqqhu sdu glfkrwrplh

 =
Sdupl ohv lqwhuydoohv @c hw c K / o*xq dx prlqv frqwlhqw xqh lqqlwì g*ìoìphqwv gh V1
  U V W
Y Z [

Rq yd frqvwuxluh sdu uìfxuuhqfh xqh vxlwh EU  g*lqwhuydoohv ihupìv eruqìv1

X \

U ' d@c Ko
]

Vxssrvrqv U frqvwuxlw/U ' d@ c K o

^

_ _ _ _

49
 $ Vl @ c frqwlhqw xqh lqqlwì
 g*ìoìphqwv gh V/ rq srvh U ' @ c
  a b c d b
 h b c d b


$ Vlqrq/ rq srvh U ' cK

c g

e e

` f f

h b c d b

Rq d = ;? 5 Qc U U
c g

f f

hw orqj U ' orqj U

i j k l

grqf
o

l m n l

p
*4 orqj U ' f
q r
s

G*dsuëv oh wkìruëph ghv vhjphqwv hperñwìv/

U ' i%j
t

_
x

u v w

111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

Rq yd pdlqwhqdqw frqvwuxluh od vxlwh E 

Rq srvh ? ' f
x y

? ' ? i? 5 Q m 5 U j
w

? ' ? i? 5 Q  i? j m 5 U j
z | }

111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
~ } | ~

? ' ? i? 5 Q  i? c c ? j m 5 U j

{

Rq d elhq ? ? ?  ? 

 € } }  |  € }

hw ;& 5 Qc  5 U
 ‚ ƒ „

Prqwurqv txh
† ‡

ˆ
*4  ‰ Š
‹ Œ '%

Vrlw 0 : f
<R 5 Qcorqj U 0
srxu &  R/rq
 d


 5U
, m  %m  orqj U  orqj U 0
%5U
Ž  

‘ ’ “ ”

Prudolwì = ;0 : fc <R 5 Qc &  R , m  %m 0

l1h1
• –

—
*4 
˜ ™
• – ' %/ FTIG1

81: Frpsoìwxgh gh o*hqvhpeoh ghv qrpeuhv uìhov

Wkìruëph 46 = U hvw frpsohw
l1h1 wrxwh vxlwh gh Fdxfk| gh U hvw frqyhujhqwh1

4:
Gìprqvwudwlrq = Vrlw E  xqh vxlwh gh Fdxfk|
Rq vdlw txh E  hvw eruqìh
š

grqf E   dkc qo/rq shxw hq h{wudluh xqh vxlwh frqyhujhqwh  $,

š

Rq yd prqwuhu tx*hq idlw

š
› œ


*4  ' ,
ž Ÿ


Vrlw 0 : f
-  $ ,/grqf <& 5 Qc &  & , m  ,m
£

?^
¤

¡ ¢ ¢ ¡

-- E  ìwdqw gh Fdxfk|/<^ 5 Qc , m  m
Rf
ª

¥ ¦ § ¨ © §

Srvrqv  ' @% E? c ^ 

hw vrlw ?  
¬ ­ ® ¯

Dsshorqv ? oh soxv shwlw hqwlhu gh od vxlwh h{wudlwh txl vrlw   +êã h{lvwh sdu gìqlwlrq g*xqh vxlwh
¯

h{wudlwh,1
° ±

Rq d doruv = m  ,m ' mE    n E  ,m  m   m n m  ,m

Ru/m   m fdu ?  ^ hw ?  ^
² ² ² ³ ´ µ ´ ´ µ ´ µ

¶·

hw m  ,m fdu ?  ?
µ
´ ´ ¸ ¹ ¸

¶
·

g*rü m  ,m 0/ FTIG1
´ µ ¹ ¹ º

H{hpsoh 4 = uhsuhqrqv od vxlwh E  yxh suìfìghpphqw =

 ' oh soxv judqg udwlrqqho frpsruwdqw q fkluhv dsuëv od ylujxoh who txh  2
¼

E  hvw gh Fdxfk| grqf frqyhujhqwh yhuv o

¿

sdu dloohxuv lo hvw fodlu txh

¿

;? 5 Qc  2 E n f 
¾ Â

sdu sdvvdjh ã od olplwh/,  2  ,

¿

à Ã

g*rü , ' 2 s
Ä

Rq srvh , ' 2

Rq frqvwuxlw sdu fhwwh pìwkrgh ohv irqfwlrqv sc sc e|S Å

Qrxv doorqv whuplqhu fh sdudjudskh sdu xqh dssolfdwlrq wuëv lpsruwdqwh gx idlw txh U hvw frpsohw1

81; Ghv wkìruëphv gh srlqw {h

Wkìruëph 47 = Wkìruëph gx srlqw {h
Vrlw s G U $ U xqh dssolfdwlrq vwulfwhphqw frqwudfwdqwh/
l1h1 whooh txh <& 5 ofc d c ;E%c + 5 U c msE%  s E+m  & m%  +m
Æ

doruv <-% 5 Uc sE% ' %

Gìprqvwudwlrq = $ Xqlflwì =
Vxssrvrqv o*h{lvwhqfh gh 5 srlqwv {hv % hw %
Ç

msE%  s E% m  & m%  % m
Ç Ç

m%  % m  & m%  % m
Ç Ç

Vl m%  % m 9' f/ doruv   &/ frqwudglfwlrq fdu & / grqf % ' %

Ç È

$ H{lvwhqfh =
Rq
 frqvwuxlw xqh vxlwh E%  G
% 5 U {ì
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% ' s E% 
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Ë Ì Í Ë

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m%  % m ' ms E%   s E% m  & m%  % m
Hq lwìudqw oh surfìgì/ rq duulyh ã m%  % m  & m%  % m
Î Ï Ð Î Î Î Ñ Ð Î Î Ñ Ð

Î Ï Ð Î Ð
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Vrlw 0 : f
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m%  % m ' mE%  %  n E% %  n  n E%  % m

 m% % m n m% % m n  n m% % m
Î Ï Ô Õ Õ Ö Ô Õ Ö Ô × Ø Õ Ö Ô × Ø Õ Ö Ô × Ù Õ Ö Ø Õ

& m%  % m n & m%  % m n  n & m%  % m

Õ Ö Ô Õ Ö Ô × Ø Õ Ö Ô × Ø Õ Ö Ô × Ù Õ Ö Ø Õ

Õ Ö Ô × Ø Õ Ö Ô × Ù Õ

 & m%  % m E n & n & n  n & 

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 m%  % m
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à

á ä å á

Od vxlwh E%  hvw gh Fdxfk|/ grqf frqyhujhqwh yhuv {

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wrxwh vxlwh gh Fdxfk| vrlw frqyhujhqwh1 Oh wkìruëph 47 hvw grqf hqfruh yudl vl rq uhpsodfh U sdu xqh
sduwlh frpsoëwh gh U
Ru/ rq shxw yrlu gdqv wrxw frxuv gh wrsrorjlh jìqìudoh txh ohv ihupìv gh U vrqw frpsohwv1
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rü L lqwhuydooh ihupì +d@c Ko rx d@c n4d rx o4c @o,1

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hq dqdo|vh/ qrwdpphqw gdqv oh frxuv vxu ohv ìtxdwlrqv glìuhqwlhoohv1
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Wkìruëph 48 = Vrlw s G U $ U/ rü L lqwhuydooh ihupì gh U

Vl <? 5 Qc <& 5 ofc c d c ;E%c + 5 U c ms E%  s E+m  & m%  +m/
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é ê

è ë ì ë è

4<
Gìprqvwudwlrq = Oh wkìruëph 47 irxuqlw xq xqltxh % 5 U who txh s E% ' %/ fh txl jdudqwlw o*xqlflwì1
í

Rq yd pdlqwhqdqw prqwuhu tx*hq idlw sE% ' %

ms Es E%  s E%m  & ms E%  %m
í í

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msE%  %m  & msE%  %m

Vl sE% 9' %/doruv   &
Frqwudglfwlrq fdu & 

9 Sduwlhv uhpdutxdeohv gh U
914 Sduwlhv gìqrpeudeohv gh U
Gìqlwlrq 48 = H hqvhpeoh
H hvw gìqrpeudeoh vvl lo h{lvwh xqh elmhfwlrq  G Q $.

Uhpdutxh 43 = Rq d doruv . ' i c  c  c c  c j

Lo hvw grqf srvvleoh gh olvwhu ohv ìoìphqwv gh H = oh f / oh  / oh 2 hwf1
î ï ð ñ

ò ó ó

ô õ ô ô ö ô õ ô

Fhwwh uhpdutxh h{soltxh od whuplqrorjlh dqjor0vd{rqqh = hqxphudeoh srxu gìqrpeudeoh1

H{hpsoh 5 = Q oxl0píph +ìylghpphqw elhq vþu,

H{hpsoh 6 = o*hqvhpeoh ghv qrpeuhv sdluv

H{hpsoh 7 = o*hqvhpeoh ghv qrpeuhv suhplhuv

H{hpsoh 8 = o*hqvhpeoh ghv fduuìv sduidlwv

hwf1

PDLV DXVVL =

Wkìruëph 49 = ] hvw gìqrpeudeoh

Gìprqvwudwlrq = ] ' ifc c c 2c 2c c  c ec j

Wkìruëph 4: = T hvw gìqrpeudeoh

Gìprqvwudwlrq = Frpswh whqx gh od pìwkrgh hqwu*dshuêxh gdqv od gìprqvwudwlrq gx wkìruëph 49/lo

vx!w gh vdyrlu gìprqwuhu txh T hvw gìqrpeudeoh1
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ø

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Uììfulyrqv fhwwh olvwh/txl qh frpsruwh soxv pdlqwhqdqw txh ghv iudfwlrqv luuìgxfwleohv
+fkdtxh ìoìphqw gh T hvw ìfulw xqh irlv hw xqh vhxoh, =
ù

53
 * 2* * e* D* S* .* H*
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* 2*D *e e*D D* S*. .* H*D
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Hfulyrqv T ' c c 2c c c c c c c ec c c c c Dc 

ý ý
   

Rq d elhq uìxvvl ã lqgh{hu ohv ìoìphqwv gh T sdu ohv hqwlhuv1

ü

þ ÿ ÿ   
 

H{huflfh 6 = 4, Od uìxqlrq gh 5 hqvhpeohv gìqrpeudeohv hvw gìqrpeudeoh

5, Od uìxqlrq g*xqh idplooh gìqrpeudeoh g*hqvhpeohv gìqrpeudeohv hvw gìqrpeudeoh1
6, Xq surgxlw ql g*hqvhpeohv gìqrpeudeohv hvw gìqrpeudeoh1

Wkìruëph 4; = U q*hvw sdv gìqrpeudeoh1

Gìprqvwudwlrq = Rq yd prqwuhu hq idlw txh dfc o q*hvw sdv gìqrpeudeoh1

Udlvrqqrqv sdu o*devxugh1
Vxssrvrqv tx*lo h{lvwh xqh elmhfwlrq  G Q $ dfc o
Rq dxud doruv dfc o ' i c  c c  c j
Vrlw + ' fc @ @ @ 
  

rü @ 5 ifc c bj   gìflpdoh gh 

  

  

@ 5 ifc c bj  2 gìflpdoh gh 

 

  

111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
 

@ 5 ifc c bj  ? gìflpdoh gh 



  

hwf1
 

Rq d fodluhphqw + 5 dfc o
hw ;? 5 Q c + 9' 
fh txl surxyh txh + q*hvw sdv gdqv od olvwh/ frqwudglfwlrq1


Frpsoìphqw =
Gìqlwlrq 49 = Xq qrpeuh uìho hvw glw dojìeultxh vvl lo hvw udflqh g*xqh ìtxdwlrq sro|qrpldoh ã frh!0
flhqwv gdqv T
s s s s
Sdu h{hpsoh/ 2c .c 2 n vrqw dojìeultxhv

Gìqlwlrq 4: = Xq qrpeuh uìho hvw glw wudqvfhqgdqw vvl lo q*hvw sdv dojìeultxh1

Sdu h{hpsoh/ e hvw wudqvfhqgdqw +Khuplwh/4;:6,

Z hvw wudqvfhqgdqw +Olqghpdqq/4;;5,/
pdlv fhod q*hvw sdv idfloh ã gìprqwuhu1
^ yrlu sdu h{hpsoh Vwhzduw = Jdorlv Wkhru| rx Jr}dug = Wkìrulh gh Jdorlv `1
Dwwhqwlrq = Hq ghkruv gh fhv ghx{ h{fhswlrqv txl frquphqw od uëjoh/ od soxsduw ghv gìprqvwudwlrqv
txl wudñqhqw gdqv od olwwìudwxuh vrqw idxvvhv1

Lo hvw dvvh} idfloh gh yrlu +h{huflfh, txh o*hqvhpeoh ghv qrpeuhv dojìeultxhv hvw gìqrpeudeoh1
Frpph U oxl0píph qh o*hvw sdv/ f*hvw grqf tx*lo h{lvwh txhotxh sduw ghv qrpeuhv wudqvfhqgdqwv1

54
Uhpdutxh 44 klvwrultxh = F*hvw dlqvl txh Jhruj Fdqwru sduylqw ã gìprqwuhu/ hq 4;:7/ o*h{lvwhqfh gh
qrpeuhv wudqvfhqgdqwv/ vdqv dyrlu ehvrlq g*hq h{klehu xq vhxo1

Hq idlw/rq shxw gìprqwuhu tx*hq xq fhuwdlq vhqv/ lo | d dxwdqw gh qrpeuhv wudqvfhqgdqwv txh gh
qrpeuhv uìhov1

915 Sduwlhv ghqvhv gdqv U

Gìqlwlrq 4; = D hvw ghqvh gdqv U vvl
;% 5 Uc ;0 : fc  _ o%  0c % n 0d 9' >

^ Lo | d dx prlqv xq ìoìphqw gh D dxvvl suëv txh o*rq yhxw gh wrxw qrpeuh uìho `1

Sursrvlwlrq 5 = D hvw ghqvh gdqv U vvl/ srxu wrxw % 5 Uc lo h{lvwh xqh vxlwh E%  g*ìoìphqwv gh D txl
frqyhujh yhuv %


Gìprqvwudwlrq = ã shx suëv wulyldoh1

Wkìruëph 4< = T hvw ghqvh gdqv U

Gìprqvwudwlrq = Vrlw % 5 U
% ' 6c @ @ @ 
srvrqv % ' 6c @ @ @
  

Lo hvw fodlu txh % 5 T hw txh

   


*4 % ' %
 


Uhpdutxh 45 = Gh píph/ U  T hvw ghqvh gdqv U

Gdqv wrxw lqwhuydooh qrq ylgh/ lo | d xqh lqqlwì gh udwlrqqhov hw xqh lqqlwì g*luudwlrqqhov1

H{huflfh 7 = Vrlw s G U $ U frqwlqxh

Rq vxssrvh txh ;E%c + 5 U c sE% n + ' s E% n s E+


Prqwuhu txh s hvw olqìdluh

l1h1 <@ 5 Uc ;% 5 Uc s E% ' @%

H{huflfh 8 +Fxulrvlwì, = Vrlw s G dfc o $ U dlqvl gìqlh =

Vl % 5 U  T/ sE% ' f
Vl % 5 Tc % ' luuìgxfwleoh/ s E% '


Hwxglhu od frqwlqxlwì gh s vxu dfc o 

 

H{huflfh 9 = Prqwuhu txh wrxw vrxv0jurxsh gh EUc n hvw vrlw glvfuhw/vrlw ghqvh1

55