STUDIO 1

DAYLIGHT
Daylight is a precious asset that is constantly present and likely to become
scarce any time soon. It also has the power to change an interior environment
from unique power to change an interior environment from one of uninspired
monotony into one that is psychologically uplifting. This capacity for one of the
key reasons architects aim to create space for daylight to get into a structure
wherever practicable is to enlighten an area and architects aim to create space
for daylight to get into a structure wherever practicable is to both enlighten an
area and to make it more appealing. Daylight fluctuates in quality and intensity
from one moment to the next, and the specific usage of a room will determine
how much change is preferable or acceptable. The thoughtful construction of
apertures in a building's fabric is necessary to manage the entry of sunlight into
an area.

WHY IT IS IMPORTANT IN ARCHITECTURE PEDAGOGY?

Daylight considerations influence the whole design process and incorporate as
many conceptual and aesthetic topics as technical ones. To apply a method for
teaching the daylight phenomenon to undergraduate architecture students using
a physical prototyping environment. The method allows students to preview the
effects of daylight distribution due to different design options, and visually
appreciate them. Practical disciplines (studio) and the critical practical ones
have made up architectural education. The former attempts to develop your
design practice in the studio, and in your thesis, you're required to help the other
students. But as opposed to the studio work that is dynamic and activity-based,
the support disciplines have often been presented in a more traditional manner.
The design studio is seen as a place in which students release their creative
impulses. By including certain experimentation components in the studio,
theory and practice may be integrated. It is possible to forecast daylight
behavior in a direct cause-and-effect relationship by doing experiments with
smaller scale models. The prototype models' visual quality of daylight and
daylight levels may also be correlated quantitatively .
DAYLIGHT ISSUES :
1. SUN LIGHT IS HARD TO CONTROL

Unlike modern electric lights, which have all kinds of controls, the sun operates
outside of our control—it changes throughout the day, it changes with the
weather and it changes from season-to-season and day-to-day.

2. GLARE

Glare can be a significant issue when dealing with the strongest light source in
the solar system.

3. WHEN THE BUILDING OCCUPANTS OVERRIDE DAYLIGHTING

It’s frustrating when you design a beautiful lighting system that perfectly
balances daylight and electric light and then the building occupants undo your
work by closing the shades all day. A way around that is to automate light
shades.

4. DAYLIGHTING CAUSES HEAT PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGS

The sun is hot and the greenhouse effect of bringing sunlight into a building
through glass windows can have significant impacts on the building’s HVAC
system.

5. THE SUN DOESN’T GO UNDERGROUND

You might think that having daylight is a requirement for daylight, but that’s
false. While it’s easy to visualize how daylight works in a standard, above-
ground building, subterranean spaces can also leverage natural light using
special skylights.

6. DAYLIGHT CAN’T REACH INTO THE CORE OF A BUILDING

Natural light is most effective in a building’s perimeter areas, as that’s where

windows usually are. A common problem is that the sun’s light doesn’t reach
deep enough into the building, leaving occupants in the building’s core with
inadequate natural light.
SOME PARAMETERS TO TACKLE THIS DESIGN ISSUE :
Daylighting is an energy-efficient strategy that incorporates many technologies
and design philosophies. It is not a simple line item, and can vary tremendously
in scope and cost. Many elements of a daylighting implementation will likely
already be part of a building design or retrofit (e.g. windows and light fixtures),
but a successful daylighting system will make use of the following technology
types and construction methods:

1. EXTERIOR SHADING AND CONTROL DEVICES.

In hot climates, exterior shading devices often work well to both reduce head
gain and diffuse natural light before entering the work space. Examples of such
devices include light shelves, overhangs, horizontal louvers, vertical louvers,
and dynamic tracking of reflecting systems.

2. GLAZING MATERIALS.

The simplest method to maximize daylight within a space is to increase the

glazing area. However, three glass characteristics need to be understood in order
to optimize a fenestration system:

 U-value: represents the rate of heat transfer due to temperature difference

through a particular glazing material.
 Shading coefficient: a ratio of solar heat gain of a given glazing assembly
compared to double-strength, single glazing. (A related term, solar heat gain
coefficient, is beginning to replace the term shading coefficient.)
 Visible transmittance: a measure of how much visible light is transmitted
through a given glazing material.

Glazing’s can be easily and inexpensively altered to increase both thermal and
optical performance. Glazing manufacturers have a wide variety of tints,
metallic and low-emissivity coatings, and fritting available. Multi-paned lites of
glass are also readily available with inert-gas fills, such as argon or krypton,
which improve U-values. For daylighting in large buildings in most climates,
consider the use of glass with a moderate-to-low shading coefficient and
relatively high visible transmittance.

3. APERTURE LOCATION.
Simple side lighting strategies allow daylight to enter a space and can also serve
to facilitate views and ventilation. Typically, the depth of daylight penetration is
about two and one-half times the distance between the top of a window and the
sill.

4. REFLECTANCES OF ROOM SURFACES.

Reflectance values from room surfaces will significantly impact daylight
performance and should be kept as high as possible. It is desirable to keep
ceiling reflectance’s over 80%, walls over 50%, and floors around 20%. Of the
various room surfaces, floor reflectance has the least impact on daylighting
penetration.

5. INTEGRATION WITH ELECTRIC LIGHTING CONTROLS.

A successful daylight design not only optimizes architectural features, but is
also integrated with the electric lighting system. With advanced lighting
controls, it is now possible to adjust the level of electric light when sufficient
daylight is available.
Three types of controls are commercially available:

 Switching controls: on-and-off controls that simply turn the electric lights off
when there is ample daylight.
 Stepped controls: control individual lamps within a luminary to provide
intermediate levels of electric lighting.
 Dimming controls: continuously adjust electric lighting by modulating the
power input to lamps to complement the illumination level provided by
daylight.

Any of these control strategies can, and should, be integrated with a building
management system to take advantage of the system's built-in control capacity.
To take full advantage of available daylight and avoid dark zones, it is critical
that the lighting designer plan lighting circuits and switching schemes in
relation to fenestration. The following figure shows control scheme types.
 Control Scheme Types

6. OTHER LIGHTING CONTROL SCHEMES.

In addition to daylight controls, other electric lighting control strategies should

be incorporated where they are cost effective, including the use of:

 Occupancy controls: using infrared, ultrasonic, or micro-wave technology,

occupancy sensors respond to movement or object surface temperature and
automatically turn off or dim down luminaries when rooms are left
unoccupied. Typical savings have been reported to be in the 10% to 50%
range depending on the application.
 Timers: these devices are simply time clocks that are scheduled to turn lamps
or lighting off on a set schedule. If spaces are known to be unoccupied
during certain periods of time, timers are extremely cost-effective devices.

REFERENCES :

1. https://blog.amerlux.com/6-solutions-to-common-daylighting-obstacles/
2. https://www.vision-doctor.com/en/solving-daylight-problems.html
3.
LIST OF RESEARCH PAPERS :
1. DAYLIGHTING IN CLASSROOMS - THE DAYLIGHT FACTOR AS
A PERFORMANCE CRITERION

AUTHORS : Manuel Pinto ,Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida, P. G. Pinho, L. T. Lemos's

PUBLISHED ON : September 2014

The daylight factor (DF) is the most used parameter in the characterization and
quantification of daylight in buildings. The DF at a point of a plane inside a
room is defined as the ratio (expressed as a percentage) between the daylight
illuminance at that point in the interior of the room and the simultaneous
horizontal global illuminances due to a hemisphere of known or assumed
luminance distribution. The Daylight Difference (DF) is the difference between
the interior illuminances in a room or space and the exterior daylight conditions.
The DF reflects the effectiveness of daylight penetration in a particular room or
area, as well as how much light enters or leaves the room.

OBJECTIVE :

Daylighting , like artificial lighting has advantages and disadvantages. However

, taking into account the need for energy consumption reductions , we believe
that , in Portugal and in other Southern European countries, the conscious use of
daylight in schools new or rehabilited has a great potential for improving the
comfort and the academic performance of users , contributing ,simultaneously
for the rational use of energy in buildings. This research presents the results of
part of a research project , of a broader scope ,which aims to access , in an
integrated way , several aspects that contribute to indoor environmental
quality(IIEQ)in classrooms. The project comprise 8 schools of different levels
of education (from kindergarten to college level )located in urban and peri-
urban areas of the city of Viseu (roughly in the centre of Portugal at
approximately 500 m of altitude), installed in buildings of different types and
dates of construction . A total of 32 classrooms are involved, with different
orientations and sunlight exposures. The classrooms have an approximate
average area of 50 m2 .

2. ADVANCED DAYLIGHT TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

AUTHORS : Osama Mohamed El-said Omar

PUBLISHED ON : January 2010

Daylighting has been used as a major design element in many buildings since
the 19th Century. Since 1973, interest in daylighting has increased as a result of
the oil embargo and the understanding that electric lighting represents a major
energy consumer. Energy savings achieved through the use of daylight also
translate into energy cost savings from reduced electricity consumption. The
objective of this paper is to explain the great importance for daylighting and the
role played in design process for the building. Which give the psychological
comfort for building user and how to control the heat transfer throw opening by
using different materials, and using simulation programs.

OBJECTIVE :

Reaching the design standards in the determination of the sustainable design

aspects in the hot areas. Taking into consideration the dependence of new
resources and not the obsolete.

3. DEVELOPMENT OF A DAYLIGHTING TEACHING

METHODOLOGY
BASED ON A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF REFERENCE.

AUTHORS : Veridiana Atanásio, Fernando O. Ruttkay Pereira, Aline C. S.

Lopes and Raphaela W. Fonseca

PUBLISHED ON : November 2007

It can be noticed that there is a lack of projects which contemplate the benefits
of daylight in an efficient way. This proposal materializes through the
development of a teaching methodology of daylighting . An experimental
device was developed so as to enable the professor to demonstrate the model.
The photomicrography method was first developed to study the effect of light
on the pupil in relation to the phenomenon of a visual form. The objective is to
make possible the experimentation of basic concepts of illumination such as the
cosine effect and apparent size and, consequently, to exercise the perception of
the pupil.

OBJECTIVE :To visualize and deal with tools which help in the project
process in relation to the ways of obtainment and handling of natural light.
To make possible the experimentation of basic concepts of the illumination as
the co-sine effect and apparent size and, consequently, to exercise the
perception of the pupil in relation to the cause and effect of the phenomenon of
a visual form.
4. DAYLIGHTING SIMULATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF
ARCHITECTURE LIBRAY

AUTHORS : Johannes Vincent F. Chua ,Rosalie G. Flores-Bernardo

PUBLISHED ON : 2013

A case study was conducted for the College of Architecture Library, University
of The Philippines Diliman (at that time, under construction). The study
intended to test the effectiveness of the two. Daylighting elements that were to
be incorporated into the library, namely the sunshade devices protecting the
exterior windows and skylight. Testing was done by simulating the lighting
model with a light meter attached during critical days within the year (equinox
and/or solstices).

OBJECTIVE :

To study how effective daylighting design can be applied in a library space by

simulating daylight conditions using two daylighting elements that were design-
manipulated‟ to produce desired light levels.

5. THE IMPACT OF DAYLIGHTING IN CLASSROOMS ON

STUDENTS' PERFORMANCE

AUTHORS : Dr. Ammar Sadik Dahlan, Prof. Mahmoud Ahmad Eissa

PUBLISHED ON : January 2015

The study examines the effect of daylight in classrooms on students' learning

over an academic year at selected faculties at the King Abdul-Aziz University
campus in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Correlation analysis is used to compare the
performance of 400 students in 20 classrooms at the selected faculties. Other
elements including, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, acoustics and artificial
light are examined to indicate any possible effect on students' performance.

OBJECTIVE :
Examining some classrooms in the educational buildings at King Abdul Aziz
University is the main objective of this study. To understand the first step in
determining whether natural lighting in the classroom affects student
performance is to gather data on those conditions. Information about HVAC,
ventilation, windows and roof coverings must be taken into account in order to
meet the study's goal.

SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH PAPERS:

Daylight, with its intangible and contextually dependent characteristics can be

difficult to grasp and challenging for architectural designers to work with,
particularly in the realm of bright ambience. Understanding the character of
daylight allows some certainty in the prediction of the illuminated ambience of
a space. Daylight touches upon many inter-connected elements, such as building
location climate, orientation, adjacent contexts, spatial volumes, materiality
(such as texture, transparency and reflection), and its physiological and
psychological effects on users of the space. Understanding of the phenomenon
of daylight is necessary to engage fully with contemporary holistic approaches
within architectural design.

The outcome of this studio learning must be as follows:

 Understanding the design factors of daylight

 How daylight is used in building
 Famous architectural buildings design
 Design challenges faced and how to over come the design challenges

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

To understand how to improve day lighting so as to create good learning

environment in a school.

ABOUT THE PROJECT:

The project will assist them in learning how to design a classroom with the aid
of daylight and how to enhance and provide adequate daylight with the aid of
small-scale model experiments.

In order for them to learn about the design aspect of natural elements and how
they are used in building design, students will be introduced to this design
pedagogy in their second year of their B. Arch. Students will be able to
comprehend and learn from these design problems by implementing these
techniques and following this process. The study of climatology will enable
them to gain a deeper understanding of how the sun-path functions, which will
facilitate in the problem-solving process.

DESIGN BRIEF
2ND Year Third Semester (B.Arch) - Design Problem (Minor Problem) :

AIM : To understand daylight and its effects on student performance by making

small-scale models .

OBJECTIVES:

1. To understand the working of daylight

2. To understand the effects of daylight on students performance
3. To understand how to improve day lighting so as to create good learning
environment in a school.
4. To design the appropriate classroom

METHODOLOGY/PROCESS :
 DAYLIGHT

PLANNING OF CLASSROOM DESIGN

MODEL
(Experimenting the daylight with small scale model for better understanding)

FINAL PRESENTATION
(Justifing the design outcome)

WORKING STAGES :

MODULES OBJECTIVES EXPECTED TIME

OUTPUT DURATION
Module 1 : To understand the working A2 size sheets Week 1
Design Exercise of daylight innovative
exercises are planned to
help students understand
the value of daylight in
classroom design.

 Write up on
Daylight
 Understanding
Daylight and
benefits of
Daylight
 How daylight
works in a building
 Calculation of
daylight
Module 2 : Case Study A2 size sheets Week 2
Design Exercise  Similar work on
the topic
 Guideline to design
 Working of
Daylight in
learning
environment
 Visual Comfort
Module 3 : Designing of Classroom A2 size sheets Week 3-4
Design Exercise on the factors derived from
the above study.
 Planning
classroom
 Elements

Module 4 : Model Making A2 size sheets Week 5

Design Exercise  Experimenting &Model
with the model
with spaces/forms
 Sun-path diagram
 Materials
Module 5 : Justification on your Final Presentation Week 6
Design Exercise design