CFD EM C2 BasicConceptsInFM

Nguyễn Thanh Nhã 9/22/2020
Lecture note
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS - CFD

TÍNH TOÁN ĐỘNG LỰC HỌC LƯU CHẤT
Nguyễn Thanh Nhã, PhD

Department of Engineering Mechanics – Faculty of Applied Science – 106B4
Phone: Office: (84.8) 38 647 256 – Ext: 5306; 0908.568181
Email: nhanguyen@hcmut.edu.vn;
Sites: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9733-5189, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nguyen_Nha2
FB: Nhã Nguyễn
Ho Chi Minh city, 2020 2020
CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics
Chapter 3. Fundamental of Fluid Dynamics
Chapter 4. Finite Difference Method
Chapter 5. Finite Volume Method
Chapter 6. Solve CFD problems with ANSYS/CFX
Chapter 7. Create CFD mesh with ICEM
Chapter 8. Apply CFD in engineering
2020
nhanguyen@hcmut.edu.vn 1
Chapter 2.
Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics
2.1. Mathematical operators

2.2. Characteristic flow structures
2.3. Control volume
2.4. Transport theorem
2020
2020

Nabla-operator
• The Nabla-operator is a pseudo-vector
    
  x ,  y , z    , , 
 x y z 
Gradient of a scalar quatity
• Gradient of a scalar quality is a vector describing the change of that quantity
in space
• Gradient of the density Φ(x,y,z,t)
    
grad         , , 
 x y z 
• Gradient vector is always normal to the iso-surface of that quantity (Φ
=const)
• Gradient vector points towards the direction of inceased scalar quantity
(increased Φ)
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Gradient of a scalar quatity
• By computing the gradient of a scalar quantity, a vector field is obtained.
• By plotting this vector field, one gets directly a very good feeling concerning
the spatial evolution of Φ :
 the resulting vectors show the direction of fastest changes of Φ;
 the magnitude of these vectors tells us how fast these changes are
density gradient of density

2020

Scalar product (tích vô hướng)
• Scalar product between two arbitrary vector a and b is a scalar quantity
a  b  a1b1  a2b2  a3b3
Vector product (tích có hướng)
• Vector product of two arbitrary vector a and b is a vector quantity
a  b   a2b3  a3b2 , a3b1  a1b3 , a1b2  a2b1 

Divergence of a vector
• Divergence of a vector u is the scalar product between that vector and the
Nabla-operator
     u v w
divu    u   , ,   u, v, w    
 x y z  x y z
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• In Fluid Dynamics, the divergence of the flow velocity, the vector quantity u
     u v w
divu    u   , ,   u, v , w    
T
 x y z  x y z
• The divergence of the flow velocity is particularly interesting, for an

incompressible flow local mass conservation can be simply written
u  0
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• The divergence will be mostly introduced to determine if vectors tend to
+ “diverge” (pointing in various directions starting from a common origin)
+ “converge” (pointing onto the same point starting from different origins)
velocity divergence of velocity
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Laplacian
• In Fluid Dynamics, the Laplace operator or Laplacian is used to quantify
diffusion processes, in particular diffusive transport of momentum
• The Laplacian acts mostly on a scalar quantity Φ and delivers again a
scalar quantity 2
  
2 2
 2         
2
x 2 y 2 z 2
density Laplacian of density

2020

Convective components of acceleration vector
(các thành phần đối lưu của véc tơ gia tốc)
 u u u 
 u x  v y  w z 
u  
        v v v 
u    u   u  v  w    v    u  v  w 
 x y z    x y z
 w   w w

w 

 u x  v y  w z 
 
• The overall acceleration vector:
Du u
a  x, y , z , t      u    u
Dt t
 u / t 
u  u( x , y , z , t ) u 
  v / t 
u  ( u , v , w) t  
 w / t 
2020

Rotation of a vector field
• In Fluid Dynamics, the rotor operator (or curl) is introduced to quantify the
importance of vortical structures in a flow.
• The curl of the flow velocity u is a vector quantity
 w v u w v u 
rot  u     u    ,  ,  
 y z z x x y 
velocity curl of velocity

1
• Rotation of a fluid particle is described by a rotation vector: ω rot  u 
2
2020

Time derivatives
In Fluid Dynamics, two different styles of time derivatives are introduced
• For Euler, a flow is nothing special, so that the time derivative should be
defined there as for any other field of physics.
 The observer is “sitting” at a fixed position x within the fluid, measures

there the evolution of some interesting quantity with time, and just
computes the time derivative by deriving the resulting curve.
 This is just the standard partial derivative in time at position x!
 The (Eulerian) time derivative of a variable Φ is simply written
   
  or
 t  x const t
2020

Time derivatives
In Fluid Dynamics, two different styles of time derivatives are introduced
• For Lagrange, the key property of a flow is that. . . it flows! Lagrange

chooses an observer moving with the flow, and therefore behaving himself
like a fluid element.
 This observer again measures the evolution of quantity with time, and
now computes the time derivative by deriving the resulting curve.
 The resulting time derivative at the same position and at the same time
will nevertheless not be the same, since the frame of reference is
different! Therefore, this alternative definition of the time derivative will
be written differently, as
D ( x, y , z , t )    
 u v w
Dt x y z t
2020
2020

Pathline (or trajectory)
• Corresponds to the line obtained in the 3D space by following an
individual fluid particle during its displacement with time.
• It is sometimes described also as a long-exposure “photograph” of one

and the same particle. An infinity of different pathlines can be defined,
each associated to another fluid particle.
• Mathematically, if xp is the vector containing the three components of the

pathline position, the geometry of the pathline can be obtained by
integrating in time the vector relation
dx p
 v( x p , t )
dt
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Streaklines
• A streak line is the locus of the temporary locations of all particles that
have passed though a fixed point in the flow field at any instant of time
streakline
2020

Streamline
• A line that is at any point tangent to the local flow velocity v(t). It is quite
easy to draw a streamline by hand on top of a plotted field of
instantaneous velocity v(t)
• The mathematical definition of a streamline relies on the fact that the
vector product between two collinear (i.e. “tangential”) vectors is 0.
Therefore, if xs defines the geometry of the streamline in space, its
computation is based on integrating the differential relation
dx s  v  x s , t   0
velocity velocity streamlines

2020
2.3. Control volume
2020

2.3. Control volume
• In order to derive conservation equations for the most important flow

variables, it is now necessary to introduce control volumes
• A control volume VC is a 3D volume bounded by a closed surface AC and
placed in a fluid.
• It exists only as a theoretical object and is not a real body. As such, this
control volume does not lead to any modification of the fluid properties;
fluid elements can move freely through the boundary AC of a control
volume VC.
2020

2.3. Control volume
Two specific sub-families of control volume

• Fixed control volume VCf
 is a control volume that does not move, i.e., with w = 0, the geometry
of control volume cannot change with time;
 fluid entering and leaving freely through the outer surface ACf
2020

2.3. Control volume
Two specific sub-families of control volume

• Material control volume VCm
 Control volume containing always the same fluid elements
 By adapting the velocity w of the control volume to the local fluid

velocity v, choosing w = v at any point of the material control volume
VCm, fluid elements cannot enter or leave the control volume
2020
2020

In order to develop conservation equations, do integrate some important

flow quantity Φ over a control volume Vc, compute the evolution of this
integral with time.
d
dt 
 dV
VC
• the variable Φ (perhaps the density, or velocity) may change with time in
an unsteady flow (Φ = Φ(t))
• a control volume VC may freely move within the fluid with a velocity field
w; it might therefore freely expand, shrink, incorporate a changing amount
of variable Φ
d  ( x, t )

dt VC
 ( x, t )dV  
VC
 t
dV    ( x, t )( w  n)dA
AC
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• For a fixed control volume VCf , since w = 0, one obtains simply
d  ( x, t )

dt VC
 ( x, t )dV  
VC
t
dV
• For a material control volume VCm, since w = v (the local fluid velocity)
d  ( x, t )

dt VC
 ( x, t )dV  
VC
t
dV    ( x, t )( v  n)dA
AC
2020

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Nguyễn Thanh Nhã 9/22/2020

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS - CFD

Nguyễn Thanh Nhã, PhD

Ho Chi Minh city, 2020 2020

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

Chapter 3. Fundamental of Fluid Dynamics

Chapter 4. Finite Difference Method

Chapter 5. Finite Volume Method

Chapter 6. Solve CFD problems with ANSYS/CFX

Chapter 7. Create CFD mesh with ICEM

Chapter 8. Apply CFD in engineering

2.1. Mathematical operators

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

2.1. Mathematical operators

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

density gradient of density

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

a  b   a2b3  a3b2 , a3b1  a1b3 , a1b2  a2b1 

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

• The divergence of the flow velocity is particularly interesting, for an

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

velocity divergence of velocity

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

density Laplacian of density

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

velocity curl of velocity

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

 The observer is “sitting” at a fixed position x within the fluid, measures

 This is just the standard partial derivative in time at position x!

 The (Eulerian) time derivative of a variable Φ is simply written

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

• For Lagrange, the key property of a flow is that. . . it flows! Lagrange

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

2.2. Characteristic flow structures

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

• It is sometimes described also as a long-exposure “photograph” of one

• Mathematically, if xp is the vector containing the three components of the

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

velocity velocity streamlines

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

2.3. Control volume

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

• In order to derive conservation equations for the most important flow

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

Two specific sub-families of control volume

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

Two specific sub-families of control volume

 Control volume containing always the same fluid elements

 By adapting the velocity w of the control volume to the local fluid

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

2.4. Transport theorem

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

In order to develop conservation equations, do integrate some important