Activity Book Class 12

Maths

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(A Manual of Laboratory Activities & Projects)
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Class XII

 C.K. Bansal

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Published by
SAMAR PUBLICATIONS
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Ph.: 011-32968886, 9311154187
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E-mail: samarbooks@yahoo.com

New Edition : 2019

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PREFACE

The “Samar Activities in Mathematics” manual of activities has been prepared to help the students
gain a better understanding of concepts from different branches of mathematics by performing
relevant activities. Learning outcomes of each activity in terms of skill/aptitude/creativity/
knowledge, etc.; have been identied. Provision has been made for the teachers to record their
observations and suggest remedial measures. The section in Projects has also been included.

I hope this edition becomes useful for the students. As ever, suggestions and feedback from the
users shall be gratefully acknowledged.

— C K Bansal
e-mail: ckbansal@gmail.com

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NCERT LIST OF ACTIVITIES

1. To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, dened by R = {( l, m) : l ^ m} is
symmetric but neither reective nor transitive.
2. To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, dened by R = {(l, m) : l || m} is
an equivalence relation.
3. To demonstrate a function which is not one-one but is onto.
4. To demonstrate a function which is one-one but not onto.
5. To draw the graph of sin–1 x, using the graph of sin x and demonstrate the concepts of mirror
reection (about the line y = x).
6. To explore the principal value of the function sin –1 x using a unit circle.
7. To sketch the graphs of ax and logax, a > 0, a ≠ 1 and to examine that they are minor images of
each other.
8. To establish a relationship between common logarithm (to the base 10) and natural logarithm
(to the base e) of the number x.
9. To nd analytically the limit of a function f(x) at x = c and also to check the continuity of the
function at that point.
10. To verify that for a function f to be continuous at given point x9, Dy = f(x0 + Dx) – f(x0) is
arbitrarily small provided Dx is sufciently small.
11. To verify Rolle’s Theorem.
12. To verify Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem.
13. To understand the concepts of decreasing and increasing functions.
14. To understand the concepts of local maxima, local minima and point of inection.
15. To understand the concepts of absolute maximum and minimum values of a function in a
given closed interval through its graph.
16. To construct an open box of maximum volume from a given rectangular sheet by cutting equal
squares from each corner.
17. To nd the time when the area of a rectangle of given dimensions become maximum, if the
length is decreasing and the breadth is increasing at given rates.
18. To verify that amongst all the rectangles of the same perimeter, the square has the maximum
area.
b
19. To evaluate the denite integral ∫ (1 − x )dx 2
as the limit of a sum and verify it by actual
integration. a

      
20. To verify geometrically that a × ( a + b ) = c × a + c × b.
21. To verify that angle in a semi-circle is a right angle, using vector method.
22. To locate the points to given coordinates in space, measure the distance between two points in
space and then to verify the distance using distance formula.
23. To demonstrate the equation of a plane in normal form.
24. To verify that the angle between two planes is the same as the angle between their normals.

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25. To nd the distance of given point (in space) from a plane (passing through three non-collinear
points) by actual measurement and also analytically.
26. To measure the shortest distance between two skew lines and verify it analytically.
27. To explain the computation of conditional probability of a given event A, when event B has
already occurred, through an example of throwing a pair of dice.
NCERT LIST OF PROJECTS

Project 1: To minimise the cost of the food, meeting the dietary requirements of the staple food of
the adolescent students of your school.
Project 2: Estimation of the population of a particular region/country under the assumptions that
there is no migration in or out of the existing population in a particular year.
Project 3: Finding the coordinates of different points identied in your classroom using the concepts
of three dimensional geometry and also nd the distances between the identied points.
Project 4: Formation of differential equation to explain the process of cooling of boiled water to a
given room temperature.
LIST OF SUGGESTED PROJECTS

1. Project on history of Mathematics: It may included history of Indian mathematicians such as

Aryabhata, Brahmgupta, Varahamihir, Sridhara, Bhaskaracharya, Ramanujan etc., and history
of foreign mathematicians such as Cantor, Pythagoras, Thales, Euclid, Appollonius, Descartes,
Fermat, Leibnitz, Euler, Fibonac, Gauss, Newton, etc.
2. On linear Programming problems related to day-to-day life like collecting data from families
of their expenditure and requirements from the factories to maximum out put.
3. Collect data from dieticians, transporters, agents and formulate linear programming problems.
4. Make a chart of the formula of applications of calculus.
5. Applications of conic sections, vectors, three dimensional geometry, calculus, etc., in
Mathematics and Physics.
6. Mathematics and Chemistry: Study structure of organic compounds.
7. Mathematics and Biology: Study of science of heredity etc.
8. Mathematics and Music
9. Mathematics and Environment.
10. Mathematics and Arts: Construction of shapes using curves.
11. Mathematics and Information and Communication Technology: Writing of Mathematical
programmes, ow charts, algorithm, circuit diagrams etc.
12. Collection of statistical data and analysing it for standard deviation and mean deviation.
13. Observe the various patterns and properties in Pascal’s triangle and make a project.
14. Prepare a project based on the Fibonacci sequence, their properties and similar pattern found
in nature.
15. Form a differential equation for the growth of bacteria in different environments.
16. Study the nature of mathematics and make a project showing where three aspects of nature of
mathematics - formalism, logic, intuition is applied in the development of mathematics.

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SYLLABUS

One paper Max Marks: 80

No. Units No. of Periods Marks
I. Relations and Functions 30 08
II. Algebra 50 10
III. Calculus 80 35
IV. Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry 30 14
V. Linear Programming 20 05
VI. Probability 30 08
Total 240 80
Internal Assessment 20
Choice(s): There will no overall choice in the question paper. However, 33% internal choices will
be given.
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 20 MARKS
Periodic Tests (Best 2 out of 3 tests conducted) 10 Marks
Mathematics Activities 10 Marks
Assessment of Activity Work: Throughout the year any 10 activities shall be performed by the
student from the activities given in the NCERT Laboratory Manual for the respective class (XI or
XII) which is available on the link: http://www.ncert.nic.in/exemplar/labmanuals.html A record
of the same may be kept by the student. An year end test on the activity may be conducted at the
School Level.
The weightage are as under:
• The activities performed by the student through out the year and record keeping: 5 marks
• Assessment of the activity performed during the year end test: 5 marks
• Viva-voce: 2 marks

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CERTIFICATE

Certified that:

1. The experimental work as recorded in this record book has been done under my
supervision and guidance.

2. It is a bonafide record of the above said work.

3. The personal details of the student, as given below, have been verified and are
correct to the best of my knowledge.

Name: Miss/Mr. :......................................................................................

Class :......................................................................................

Class Roll No. :......................................................................................

Board Exam Roll No. :......................................................................................

Academic Session :......................................................................................

Countersigned by : Principal/HOD .............................................................

.............................................................. ..............................................................

(School Stamp) (Teacher Incharge)

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CONTENTS
S.No. Topic of the Activity Page No.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. To verify that the relation R in set L of all lines in plane dened as {(l1l2 ) : l1 ⊥ l2 and l1l2 ∈ L} 1
is symmetric but neither reexive nor transitive.
2. To verify that the relation R in the set L of all the lines in a plane dened by 3
R = {(l , m): l || m and l, m ∈ L} is an equivalence relation.
3. To demonstrate a function is not one-one but is on to. 5
4. To demonstrate a function which is one-one but not onto. 8
5. To demonstrate a function which is neither one-one nor onto. 10

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

6. To draw the graph of Sin–1x using the graph of Sin x and demonstrate the concept of 13
mirror reexion (about the line y = x)
7. To explore the principal value of the inverse trigonometric function y = sin –1x with the 16
help of a unit circle.

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

8. To sketch the graph of ax and log ax where a > 0 , a ≠ 1 and to examine that they are 20
mirror images of each other.

RELATION BETWEEN COMMON LOGARITHM AND NATURAL LOGARITHM

9. To establish a relationship between common logarithm (to the base 10) and natural 23
logarithm (to the base e) of the number x.

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

10. To nd analytically the limit of a given function f(x) at given point x = c and also check 26
the continuity of the given function at that point.
11. To verify that for a function f(x) to be continuous at given point x0 and 28
Dy = [f(x0 + Dx) – f(x0)] is arbitrarily small provided Dx is sufciently small.

APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE

12. To verify Rolle’s Theorem 31

13. To verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem. 34

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14. To understand the concepts of decreasing and increasing functions. 37

15. To understand the concept of local maxima and local minima and point of inexion for a 40
given function.
16. To construct an open box of maximum volume from a given rectangular sheet by 43
cutting squares from each corner.
17. To construct an open box of maximum volume from a given rectangular sheet by 45
cutting squares from each corner.
18. To nd the time when the area of a rectangle of given dimensions become maximum 48
if the length is decreasing and breadth is increasing at given rates.
19. To verify that amongst all the rectangles of the same perimeter the square has the 51
maximum area.

DEFINITE INTEGRAL

20. To evaluate the denite integral ∫ab 1 − x dx

2
as the limit of a sum and verify it by 54
actual integration.

VECTORS

21. To verify that angle in the semi circle is a right angle using vector method. 57
      
22. To verify geometrically that c × ( a b)
+ = c × a+c × b. 60

THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

23. To verify that the angle between two planes is the same as the angle between their 63
normals.
24. To locate the points to given co-ordinates in space, measure the distance between two 65
points in space and then to verify the distance using the distance formula.
25. To measure the shortest distance between two skew lines and verify by analytically. 68
26. To demonstrate the equation of the plane in normal form. 72
27. To nd the distance of given point (in space) from a plane (passing through three 74
non-collinear points) by actual measurement and also analytically.

PROBABILITY

28. To explain the computation of conditional probabilities of a given event A when event 78
B has already occurred through an example of throwing a pair of dice.

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INDEX

Teacher’s
S.No. Experiment Remarks Date
Signature

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INDEX

Teacher’s
S.No. Experiment Remarks Date
Signature

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