Toxigenesis

-Rucha ande
-Neha katkar
 Toxigenesis
• Ability to produce toxins
• Two types of toxins
1. Endotoxins (cell associated toxins)
2. Exotoxins (extracellular diffusable toxins)
 Diptheria
• A serious infection of nose and throat
• Corynebacterium diptheria
• Gram positive rods
• Non-motile
Diptheria toxin
Mode of
action
ADP ribosylation
 In-vivo assay
• Animal models
Intradermal and subcutaenous inoculation
• Tissue culture:
mammalian cell lines susceptible to DT are
infected
 In-vitro assay
• Elek immunoprecipitation
• Agglutination assays
• ELISA
 CHOLERA
• Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by
infection of intestine with bacteria Vibrio
cholerae.
• Cholera is a fecal disease meaning that it
spreads when the feces of infected person
comes in contact with food and water.
• Gram negative organism can freely multiply in
water.
Cholera toxin
Mode of action
Mode of action
 In-vivo bioassay
1. The infant rabbit infection model
• 7 day old rabbit infected with test
organisms(small intestine infection)
• Animals observed for diarrhea and death due
to dehydration OR
• After 7 hr incubation animals killed, intestine
removed and fluid volume is measured per cm
of intestine.
2. Tissue culture method:
Cell cultures used:
• Y1 mouse adrenal cell culture
• Chinese hamster ovary cell culture
Method:
• Test sample supernatant added to the cells
• Production of high conc. Of cAMP
• Morphological changes in cell
 In-vitro assay
GM1 ELISA
 in-vitro assay
• DNA based assay
1.DNA probes
2.PCR
 Tetanus
• Tetanus is an acute often fatal disease caused
by an exotoxoid produced by clostridium
tenani.
• Prevented by immunization with tetanus
toxoid
• It is characterized by generalized rigidity and
spasms of skeletal muscles.
Structure
Mode of action
 In vivo assays
• Animal models.
 In-vitro
• Binnacle assay