Name Natalie Motivation, Stress, and Emotion Take Home Test December 2022

1 Motivation is defined by psychologists as

a. an impulse to accomplish something of significance.
b. rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of all people.
c. a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal.
d. the cause of behavior.
e. an external reward or goal that pushes a person toward accomplishments.
2 Which theory has been accused of simply naming rather than explaining behaviors?
a. drive-reduction
b. set point
c. arousal
d. instinct
e. incentive
3 Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be a human instinct.
a. infant sucking
b. curiosity
c. the need to belong
d. religious ritual
e. the experience of flow
4 Like evolutionary psychology, instinct theory most clearly assumed that behavior is influenced by
a. homeostasis.
b. set points.
c. incentives.
d. genetic predispositions.
e. hierarchy of needs.
5 Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on
instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and
a. drive reduction.
b. set points.
c. refractory periods.
d. basal metabolic rate.
e. a fixed behavior pattern.
6 A need refers to
a. a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.
b. an aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a psychological need.
c. anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating
behavior.
d. a desire to perform a behavior as a result of rewards or threats of punishment.
e. a rigidly patterned behavioral urge characteristic of all people.
7 Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called
a. needs.
b. incentives.
c. set points.
d. drives.
e. instincts.
8 Internal push is to external pull as ________ is to ________.
a. incentive; set point
b. homeostasis; drive reduction
c. instinct; need
d. need; drive
e. need; incentive
9 In which of the following situations would you perform best with lower levels of arousal?
a. A task that you could do easily.
b. A task that you watch others perform.
c. A task that you find difficult.
d. A task for which you have intrinsic motivation.
e. A task for which you have extrinsic motivation.
10 Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated
to form close friendships with fellow citizens. Professor Sanford is providing an example of
a. set points.
b. a hierarchy of motives.
c. homeostasis.
d. erotic plasticity.
e. instincts.
11 The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for
a. self-esteem.
b. love and friendship.
c. religious fulfillment.
d. food and drink.
e. achievement.
12 According to Maslow, our need for
a. love must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for food.
b. adequate clothing must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need
for self-esteem.
c. religious fulfillment must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our
need for adequate housing.
d. self-actualization must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need
for friendship.
e. political freedom must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need
for economic security.
13 Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as
a. belongingness needs.
b. self-esteem needs.
c. self-transcendence needs.
d. self-actualization needs.
e. homeostasis needs.
14 Hunger controls are located within the brain's
a. hypothalamus.
b. medulla.
c. temporal lobe.
d. amygdala.
e. hippocampus.
15 Blood glucose levels are regulated by secretions of ________ by the pancreas.
a. PYY
b. leptin
c. orexin
d. insulin
e. thyroxin
16 Rats become very hungry when they experience
a. elevated levels of obestatin.
b. reduced levels of ghrelin.
c. elevated levels of orexin.
d. reduced levels of estrogen.
e. elevated levels of testosterone.
17 The consumption of carbohydrates is most likely to
a. lower the body's set point.
b. decrease blood glucose levels.
c. reduce tension and anxiety.
d. prevent bulimia nervosa.
e. increase the basal metabolic rate.
18 A violent illness that follows our eating of a particular food is likely to influence our taste preferences. This
illustrates that taste preferences are influenced by
a. basal metabolic rate.
b. learning experiences.
c. the binge-purge cycle.
d. the settling point.
e. drives and needs.
19 An integrated understanding of rising obesity rates in terms of set points, culturally learned taste preferences,
and the ready availability of large food portions is best illustrated by
a. homeostasis.
b. the evolutionary perspective.
c. instinct theory.
d. a biopsychosocial approach.
e. a cognitive-behavioral approach.
20 When people's images on a video monitor are widened to make them look fatter, observers perceive them as
a. kinder and more friendly.
b. more sincere and less friendly.
c. less sincere and less friendly.
d. less kind and more friendly.
e. more sincere and more friendly.
21 Secretion of the female hormones, the estrogens, peaks during
a. the refractory period.
b. the set point.
c. menstruation.
d. ovulation.
e. the sexual response cycle.
22 Women's sexual receptivity differs from that of nonhuman female mammals in being more responsive to
________ levels than to estrogen levels.
a. glucose
b. orexin
c. PYY
d. testosterone
e. insulin
23 With the removal of the ovaries, a woman's natural ________ level drops.
a. testosterone
b. ghrelin
c. orexin
d. PYY
e. basal
24 In research studies, college students were less likely to report pain when
a. watching a national newscast.
b. viewing a photo of a random person.
c. distracted by a word task.
d. viewing a photo of a loved one.
e. imagining success in a future career.
25 Some adults who were insecurely attached as children can use strategies to maintain their distance from others
because they feel discomfort over getting close to others. This is known as
a. learned helplessness
b. insecure anxious attachment
c. insecure avoidant attachment
d. social distance
e. chain migration.
26 Which of the following is an example of a person experiencing ostracism?
a. Joan is being required by her parents to attend a summer camp she does not like.
b. Myron has been experiencing low self-esteem since he was not admitted to his
favorite college.
c. Will was selected by his school to participate in a district-wide seminar on
bullying.
d. Sidra was upset since learning that she only has the fourth highest GPA in the
senior class.
e. Aaron was frequently ignored in the locker room by his teammates who were
angry with him.
27 People who spend time on social networking sites focused on their own desires and needs may be more likely to
be viewed as
a. having low self-esteem.
b. a low need for affiliation.
c. being part of a collectivist culture.
d. narcissistic.
e. pessimistic.
28 The basic components of emotion are
a. sympathetic arousal, parasympathetic inhibition, and cognitive labeling.
b. physical gestures, facial expressions, and psychological drives.
c. expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience.
d. cognition, affect, and behavior.
e. physiological reaction, psychological reaction, biopsychosocial reaction.
29 The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
a. to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an
emotion-arousing event.
b. the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.
c. an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal
and the subjective experience of emotion.
d. to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label
the emotion.
e. cognitive experiences of emotion determine the extent of our physiological
arousal.
30 Who suggested that “we feel sorry because we cry . . . afraid because we tremble”?
a. Stanley Schachter
b. William James
c. Walter Cannon
d. Richard Lazarus
e. Charles Darwin
31 According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the body's arousal is related to the sympathetic nervous system in the
same way that subjective awareness of emotion is related to the
a. cortex.
b. hypothalamus.
c. thalamus.
d. parasympathetic nervous system.
e. amygdala.
32 According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the experience of an emotion
a. depends on the intensity of physiological arousal.
b. can occur only after physiological arousal.
c. occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal.
d. precedes physiological arousal.
e. is intensified or lessened by physiological arousal.
33 Which researcher believed that our body's responses were not distinct enough to evoke different emotions?
a. William James
b. Paul Ekman
c. Walter Cannon
d. Stanley Schachter
e. Carroll Izard
34 The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by
a. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard.
b. Robert Zajonc and Richard Lazarus.
c. William James and Carl Lange.
d. Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer.
e. John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner.
35 The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the
James-Lange theory.
a. cognitive activity
b. subjective well-being
c. physiological arousal
d. catharsis
e. stress
36 Evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly
exposed has convinced Robert Zajonc that
a. our thoughts are not influenced by our emotional states.
b. our normal feelings of love and anger are typically irrational.
c. the two-factor theory of emotion is essentially correct.
d. sometimes emotions precede cognition.
e. emotional reactions bias our perceptions of the world.
37 Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the
thalamus directly to the
a. hippocampus.
b. hypothalamus.
c. cerebellum.
d. brainstem.
e. amygdala.
38 In their dispute over the role of cognition in emotion, both Zajonc and Lazarus agree that
a. cognitive reactions always precede emotional reactions.
b. emotional reactions always precede cognitive reactions.
c. some emotional reactions involve no conscious thinking.
d. cognitive reactions and emotional reactions always occur simultaneously.
e. emotional responses are not perceivable without conscious thinking.
39 A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is
a. acetylcholine.
b. epinephrine.
c. testosterone.
d. insulin.
e. dopamine.
40 When confronted by an armed robber, your emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by
a. decreases in blood sugar levels.
b. slowing of digestion.
c. increases in salivation.
d. constriction of pupils to increase visual acuity.
e. decreases in respiration rate.
41 During a state of emotional arousal, the adrenal glands release ________ into the bloodstream.
a. insulin
b. acetylcholine
c. norepinephrine
d. glucose
e. testosterone
42 An inexperienced pilot prepares for an emergency landing after her single-engine plane loses power. Her
emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by
a. decreased respiration.
b. pupil constriction.
c. increased blood sugar levels.
d. increased salivation.
e. decreased perspiration.
43 Which division of the nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in emotionally stressful
situations?
a. sympathetic
b. central
c. somatic
d. parasympathetic
e. autonomic
44 Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
a. accelerates heart rate and slows digestion.
b. slows heart rate and accelerates digestion.
c. slows heart rate and slows digestion.
d. accelerates heart rate and accelerates digestion.
e. accelerates perspiration and accelerates respiration.
45 Lillian will be taking an entrance exam for law school this afternoon. She is likely to
a. do well on the exam if her physiological arousal is moderate.
b. do poorly on the exam if her physiological arousal is moderate.
c. do poorly on the exam if her physiological arousal is low.
d. do well on the exam if her physiological arousal is very low.
e. do well on the exam if her physiological arousal is very high.
46 A psychologist would have the greatest difficulty differentiating between anger and fear by monitoring the
________ associated with each.
a. hormone secretions
b. finger temperatures
c. heart rates
d. brain activity
e. cognitive experiences
47 Researchers wanting to stimulate distinct, specific emotions would be most successful if they could do which of
the following?
a. manipulate heart rates
b. change internal body temperature
c. stimulate different brain regions
d. modify the secretion of adrenaline
e. increase respiration rate
48 As people experience positive emotions, an increase in brain activity is most evident in the
a. right frontal lobe.
b. left frontal lobe.
c. right occipital lobe.
d. left temporal lobe.
e. left occipital lobe.
49 Emotional disgust is to emotional delight as ________ is to ________.
a. blood sugar decrease; blood sugar increase
b. right prefrontal cortex activation; left prefrontal cortex activation
c. sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
d. the relative deprivation principle; the adaptation-level principle
e. release of epinephrine; release of nor epinephrine
50 One problem with the use of the polygraph for lie detection is that
a. polygraph assessments are more expensive than brain scans.
b. anxiety, irritation, and guilt feelings all prompt similar physiological reactivity.
c. emotions involve expressive behaviors as well as autonomic nervous system
arousal.
d. innocent people are presumed to be guilty at the very beginning of any lie detector
test.
e. polygraphs can cause autonomic nerve damage in rare cases.
51 People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of
a. love.
b. anger.
c. surprise.
d. happiness.
e. boredom.
52 The most unambiguous nonverbal clue to our specific emotional state is provided by our
a. respiration rate.
b. hand gestures.
c. facial muscles.
d. body posture.
e. heart rate.
53 Eva's boyfriend says he loves her, but she wants proof. To obtain the most trustworthy nonverbal signals of how
he really feels, Eva should carefully observe
a. his general body posture when he stands near her.
b. the way he holds her hand when they walk together.
c. how close he stands to her when they are talking.
d. his facial expressions when they spend time together.
e. the way he positions his legs when he sits near her.
54 The facial expressions associated with particular emotions are
a. learned in early childhood.
b. different in Eastern and Western cultures.
c. the same throughout the world.
d. more similar in adults than they are in children or adolescents.
e. more similar in women than in men.
55 If you grimace in fear while taking a difficult test, this facial expression is likely to cause
a. you to experience increasingly intense feelings of fear.
b. you to have less difficulty recalling the correct answers to the test questions.
c. your blood sugar levels to decrease.
d. your medulla to activate a stress response.
e. you to retrieve information more quickly and accurately for the test.
56 A stress-moderating hormone released by cuddling and associated with pair-bonding is known as
a. serotonin.
b. cortisol.
c. norepinephrine.
d. oxytocin.
e. dopamine.
57 Hypertension rates are high among
a. frequent church attendees.
b. students living in dormitories.
c. children in day-care centers.
d. residents in impoverished areas.
e. parents of young children.
58 Which of the following is considered the most significant source of stress for most people?
a. large-scale catastrophes
b. significant life changes
c. personality characteristics
d. psychosomatic symptoms
e. daily hassles
59 Matt has been experiencing headaches. Because his physician strongly recommends that he enroll in an
anger-management class, the physician has probably diagnosed Matt's headaches as a(n) ________ illness.
a. allergenic
b. psychophysiological
c. immune deficiency
d. carcinogenic
e. cathartic
60 The field of psychoneuroimmunology is most broadly concerned with how the psychological, neural, and
endocrine systems together affect the
a. reproductive system.
b. cardiovascular system.
c. immune system.
d. respiratory system.
e. central nervous system.
61 Viral infections are to ________ as bacterial infections are to ________.
a. B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes
b. Type B personalities; Type A personalities
c. T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes
d. Type A personalities; Type B personalities
e. coronary heart disease; immune diseases
62 The macrophage and lymphocytes are major agents of the
a. sympathetic nervous system.
b. immune system.
c. limbic system.
d. parasympathetic nervous system.
e. coronary system.
63 Which of the following is the best explanation for why stress affects our immune systems?
a. Stress triggers sympathetic nervous system responses that divert energy from the
immune system.
b. Macrophage cells, produced by stress, destroy cells important to our immune
system.
c. Stress creates B lymphocytes, which decrease our body's ability to fight disease.
d. Type T lymphocytes, which are created in response to stress, attack the body's
tissues.
e. Research has shown a direct link between stress and the production of natural
killer cells that attack the immune system.
64 After breaking up with his girlfriend, Eric came down with a severe respiratory infection. His illness may
have been caused to a large extent by a(n) ________ in his body's production of ________.
a. decrease; glucocorticoids
b. increase; NK cells
c. decrease; lymphocytes
d. increase; telomeres
e. decrease; macrophages
65 Hypertension rates are highest in those European countries where people report the lowest
a. blood cholesterol levels.
b. relative deprivation.
c. coronary heart disease.
d. satisfaction with life
e. adaptation level.
66 Who is the best example of a Type A personality?
a. Mara, an irritable, impatient teacher
b. Rashida, a highly intelligent, introverted librarian
c. Wilma, a friendly, altruistic social worker
d. Charisse, a fun-loving, self-indulgent university student
e. Dave, a very successful race car driver
67 Who is the best example of a Type B personality?
a. George, a self-confident, time-conscious mail carrier
b. Wang Lung, a relaxed, easygoing dentist
c. Henry, an irritable, impatient high school teacher
d. Stasio, a fun-loving, hard-driving corporation president
e. Quentin, the competitive social worker
68 Which personality characteristic is associated with increased risk of heart disease?
a. successful
b. even-tempered
c. pessimistic
d. passive
e. easygoing
69 The risk of death from cardiovascular disease is substantially increased among those with
a. symptoms of depression.
b. Type B personalities.
c. NK cells.
d. B lymphocytes.
e. symptoms of introversion.
70 Heart disease and depression may both result when chronic stress triggers
a. persistent inflammation.
b. the release of NK cells.
c. the production of lymphocytes.
d. the release of oxytocin.
e. reported experiences of catharsis.