PAPER

KIDNEY FAILURE

Prepared to Fulfill English Course Assignment

Course Lecturer : Sutarmi, MN

Created by :

1. Nurul Novi Wulandari (P1337420422116)

2. Valerian Adi Nugroho (P1337420422117)
3. Siti Zamruda Nisa’atin L. (P1337420422118)
4. Listya Winda Widyastuti (P1337420422119)
5. Nur Khofifatussukriyyah (P1337420422120)
6. Shiva Nur Sativa (P1337420422121)
7. Dita Kusuma Rini (P1337420422122)
8. Dhiya Nuhataf Dhila (P1337420422123)
9. Intan Mustika Sari (P1337420422125)
10. Septika Viony Wulandari (P1337420422126)
11. Merlissa Aprilliani (P1337420422127)
12. Dewi Putri Astuti (P1337420422140)
13. Khoirun Nisa Maharani (P1337420422141)
14. Maulika Ainurrokhimah (P1337420422142)
15. Samudra Sunu Sokiban (P1337420422143)
16. Dewi Puji Kusumawati (P1337420422144)
17. Discha Permata Amira (P1337420422145)
18. Manika Ciptaningtyas (P1337420422146)

BLORA NURSING STUDY PROGRAM THIRD DIPLOMA PROGRAM

HEALTH POLYTECHNIC MINISTRY OF HEALTH SEMARANG

2024

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 FOREWORD

Praise the presence of Allah SWT for all His blessings so that this paper with the title
“Kidney Failure" can be completed. We do not forget to express our gratitude for the learning
from Mrs. Sutarmi, MN as a lecturer in the English course who has guided us and we also
thank those who have contributed by providing assistance. both material and time.

The aim of preparing this paper is to fulfill the assignment value in the English
course. Apart from that, this paper also aims to increase knowledge and insight for readers.

Due to limited knowledge and experience, we believe there are still many
shortcomings in this paper. Therefore, we really hope for constructive criticism and
suggestions from readers for the perfection of this paper. Finally, I hope this paper can be
useful for readers.

Blora, 5 February 2024

(Author)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER ............................................................................................................................. 1

FOREWORD .................................................................................................................... 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ 3

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 4

A. Background ............................................................................................................ 4
B. Question of The Problem ....................................................................................... 4
C. Objective ................................................................................................................ 4

CHAPTER 2 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 5

A. Definition of Kidney Failure .................................................................................. 5

B. Etiology of Kidney Failure .................................................................................... 5
C. Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Failure ............................................................... 6
D. Treatment and Prevention for Kidney Failure ....................................................... 7

CHAPTER 3 CLOSING .................................................................................................. 10

A. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 10
B. Suggestion .............................................................................................................. 10

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 11

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Kidney failure is a disease in which he function of the kidneys decrease until

finally they are no longer able to work at all in terms of filtering the body’s electrolyte
and chemicals such as sodium and potassium in the blood of urine production.

Kidney failure can affect anyone who suffers from it. Serious illness or injury
which has a direct impact on the kidney itself. Kidney failure is more common in adults,
especially the elderly.

Kidney failure is divided into two major parts, namely Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
and Chronic Renal Failure (CRF). In Acute Renal Failure, there is a sudden decline in
kidney function within a few days or weeks and is characterized by results. Examination
of kidney function (blood urea and creatinine) and increased levels of urea nitrogen in the
blood. Meanwhile, in Chronic Renal Failure, the decline in kidney function occurs
slowly. So it is usually discovered after a serious fall. Chronic kidney failure cannot be
cured. In people with chronic kidney failure, the chance of death is 85%.

B. Question of The Problems

1. What is the meaning of kidney failure?
2. What is the etiology of kidney failure?
3. What are the signs and symptoms of kidney failure?
4. How to treat and prevent kidney failure?

C. Objective
1. Know the definition of kidney failure
2. Understand the etiology of kidney failure
3. Know the signs and symptoms of kidney failure
4. Understand how to treat and prevent kidney failure

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 CHAPTER 2

DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Kidney Failure

Kidney failure, also known as renal failure, is a medical condition where the
kidneys are no longer able to function adequately to maintain the body's normal
physiological processes. The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste products,
excess fluids, and electrolytes from the blood to form urine. They also help regulate blood
pressure, electrolyte balance, and the production of red blood cells.

Kidney failure can be categorized into two main types:

1. Acute Kidney Failure: This is a sudden and often reversible loss of kidney function
that occurs over a short period, usually a few hours to a few days. It can result from
various factors such as severe dehydration, infections, kidney damage due to toxins or
medications, and certain medical conditions.
2. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): This is a gradual and progressive decline in kidney
function over an extended period, typically lasting for several months to years.
Common causes include diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure),
glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and other chronic conditions affecting
the kidneys.

B. Etiology of Kidney Failure

The etiology (causes) of kidney failure can vary depending on whether it is acute
or chronic. Here's an overview of some common causes for each type:

1. Acute Kidney Failure (AKF) :

a) Dehydration
b) Infections
c) Medications
d) Obstruction
e) Toxins

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2. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):
a) Diabetes
b) Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
c) Glomerulonephritis
d) Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD
e) Autoimmune Diseases
f) Recurrent Infections
3. Other Contributing Factors:
a) Age
b) Genetics
c) Smoking and Obesity

It's important to note that multiple factors can contribute to kidney failure, and
often there may be a combination of underlying conditions. Early detection, management
of risk factors, and prompt treatment of kidney diseases are crucial in preventing or
slowing down the progression of kidney failure.

C. Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Failure

1. Acute Kidney Failure (AKF)
Signs and symptoms of acute kidney failure can include:
a) Decreased Urine Output
b) Fluid Retention
c) Fatigue and Weakness
d) Shortness of Breath
e) Confusion or Altered Mental Status
2. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease can include:
a) Fatigue
b) Swelling
c) Changes in Urination
d) Hypertension (High Blood Pressure
e) Loss of Appetite and Weight Loss
f) Nausea and Vomiting
g) Itching
h) Muscle Cramps and Weakness

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D. Treatment and Prevent Kidney Failure

Treatment for individuals with kidney failure, whether acute or chronic, involves a
holistic approach to address the physical, emotional, and educational needs of the patient.

1. Monitoring and Assessment , includes :

a) Regular monitoring of vital signs, including blood pressure.
b) Monitoring fluid intake and output to manage fluid balance.
c) Assessing laboratory values, such as serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen
(BUN), to evaluate kidney function.
d) Monitoring for signs of complications, such as electrolyte imbalances and fluid
overload.
2. Medication Management , includes :
a) Administering medications as prescribed, including those to manage blood
pressure, control symptoms, and address underlying causes.
b) Educating the patient about the importance of adhering to medication regimens.
3. Fluid and Electrolyte Management , includes :
a) Monitoring and adjusting fluid intake based on the patient's condition.
b) Administering intravenous fluids or diuretics as prescribed.
c) Monitoring and managing electrolyte imbalances, such as potassium and sodium
levels.
4. Nutritional Support , includes :
a) Collaborating with a dietitian to develop a renal-friendly diet that meets the
patient's nutritional needs while managing electrolyte and fluid balance.
b) Educating the patient about dietary restrictions and the importance of maintaining
a balanced diet.
5. Dialysis Care , includes :
a) Providing care for patients undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis,
including monitoring access sites, assessing for complications, and supporting
patients during treatments.
b) Offering emotional support and education about the dialysis process.
6. Symptom Management , includes :
a) Managing symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, and pain.
b) Providing emotional support and addressing psychological aspects of living with
kidney failure.

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7. Patient Education , includes :
a) Educating the patient and their family about the underlying cause of kidney
failure, treatment options, and self-care measures.
b) Teaching the importance of adhering to prescribed medications and lifestyle
modifications.
8. Collaborative Care , includes :
a) Collaborating with other healthcare professionals, including nephrologists,
dietitians, social workers, and physical therapists, to ensure holistic care.
b) Facilitating communication and coordination among the healthcare team.
9. Monitoring and Preventing Complications , includes :
a) Assessing for and preventing complications such as infections, anemia, and bone
disorders.
b) Providing preventive care to minimize the risk of further kidney damage.
10. Palliative and End-of-Life Care , includes :
a) Offering palliative care for those with advanced kidney failure.
b) Providing support and comfort measures for patients and their families facing end-
of-life decisions.

Treatment for kidney failure should be individualized based on the patient's

specific needs, stage of kidney disease, and treatment plan. Regular communication with
the healthcare team and ongoing patient education are essential components of effective
treatment in kidney failure.

Kidney failure is life threatening. A person may need dialysis until they can get
a kidney transplant. In some cases, though, acute kidney failure the sudden form of the
syndrome is reversible. A person may need supportive care, including dialysis, until
doctors can reverse the cause.

Preventing kidney failure when a person has a genetic form of kidney disease is
not always possible. However, a kidney-healthy lifestyle can slow the progression of
even genetic kidney disease and may prevent most other forms of kidney disease.A
kidney-healthy lifestyle reduces the organ’s workload and can lower the risk of chronic
diseases causing kidney damage.

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How to prevent kidney failure :

a) Manage diabetes
b) Control hypertension (high blood pressure)
c) Adopt a healthy diet
d) Stay hydrated
e) Regular exercise
f) Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption
g) Monitor and manage chronic conditions
h) Manage medication safely
i) Regular healths checkup
j) Maintain healthy weight
k) Practice safe practices to avoid kidney infection

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 CHAPTER 3

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

The conclusion of this paper is the kidneys are the body’s organs which have the
main function of filtering and removing waste products from the body’s metabolism from
the blood and maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes (for example calcium,
sodium, and potassium) in the blood.

Kidney failure is a condition where the kidneys cannot carry out their function
normally. Renal failure is divided into two major parts, namely Acute Renal Failure
(ARF) and Chronic Renal Failure (CRF). In Acute Renal Failure, there is a sudden
decline in kidney function within a few days or weeks and is characterized by results.
Examination of kidney function (blood urea and creatinine) and increased levels of urea
nitrogen in the blood. Meanwhile, in Chronic Renal Failure, the decline in kidney
function occurs slowly. The procces of decrease kidney function can continue for months
or years until the kidneys can’t function at all (end stages renal disease).

B. Suggestion
The suggestions that can be given are:
a) Prepare yourself as best as possible before carrying out nursing care actions
b) Students are expected to be able carry out nursing care actions according to
existing procedures.

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 REFERENCES

Kidney failure. (2023, July 14). Trusted Health Advice | healthdirect.

https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/kidney-failure

Villines, Z. (n.d.). How to prevent kidney failure: What a person can do. Medical and health

information. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-to-prevent-kidney-

failure

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