Woodpulp Fines or Corn Silage as Roughages in Complete Rations
or a Pelleted Complete Ration for Young Dairy Replacements
18 Through 36 Weeks of Age 1'2
ABSTRACT
Twenty-eight Holstein calves were fed
one of three experimental diets from 18
through 36 wk: 1) 50% woodpulp fines,
25% corn silage, and 25% concentrate; 2)
75% corn silage and 25% concentrate; and
3) a commercially available, pelleted,
total calf ration. The first two rations
were equivalent in roughage, vitamin, and
mineral content, and all three rations
were equivalent in crude protein.
Average daily gain (kg), dry matter
intake (% of body weight), and feed/gain
for calves fed the three rations were .92,
2.42, 6.28; 1.10, 2.29, 4.07; and 1.12,
3.16, 6.73. Glucose (mg/100 ml), urea
nitrogen (mg/100 ml), and B-hydroxybu-
tyrate (mg/100 ml) in plasma from calves
at 23 wk were 72.0, 5.2, .7; 72.5, 5.1,
1.9; and 82.4, 12.3, .8. The amount of
butyrate (% of total), acetate/propionate,
and pH of the rumen fluid from calves at
23 wk were 6.31, 2.79, 6.99; 11.74, 2.76,
7.05; and 9.89, 2.04, 6.73. Papillae length
(cm) and density/cm 2 of the rumen tissue
from male calves by biopsy were:l.83,
48.5; 2.12, 67.1; and 2.12, 27.6.
Corn silage and woodpulp fines or
corn silage alone can be fed to dairy
calves in complete rations with satisfactory
results from 18 to 36 wk of age. Addi-
tional experimentation is required to
optimize quantities and proportions of
these roughages in complete rations for
young heifers.
Received October 11, 1979.
i Authorized for publication as Paper No. 5838 in
the Journal Series of the Pennsylvania Agriculture
Experiment Station.
2This research was supported in part by the
Proctor and Gamble Co., Mehoopany, PA.
1980 J Dairy Sci 63:2071-2079
ELLIOT BLOCK and P. R. S H E L L E N B E R G E R
Department of Dairy and Animal Science
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park 16802
INTRODUCTION
Forages in the feeding program of dairy
calves could have a stimulatory effect on
development of the digestive tract (25, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33). Because complete rations for
lactating cows are gaining popularity, they
might be extended to feeding young stock.
One possibility of a forage source for com-
plete rations for calves is corn silage. It is
readily available on most dairy farms, and
it mixes uniformily with supplements and
grains. In general, results have been favorable
for feeding corn silage as the main forage
(2, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 26, 27, 28). Grieve et al.
(9) stated that heifers can be raised to 18 mo
on corn silage as the sole forage if the protein
deficiency is corrected. They found no added
benefit by adding ground hay to corn silage.
Woodpulp fines, a by-product of the paper
industry, may be a potential source of forage
for complete rations for young dairy calves. In
a goat digestion trial, Millett et al. (17) showed
that a ration of 100% woodpulp fines would
have 80% digestible dry matter. Woodpulp fines
were equivalent in feeding value to wheat straw
(6) and oat hull (8) rations. Dinius and Bond
(5) found intake of dry matter and weight gains
were superior for a woodpulp fines ration than
for an orchardgrass ration fed to Angus heifers.
They attributed the superior gains to a
greater amount of available energy in the
pulp-fines.
The objective of this study was to evaluate
effects of feeding three complete rations on
growth performance, animal health, and rumen
characteristics of young Holstein calves. Corn
silage and woodpulp fines were roughages for
two rations, and a commercially available
pelleted complete ration was the third. Rations
fed were equivalent in roughage content. This is
in contrast to (1) where crude fiber rather than
the roughage content of the rations was held
constant.
2071
2072 BLOCK AND SHELLENBERGER

M A T E R I A L S A N D METHODS TABLE 1. Formulation of experimental rations)

This e x p e r i m e n t was w i t h t h e same g r o u p s
Rations
o f calves as (1) f r o m 18 t h r o u g h 36 wk. All
male calves were c a s t r a t e d at 18 wk. R a t i o n s 1 2
Wood Corn
c o n s i s t e d of: 1) 50% w o o d p u l p fines, 25% c o r n fines silage
Ingredient
silage, and 25% c o n c e n t r a t e s ; 2) 75% c o r n silage
a n d 25% c o n c e n t r a t e s ; 3) a c o m m e r c i a l l y
Wood pulp fines 50.0
available, pelleted, t o t a l calf r a t i o n ( T C R II). Corn silage 25.0 75.0
F o r m u l a t i o n s o f R a t i o n s 1 a n d 2 are in Table 1. Ground corn 2.6 8.6
Label i n g r e d i e n t s for R a t i o n 3 are in Table 2. Ground oats 1.7 4.6
R ~ i o n s 1 a n d 2 were e q u i v a l e n t in roughage, Soybean meal 18.9 10.1
Dry molasses 1.0 1.0
v i t a m i n , a n d m i n e r a l c o n t e n t , and all t h r e e Vitamin-mineral supplement .8 .7
r a t i o n s were e q u i v ~ e n t in c r u d e p r o t e i n c o n t e n t .
Daily d r y m a t t e r (DM) was m e a s u r e d o n t h e Percentage of dry matter.
w o o d p u l p fines a n d c o r n silage to assure t h a t
they constituted the calculated percentages of
t h e r a t i o n s ' DM c o n t e n t . C o n c e n t r a t e p o r t i o n s
of R a t i o n s 1 a n d 2 were g r o u n d t h r o u g h a 1.9 mixed. Proper proportions of roughages and
cm screen in a c o n v e n t i o n a l h a m m e r m i l l a n d c o n c e n t r a t e s , b a s e d on t h e DM c o n t e n t , were
m i x e d t h o r o u g h l y at feeding.
R a t i o n 3 was a pelleted c o m p l e t e calf r a t i o n
3A registered trademark of Agway Inc., Syracuse, m a r k e t e d u n d e r T C R II m e d i c a t e d 3. Chlor-
NY. t e t r a c y c l i n e was t h e active drug i n g r e d i e n t .

TABLE 2. Composition of experimental rations)

Rations
1 2 3
Component Wood fines Corn silage TCR II Pellets 2

SE .~ SE -X SE
Dry matter (%)3 34.88 .48 39.88 1.09 89.2 .02
Crude protein (%)4 14.3 .36 12.4 .04 14.1 .16
Acid-detergent fiber (%)4 53.4 .71 23.1 .36 37.3 .90
Ash (%)4 5.5 .95 10.9 1.65 14.1 1.50
Calcium (%)s .44 .44 1.00
Phosphorus (%)s .28 .30 .76
Magnesium (%)s .21 .20 .36
Potassium (%)s .91 1.16 1.11
Manganese (ppm) s 34 49 146
Copper (ppm) s 13 10 27
Zinc (ppm) s 145 90 165
Iron (ppm) s 281 244 168
In vitro dry matter
disappearance (%)s 83.6 75.2 58.7

All means except dry matter are on a dry matter basis.

2 TCR II, a registered trademark of Agway, Inc., Syracuse, N¥. Label ingredients: processed grain by-prod-
ucts, forage products, roughage products, cane molasses, ground limestone, monocalcium phosphate, vitamins,
salt, and numerous minerals.
3Average of 17 determinations.
4 Average of 6 composite determinations.
s One composite for the entire 18 wk.

Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 63, No. 12, 1980

 COMPLETE RATIONS FOR OLDER DAIRY CALVES 2073

Half of the calves in each group were housed
at the Calf Center in three outside lots, one for
each experimental ration, equipped with
automatic waterers, feed troughs, and three-sided
shelters bedded with straw. The remaining five
calves from each group were housed in similar
facilities at the University Dairy Center.
Rations were fed ad libitum and offered
once dally in the morning. Corn silage was
obtained daily from the University Dairy
Center. Woodpulp fines were stored outside
uncovered.
Group intake data were obtained by weighing
and sampling all feeds offered daily and by
weighing and sampling orts weekly. Body
weight, chest circumference, and height at
withers were obtained from each calf every 3
wk from 18 through 36 wk of age. These data
were used to calculate height at withers, chest
circumference, feed efficiency, and dry matter
intake (DMI).
Feeding, feed and orts sampling, and feed
and orts analyses were described (1). Blood
4Prepared by Supelco, Inc., Bellefonte, PA.
from the jugular vein was obtained when
the average age of the calves was 23 wk -+ 2
days. The collection and analysis of the blood
samples were described (1).
At the average age of 23 wk -+ 2 days, rumen
fluid samples were obtained from each calf via
stomach tube between the 4th and 5th h after
morning feeding. The pH of the rumen fluid
was determined immediately. Rumen fluid then
was strained through a double thickness of
cheesecloth, and 10 ml of fluid was acidified
with 2 ml of 25% metaphosphoric acid. Rumen
fluid samples were prepared and analyzed for
volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations by
gas-liquid chromatography according to the
method of Erwin et al. (7). A Varian Aerograph
Model 1860-3 gas chromatograph was used to
analyze rumen fluid for concentrations of
acetic, propionic, and N-butyric acids. A 1.83
m × .318 cm stainless steel column 4 with a
10% SP-1200/1% H3PO4 liquid phase on
80/100 Chromasorb WAW packing was em-
ployed for separation.
Rumen biopsies were obtained from male
calves 36 wk of age as in (1).
Significant treatment effects were determined
by the F-ratio test from the analysis of variance.

TABLE 3. Growth and intake for calves from 18 through 36 wk of age.

Rations
1 2 3
Wood Corn TCR I1
Parameter fines silage PelletsI SE

Weight gain (kg)2 116.0a 139.0b 141.2b 3.97

Average daily gain (kg)2 .9a 1.1b 1.1 b .03
Dry matter intake as a
percent of body weight 3 2.4 2.3 3.2
Feed/gain (kg/kg)4 6.3 4.1 6.7
Increase in height at
withers (cm) 2 9.2 7.9 8.5 .75
Increase in chest
circumference (cm) 2 25.9a 32.3b 29.5b .97
Final body weight (kg) 256.0 238.8 299.7
Final height at withers (cm) 112.5 112.8 115.9
Final chest circumference (cm) 142.5 149.9 145.5

a'bMeans in the same row and having different superscripts are different (P<.05).
l TCR II, a registered trademark of Agway, Inc., Syracuse, NY.
Average of individual measurements.
3Total dry matter consumed divided by total body weight for the entire group.
4Total dry matter consumed divided by total weight gain for the entire group.

Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 63, No. 12, 1980

2074 BLOCK AND SHELLENBERGER
The variation of location, block, and period
were analyzed. Group data such as feed intake
and feed efficiency were not analyzed statisti-
cally. Duncan's new multiple range test (24)
was used for isolation of significant differences
between treatments. Missing measures for calves
were estimated by the procedure of Yates (24).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Rations 1 and 2 were low in DM content
(Table 2). Seventy-five percent of the DM in
these rations was from roughages of a low
DM content (24% DM for pulp-fines; 36% DM
for corn silage), thereby reducing the DM
content of the rations. In crude protein content,
Rations 1 and 3 were nearly identical while
Ration 2 was slightly lower than the other two
(Table 2). However, Ration 2 was still above
National Research Council (NRC) (18) recom-
mendations for calves of this age grouping.
Rations 1 and 2 were similar in mineral
content and were close to the formulated
amounts except for iron. The iron content of
Rations 1 and 2 was greater than planned,
which could have resulted from soil contamina-
tion of the silage at harvest and soil con-
tamination of the pulp-fines since the fines
were stored on the ground. Calcium and phos-
phorus contents of Ration 3 were in a favorable
ratio; however, they were in greater quantities
than required by calves of this age grouping
according to NRC (18).
The IVDMD was greatest for Ration 1,
intermediate for Ration 2, and lowest for
Ration 3. The high IVDMD for Ration 1 was
the result of high digestibility of the woodpulp
TABLE 4. Glucose, B-hydroxybutyrate, and urea nitrogen of plasma from Holstein calves at 23 wk of age.
1 2
Wood
Parameter fines
Glucose 72.0 a
B-hydroxybutyrate .7a
Urea nitrogen 5.2 a
a'bMeans in the same row and having different superscripts are different (P<.05).
1TCR II, a registered trademark of Agway, Inc., Syracuse, NY.
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 63, No. 12, 1980
fines (17). Although it has been demonstrated
that pelleting depresses digestibility by increas-
ing the rate of passage of the finer particles (12,
34), the IVDMD procedure allowed a 72-h
digestion for all rations. Therefore, the lower
IVDMD of Ration 3 probably was related to
the ration ingredients rather than to effects of
pelleting.
Calves fed Rations 2 and 3 had greater
weight gains (P<.05) than calves fed Ration 1
(Table 3). The DMI tended to be greatest
in the group of calves fed Ration 3 while calves
fed Rations 1 and 2 did not differ from each
other. The high weight gains and DMI in calves
fed Ration 3 resulted in higher feed/gain than
in calves fed Ration 2. Similarly, the lower
weight gains and comparatively lower DMI in
calves fed Ration 1 resulted in feed/gain equiva-
lent to that for calves fed Ration 3 and greater
than that for calves fed Ration 2 (Table 3). The
high IVDMD and high feed/gain of Ration 1
suggest that the rate of passage of this ration
was more rapid thereby depressing its digestibili-
ty. The corn silage in Ration 2 may have added
an adequate amount of bulky, coarse material
to increase the rumen retention time and to
increase digestibility of Ration 2 compared to
Rations 1 and 3. Though Ration 1 contained
25% corn silage (DM), this amount apparently
did not provide a sufficient a m o u n t of bulky,
coarse material to allow the calves to utilize the
ration dry matter more optimally.
Conversely, calves fed Ration i tended to
have the greatest increase in height at withers.
Even though calves fed Ration 1 had less body
weight gain, skeletal gain in these calves may
have been slightly greater and not seen as gain
Rations
3
Corn TCR II
silage Pellets~ SE
(rag/100 ml)
72.5 a 82.4 b 3.15
1.9b .8a .24
5.1 a 12.3b .24
 COMPLETE RATIONS FOR OLDER DAIRY CALVES 2075

TABLE 5. Volatile fatty acid content of rumen fluid from Holstein calves at 23 wk of age.

Rations
1 2 3
Wood Corn TCR II
Parameter fines silage Pellets I SE

Acetate (% of total) 68.97 a 64.23 b 60.59 b 1.47

Propionate (% of total) 24.71 a 23.27 a 29.49 b 1.54
Butyrate (% of total) 5.31 a 11.74 b 9.89 b .91
Acetate/propionate 2.79 a 2.76 a 2.05 b .20
Acetate (mg/1 O0 ml) 334.18 362.36 269.78 33.02
Propionate (mg/lO0 ml) 107.79 127.60 138.50 15.12
Butyrate (mg/lO0 ml) 31.38 59.43 42.20 5.13
pH 6.99 a 7.05 a 6.73 b .06

a'bMeans in the same row and having different superscripts are different (P<.05).
t TCR If, a registered trademark of Agway, Inc., Syracuse, NY.

in b o d y weight. Since calves fed R a t i o n s 2 a n d wk (18), b u t calves fed R a t i o n 3 were 50 kg

3 h a d greater increases in chest c i r c u m f e r e n c e
t h a n calves fed R a t i o n 1 ( T a b l e 3), gastro-
i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t ( G I T ) fill m a y have b e e n less for
calves fed R a t i o n 1, t h e r e b y m e e t i n g digestible
e n e r g y needs w i t h o u t t h e a d d i t i o n a l w e i g h t o f
G IT fill.
T h e differences in final h e i g h t at w i t h e r s a n d
c h e s t c i r c u m f e r e n c e were negligable for t h e
calves fed any o f t h e r a t i o n s (Table 3). However,
calves fed R a t i o n 3 t e n d e d to have t h e g r e a t e s t
final b o d y weight, w h i c h i n d i c a t e s t h a t these
calves d e p o s i t e d g r e a t e r a m o u n t s o f b o d y
tissue. T h e calves fed R a t i o n s 1 and 2 were
w i t h i n t h e range o f e x p e c t e d b o d y weigfit at 36
overweight.
G l u c o s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f p l a s m a ( T a b l e 4)
were d i f f e r e n t ( P < . 0 5 ) at 23 wk w i t h calves fed
R a t i o n s 1 and 2 b e i n g less t h a n calves fed
R a t i o n 3. G r e a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f p r o p i o n a t e
in r u m e n fluid o f calves fed R a t i o n 3 ( T a b l e 6)
was p r o b a b l y t h e m a j o r c o n t r i b u t o r to t h e
h i g h e r glucose in plasma.
A t 23 wk of age, t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f
B-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in p l a s m a was
g r e a t e r ( P < . 0 5 ) in calves fed R a t i o n 2 t h a n in
calves fed e i t h e r R a t i o n 1 or 3 ( T a b l e 4).
I n a s m u c h as glucose c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in calves o n
all r a t i o n s were n o t low a n d all t h e calves

TABLE 6. Rumen tissue measurements of male calves at 36 wk of age.

Rations
1 2 3
Wood Corn TCR II
Measurement fines silage Pellets I SE

Papillae density
(No./cm 2 )2 48.50 a 67.10 b 27.60 c 2.72
Papillae length (cm) 3 1.83 a 2.12 b 2.12 b .17
Muscle wall thickness (mm) 2 3.31 3.83 3.00 .26

a'b'CMeans in the same row and having different superscripts are different (P<.05).
l TCR I1, a registered trademark of Agway, Inc., Syracuse, NY.
2 Average of 4 determinations.
3 Average of 20 determinations.

Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 63, No. 12, 1980

2076 BLOCK AND SHELLENBERGER
were gaining body weight, it is doubtful that
the higher BHB in the plasma of calves fed
Ration 2 was the result of an excess peri-
pheral production of ketone bodies. The higher
BHB in calves fed Ration 2 was probably the
result of ruminal butyrate being metabolized by
the rumen mucosa and liver to BHB. This was
concluded since ruminal butyrate was greater
(P<.05) in calves fed Rations 2 and 3 than in
calves fed Ration 1 (Table 5).
The urea nitrogen concentration o f plasma
(PUN) was greatest (P<.05) in calves fed Ration
3 but not significantly different between calves
fed Ration 1 and 2 (Table 4). Part o f the
differences in PUN can be accounted for by
high protein intake (20). When the protein
content of each ration was multiplied by the
respective DM1, the calves fed Ration 3 con-
sumed more protein (.45 kg/lO0 kg body
weight) than did calves fed Rations 1 or 2 (.35
and .28 kg/100 kg body weight). The remaining
differences in PUN could be in ruminal hy-
drolysis and varying solubility of the protein in
each ration since PUN is a reflection of rumen
ammonia concentration (16, 20, 21).
qao0_
qa-/3
Figure 1. Rumen tissue samples of male calves fed Ration 1 (pulp-fines based).
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 63, No. 12, 1980
The rumen fluid of calves fed Ration 3 had a
reduced (P<.05) acetate-to-propionate ratio
(A/P). The lower AlP in calves fed pelleted
rations has been shown (3, 4). The cause and
effect relationships between physical form of
the ration, volatile fatty acid production, and
rumen keratosis have not been established;
however, certain inferences can be made.
The rumen tissue samples of calves fed
Ration 1 exhibited short papillae (Table 6),
having a mild degree o f keratosis (Figure 1).
The papillae were uniform in length, showing
slightly more necrosis than in calves fed Ration
2 but less than in calves fed Ration 3. The
rurnen pH in calves fed Ration 1 was not
different from calves fed Ration 2 (Table 5) but
was greater (P<.05) than in calves fed Ration 3.
Though 75% of the DM contained in Ration
1 was of a relatively fine texture, there must
have been sufficient abrasion on the rumen
mucosa to keep the keratosis to a minimum.
The conclusion might be that woodpulp fines
provide more abrasion on the rumen mucosa
than would be expected upon visual observation.
Samples of rumen tissue of calves fed
qo2a
zz
 COMPLETE RATIONS FOR OLDER DAIRY CALVES
Rations 1 and 2 showed less keratosis than of
calves fed Ration 3. There was negligible
necrosis of the papillae in calves fed Ration 2
(Figure 2) with the papillae being uniform and
finger-shaped. It can be speculated that Ration
2 contained a slightly smaller than optimal
quality of "scratch"; however, it produced a
favorable V F A ratio to allow normal papillary
growth.
The calves fed Ration 3 exhibited a low
density of long papillae (Table 6). Gross ap-
pearance of the tissues was moderately dark
to very dark papillae. Papillae were keratotic
and variable in the degree of necrosis (Figure
3). Evidently there was an insufficient amount
of abrasion on the rumen surface to remove the
keratin accumulation of the papillae. The
necrosis was probably the result of localized
rapid acid production when the easily fer-
mentable ingredients in Ration 3 touched the
rumen surface. A decrease in rumen-buffering
capacity of animals fed pelleted rations has
been demonstrated (4, 19). The probable
reason for greater decrease in rumen pH of
¢a;
Figure 2. Rumen tissue samples of male calves fed Ration 2 (corn-silage based).
2077
calves fed Ration 3 (Table 5) was the high
calcium and phosphorus content of the ration
(Table 3). Ralston and Patton (22) demonstrated
that calcium hydroxide was an effective rumen
buffer. Kromann (15) indicated that phosphate
ions are an important rumen buffer at the
higher pH ranges. The long papillae in calves fed
Ration 3 could have been the result of a stimu-
latory effect of the greater proportion of
propionate (P<.05) in the rumens of these
calves (Table 5). Propionate stimulates papillae
growth (29, 25, 32).
The butyrate content of the rumen fluid
(Table 5) and BHB content o f plasma (Table 4)
show the same trends in that calves fed Ration
2 had greater (P<.05) quantities than calves fed
either Rations 1 or 3. If the previous assumption
that the higher BHB in plasma was n o t caused
by excess production of ketones but rather by
ruminal butyrate being metabolized by the
rumen wall to plasma BHB, then the relative
rates of conversion of rumen butyrate to
plasma BHB can be calculated by dividing the
plasma BHB (mg/100 ml) by rumen butyrate
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 63, No. 12, 1980
2078 BLOCK AND SHELLENBERGER
¢#/4
Figure 3. Rumen tissue samples of male calves fed Ration 3 (TCR 1I).
(mg/lO0 ml). These were 2.17, 3.29, and 1.94%
for calves fed Rations 1, 2, and 3.
Either corn silage or a combination of
woodpulp fines and corn silage can be fed
satisfactorily as roughages contributing 75%
of the DM in complete rations for dairy calves
from 18 through 36 wk of age. Presently the
cost of the woodpulp fines is limited to trans-
portation costs plus a moderate handling
charge. It would be self-defeating for most
dairy producers to purchase a pelleted complete
ration if woodpulp fines and corn silage were
~ a d i l y and economically available. If the
producer is feeding a complete ration to the
milking herd, there is an incentive to extend
this program to the feeding of herd replacements.
The additional weight gains exhibited by calves
receiving a pelleted ration might be offset by
more fully utilizing alternative resources such as
woodpulp fines, corn silage, and equipment.
Additional experimentation should determine
optimal proportions of woodpulp fines, corn
silage, or combinations of the two in formulating
complete rations for young heifers.
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 63, No. 12, 1980
7
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank the Proctor and
Gamble Co. for providing the woodpulp fines
and for partial financial support; R. S. Adams
for making arrangements with the Proctor and
Gamble Co.; E. M. Kesler for his assistance in
obtaining calves and arranging for housing; L.
C. Griel and T. R. Drake for their veterinary
assistance and for obtaining biopsies.
REFERENCES
1 Block, E., and P. R. Shellenberger. 1980. Woodpulp
fines or corn silage in complete rations or a pelleted
complete ration for young dairy replacements from
birth through 18 weeks of age. J. Dairy Sci. 63:2060.
2 Borland, K., and E. M. Kesler. 1979. Complete
rations for Holstein calves 8 to 18 weeks of age. J.
Dairy Sci. 62:304.
3 Bull, L. S., L. J. Bush, J. D. Friend, B. Harris, and
E. W. Jones. 1965. Incidence of ruminal para-
keratosis in calves fed different rations. J. Dairy
Sci. 48:1459.
4 Cullison, A. E., B. M. Campbell, and R. W. Walker.
1961. Effect of physical form of the ration on
steer performance and certain rumen phenomena.
J. Anita. Sci. 20:478.
 COMPLETE RATIONS F O R O L D E R DAIRY CALVES
5 Dinius, D. A., and J. Bond. 1975. Digestibility,
ruminal parameters, and growth by cattle fed waste
woodpulp. J. A n i m . Sci. 41:629.
6 Dinius, D. A., L. D. Satter, and D. L. Kern. 1972.
Woodpulp fines as a feedstuff for ruminants. J.
Anim. Sci. 35:388. (Abstr.)
7 Erwin, E. S., G. J. Marce, and E. M. Emery. 1961.
Volatile fatty acid analysis o f blood and r u m e n
fluid by gas chromatography. J. Anita. Sci. 44:1768.
8 Fritschel, P. R., L. D. Satter, A. J. Baker, J. N.
McGovern, R. J. Vatthauer, and M. A. Millett.
1976. Aspen bark and pulp residue for r u m i n a n t
feedstuffs. J. A n i m . Sci. 4 2 : 1 5 1 3 .
9 ~.rieve, D. G., J. 8. Stone, G. K. MacLeod, and R.
A. Curtis. 1976. All silage forage programs for
dairy cattle. I. Heifer performance from birth to
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Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 63, No. 12, 1980