CH6: SPECTRUM Ch06CS01

DEPENDENCE OF DEVIATION ON COLOR OF LIGHT SPECTRUM FORMATION ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM is the range of wavelengths
Light of different colours have the same speed in air, but A spectrum is the band of colours seen on a screen after or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation from the
different speeds in medium other than air. Speed of light, in passing white light through a prism. sun extends.
a transparent medium, decreases with a decrease in the The portion of this spectrum visible to the human eye is called
wavelength of light. Newton’s Experiment the visible spectrum. The part of the spectrum beyond the red
Thus, speed of violet light (λ = 4000 Å) is minimum and speed extreme and the violet extreme is called the invisible
of red light (λ = 8000 Å) is maximum in glass. (1 nm = 10 Å = spectrum.
10-9 m). Thus, if light entering the prism is a mixture of several NOTE: This portion of the electromagnetic waves does not
other colours, will have an emergent beam of different excite the retina to produce sensation of vision, but could
colours arranged in a definite order. damage it.
Since refractive index increases with a decrease in Electromagnetic waves are of different wavelengths, but they
1
wavelength of light (μ ⋉ ), deviation produced also have the same properties as light waves. They too can travel
𝜆
1 in vacuum and do not need a medium for propagation.
increases with decrease in wavelength. (δ ⋉ ). Thus, red
𝜆
From his experiment, Newton concluded that – They undergo reflection & refraction. They are undeflected by
light is deviated the least while violet is deviated the most.
• White light is polychromatic in nature electric & magnetic fields, and are transverse in nature.
Speed of light in vacuum (or air), c = 3 x 108 m/s = fλ
WHITE LIGHT • It is made of seven prominent colours (VIBGYOR)
The retina in our eye perceives these wavelengths in order • Each colour corresponds into a small range of
Difference between UV, visible & IR spectrum
to see the different colours. Wavelength is the characteristic wavelength.
UV RAYS VISIBLE RAYS IR WAVES
of colour, irrespective of the origin / source. Wavelength is NOTE: In the spectrum, each colour is mixed with the other
λ: 100 Å – 4000 Å λ: 4000 Å – 8000 Å λ: 8000 Å – 107 Å
objective measure whereas colour is subjective. colour; i.e. there is no sharp boundary separating the colours.
invisible Visible Invisible
White light is polychromatic; i.e. when emitted from a The total spread of colours is much less than that shown on No heating effect Slight heating Strong heating
source, it consists of light of different wavelengths. White the screen. effect effect
light is prominently made of 7 colours (VIBGYOR) - violet, Affect Affect Do not affect
indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red light. DISPERSION photographic plate photographic plate photographic plate
WAVELENGTH (λ) in FREQUENCY (f) in 1014Hz (= Dispersion is the phenomenon of splitting of white light by a Cause fluorescence Do not cause Do not cause
COLOUR
Å c/λ) prism into its constituent colours. Dispersion is caused as on zinc sulphide fluorescence fluorescence
Violet 4000 Å to 4460 Å 7.5 – 6.73 light of different wavelengths travel with different speeds in screen
Indigo 4460 Å to 4640 Å 6.73 – 6.47 Cause health Do not affect body Do not affect body,
a medium.
Blue 4640 Å to 5000 Å 6.47 – 6.01 hazards like cancer but high doses may
• Dispersion occurs on the first surface of the prism.
Green 5000 Å to 5780 Å 6.01 – 5.19 cause skin burns
• Deviation occurs on both surfaces of the prism
Yellow 5780 Å to 5920 Å 5.19 – 5.07 Can pass through They can pass Can pass through
• A prism does not produce colours, but only splits various
Orange 5920 Å to 6200 Å 5.07 – 4.84 quartz but not glass through glass (not rock salt, but not
colours present in polychromatic light incident on it.
Red 6200 Å to 8000 Å 4.84 – 3.75 (absorbed) absorbed by it) glass (absorbed)

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CH6: SPECTRUM Ch06CS01

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CH5: REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH LENS Ch05CS01
LENS: A lens is a transparent refracting medium bound REFRACTION THROUGH LENS  Optical Centre: It is a point on the principal axis of the
by two curved surfaces which are generally spherical. lens such that a ray of light passing through this point
emerges parallel to its direction of incidence.
NOTE: Sometimes a lens has one spherical surface and
the other surface plane. In such case, the plane surface
is treated as a spherical surface of infinite radius of
curvature.

TECHNICAL TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH A LENS

TYPES OF LENS
 Centre of Curvature: The centre of the sphere of
 Convex or converging lens: This lens is thicker in
whose part is the lens surface is called centre of For a thin lens, the optical centre is the point on the
the middle and thinner at its periphery; i.e. the lens
curvature of that surface of the lens. Since a lens has principal axis of the lens through which light ray passes
bulges at the middle. A light beam is converged by
two surfaces, it has two centres of curvature – C1 and undeviated.
such a lens. It is further of 3 types –
C2.
 Radius of Curvature: The radius of the sphere of
which part is the lens surface is called the radius of
curvature of that lens surface.

 Principal foci: A lens has 2 principal foci which are

 Concave or diverging lens: A convex lens is thicker situated at equal distances from the optical centre,
at the periphery and thinner in the middle; i.e. the one on either side of the lens.
lens is bent inwards in the middle. A light beam is o First focal point: For a convex lens, the first focal
diverged by such a lens. It is further of 3 types – point is a point F1 on the principal axis of the lens,
such that a ray of light starting from it or passing
through it after refraction becomes parallel to the
principal axis of the lens.
For a concave lens, it is a point F1 on the principal
 Principal axis: The line joining the centres of axis such that the incident rays appearing to meet at
curvature of the two surfaces of the lens. it after refraction from the lens become parallel to
the principal axis of the lens.

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CH5: REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH LENS
o First focal length (f1): The distance from the optical
centre O of the lens to its first focal point F1.
o First focal plane: A plane passing through the first
focal point and normal to the principal axis of the
lens.
o Second focal point: for a convex lens, the second
focal point is a point F2 on the principal axis such
that the rays of light incident parallel to the
principal axis after refraction from the lens, pass
through it.
For a concave lens, the second focal point is a point
F2 on the principal axis of the lens such that the
rays of light incident parallel to the principal axis
after refraction from the lens appear to be
diverging from this point.
Ch05CS01
o Second focal length (f2): The distance from the
optical centre O of the lens to the second focal
point F2.
o Second focal plane: A plane passing through the
second focal point and normal to the principal axis
of the lens is called the second focal plane.
NOTE: If the medium is the same on both sides of the
lens, then f1 = f2.
When we use the word “focus” and “focal length” for
a lens, we refer to the second focal point and the
second focal length respectively. LENS AS PRISMS
The refraction action of lens can be understood if we
A convex lens has a real focus because the parallel rays
incident on the lens actually pass through this point. consider the lens to be made up of a set of prisms as
shown, where the centre section is a rectangular block
A concave lens has a virtual focus as the parallel rays
incident on the lens appear to diverge from this point. bound by prisms on either ends.
FACTORS AFFECTING FOCAL LENGTH OF LENS
 Refractive index of material of the lens relative to
its surrounding medium. E.g. focal length increases
when lens is placed in water instead of air.
 The radii of curvature of the two surfaces of lens.
E.g. a thick lens has less focal length than a thin lens. REFRACTION OF OBLIQUE RAYS BY LENS: The rays meet
or appear to diverge from a point on the focal plane.
NOTE: If a part of the lens is covered, the intensity of
light entering the lens decreases due to which the
intensity of the image formed also decreases.
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CH5: IMAGE FORMATION BY LENS Ch05CS02
The position, size and nature of image formed by a lens
can be determined by using a ray diagram. For such
diagrams, we need to consider at least two rays, which
are explained below –

PRINCIPAL / CONSTRUCTION RAYS

 A ray of light incident at the optical centre O of the
lens passes undeviated through the lens. Case 2: Object beyond 2F1
 A ray of light incident parallel to the principal axis of
the lens, after refraction passes through the second
focus F2 (convex) or appear to come from the
second focus F2 (concave).
 A ray of light passing through the first focus F1 TYPES OF IMAGES: Image formed by the lens are real
(convex) or directed towards the first focus F1 or virtual.
(concave) emerges parallel to the principal axis after Real Image: If the rays from a point of the object after Object Position: Beyond 2F1
refraction. refraction from lens actually meet at a point, the image Image Position: Between F2 and 2F2
is real. Nature of Image: Real, inverted & diminished
Virtual image: If the rays from a point on the object Application: Camera lens
after refraction from lens appear to diverge from a
point, the image is virtual. Case 3: Object at 2F1

RAY DIAGRAMS: CONVEX LENS

Case 1: Object at Infinity
Object: At ∞
Image: At F2
IMAGE FORMATION Nature: real, Object Position: At 2F1
The point where the rays meet or appear to meet after inverted & highly Image Position: At 2F2
refraction from the lens is the image of the object. The diminished Nature of Image: Real, inverted & same size
image is obtained in a similar manner for each point of Application: As burning glass, or a camera lens Application: Terrestrial telescope for
the object and all these images together form the full erecting image formed by
image of the object. objective lens

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CH5: IMAGE FORMATION BY LENS Ch05CS02
Case 4: Object between F1 and 2F1 Case 2: between infinity and optical centre

Object Position: Between F1 and 2F1

Image Position: Beyond 2F2
Nature of Image: Real, inverted & magnified
Application: Cinema & slide projectors Object Position: Between ∞ and O
RAY DIAGRAMS: CONCAVE LENS
Image Position: Between O and F2, same side as
Case 1: Object at infinity
object
Case 5: Object at F1 Object Position: At ∞
Nature of Image: Virtual, erect & diminished
Image Position: At F2
Application: Spectacles to correct short-
Nature of Image: Virtual, erect & highly diminished
sightedness
Application: Galilean telescope

POWER OF LENS
The power of a lens is the measure of deviation
produced by it in the path of rays refracted through it.
Object Position: At F1 Unit: dioptre (D)
Image Position: At ∞ 𝟏
Nature of Image: Real, inverted & highly magnified Power (in D) =
𝒇𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 (𝒎)
Application: Collimator of spectrometer to One dioptre is the power of a lens of focal length 1 m.
obtain parallel beam of light
Depending on the direction in which the light is
Case 6: Object between lens (O) and F1 deviated, power can be positive or negative. If the ray of
Object Position: Between O and F1 light is deviated towards the centre by the lens, the
Image Position: On same side, behind the object
power of the lens is positive. If the lens deviates the ray
Nature of Image: Virtual, upright, magnified
away from the centre, its power is negative.
Application: Magnifying glass, microscope
Thus, convex lens have positive power while concave
lens have negative power. If 2 lens are in contact, the net
power is the algebraic sum of the powers of each lens.
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CH5: IMAGE FORMATION BY LENS Ch05CS02
MAGNIFYING GLASS APPLICATION OF LENS
 The objective lens a telescope, camera, slide projectors, etc. is a convex lens which forms a real inverted image
of the object.
 Our eyes have a convex lens that form an inverted image on the retina.
 To correct long-sightedness or hypermetropia (unable to see near objects distinctly) a person wears convex
lens while a person having short-sight or myopia (unable to see distant objects distinctly) would wear concave
lens to correct the vision. People having both long sight and short sight wear bifocals, with the lower part
having a convex lens and the upper part having a concave lens.
 Magnifying glass has convex lens to see objects in a magnified state
 In a spectroscope, convex lens are used to obtain a pure spectrum
 A concave lens is used as an eye lens in Galilean telescopes to obtain a final erect image of the object
A single convex lens usually forms a coloured or blurred image due to chromatic aberration, spherical aberration
etc. Thus a concave lens is used along with the convex lens to overcome these defects.

SUMMARY
Magnifying power of magnifying glass Convex Lens
𝑫
m=1+𝒇
where D is the least distance of distinct vision (= 25 cm)
f is the focal length of the lens
NOTE: Magnifying power can be increased by using lens
of short focal length. However it cannot be increased
indefinitely.
Concave Lens
Uses:
 See and read small letters and figures
 Used by watch makers to see fine parts
 Provided on Vernier calliper of travelling microscope
or spectrometer to read scale accurately.

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