8.4 CAc dang vi phan vi DU: ix; {A chinh xdc tren R? va c6 (it nat) tong fl ~ 1 ng ohunguyén ham tren R”, F: bqeeprt yd : 24 o Ménh dé Cho U 18 mot b6 phan mo cha R? vA @ 1A mot dang vi phan tren U. Néu U cd tinh lién théng vA @ chinh x4c thi theo dinh nghia, @ 6 it nhét mot nguyen ham F trén U va tap hop cdc nguyen ham ctia orén U 1A (F +2; VE R}. Chitng minh: Gia sir U lien thong, @ chinh x4c va F,, Fy: U > R hai nguyén bam cila @ tren U. Vay, Fy, Fy thude 1p Ct ren U vi: Vie tens Ph ai =0. Theo 8.1.5 H@ qua 3, suy ra F, - F, khong adi. $5.3 Dang vi phan déng ° Dinh nghia 1 Cho U 1a mot bo phan md cha R?, w la mot dang vi phan trén U, A;, ..., Ap 1a cic he 86 cla w. Ta n6i w dong trén U khi va chi khi: aA, _ OA; va peth-» pr, = Gf eth, PY i, a i @ | Binh ly 1 Cho Uf mor bo phan md cha R’, « 1A mot dang vi phan tren U. Néu @ chinh xée tren U thi dong tran U. Ching minh: Ky big Ay, ... Ap 1 che hg sO ctia 0 t6n tai F: U > R thuge l6p C' sao cho . oF Vjetbhauph a ax; Vi Aj. os Ap thuge 16p Cl trén U ntn F thuge lép C tren U va do dé theo dinh y Schawrz (8.2.3 Dinh 19) : Wi) ethenaph®. 2 a (®)- or eF 2{#)- Ge; aj l Ox) Oey Ajax; Ox Oe, 297298 Chuong 8 Ham sé nhiéu bién thu (nghién cifu nang cao) o Dinh nghia 2 Cho Xe PCR"). 1) Cho A € X tanéi X sao hoa doi véi A khi va chi khi VMeX, [AM] CX, trong dé {AM] chi doan thing ndi lién A va M, nghia 1 (AM) = (P & RY 3A © [0;1], AP=AAM J. 2) Ta néi X14 sao hod khi va chi khi 7A € Xsao cho X sao hod d6i vi A. @ | Dinhly2 — @inh ly Poincaré) Cho U 1a mot b6 phan mé cia R? va @ 1a mot dang vi phan trén U. Néwu U sao hod va néu @ dong én U thi @ chinh xac wen U. Ching minh (6 thé bé qua (rong Lin doc diu tién): p Ky hien A, .... Ap, Bede he s6 cba a : wre, als)= ) ACOds; ‘I va a= (a, «... ay) € U sao cho U sao hod d6i vdi a. XétF: UR xéc dinh bai: 1 Y= Ginap eu, Fud=| yey ~ajA(att(x- ayy. 07m ‘Ta sé ching minh ring F 1a mot nguyén ham cha @ tren U. Vi dink xa (t3,.4tp > Say -a;)Aj(a+t(x—a)) lién tue trén (0,1]xU va c6 =) cdc dgo hin ridng edp 1 AGE v6i x, ... xp lito tuc wren [Ox U, dinh IY vé dao 1 ham duéi dau f (xem Tap 3, 2.13.12.2) Dinh ly) ching 16 ec anh xa ring cia o F déu thude lp Cl va: Viel aph¥ xe Oy aye oF ' A; Sov fl aore-oe $e -ophtover-0) . Vi wd6ng wen Y va bang cach sit dung ich phan Ung phdn, ta ed: véi moi i thude (lec PE VA = OX, tp) eft U Pp p. BA; ! a (xj -4; Bites) = pa ane etiis 0) jet8.4 Cécdang viphan 299 I 1 =[4 (a+ux-ay], -f, A(atex-ajde = A()- {, A(a+t(x-a))dt va vi vay Za = Ald Nhu vay, #1 mot nguyén ham cia @ wen U va w chinh xdc tren U- Bai tap Vé cde bude khiv sat mot dang vi phan, xem Tdp 2. 12.7.4. © 8.8.4. Khio sat cfe dang vi phir sav, c6 2 6 c6 phai 18 dong khong? o chinh xde khong? Néu cé thi hy tim cdc nguyen ham cba @; nda @ khong dong, thi tim mot thi s6 tich phan g: (xy) 9) sadcho Wy) Ly) aay) a d6ug: «@, 66 chinh xée khong? Néu c6 thi tim ede nguyen ham ebia tk an? pp ATM ay (4x ta? by (xan? +y?)~ ya + (vince? +h )-x}ey ep(cos(a+ y} + sith +y)) dx + cosixt yy, ghey) chi phu thudc x d) M1-xy)dr + (y- ody, ay) chi phy thudc y ec) G2 ey? 42xjde + 2ydy, gry) chi pin thage x P) Ixy-Dee - G? -Ndy , gery) chil phy thuge x, © — 8.8.2. a) Khio sit dang vi phan @ xde dinh boi: ate.y) = eM N ac EE ay hing edeh thm mot thita 96 tich phn chi phn y y thude x. +b) Tir 46 suy ra nghiem tren J} #0 cha phaong trinh vi phon : ayllne— (1 ~ Ine) + y= 0. © 88.3 Tum mot dnih xa Q: R?-[(0.0)) —+ Rthude lop C! sao cho dang vi phin @ xe dink boi @(x.9) =~ 2 de Qa. y)dy IB chinh xée tren R+((0,0)} vasau dd wiry Tier mot nguyen him eda @tren R((0,0)} & 8.5.4 Cluimg minh ring deng vi phi @ xde dink bi : _ your d 2axy x (X92) =§ — th ¢ dy tp te tv + yr tz} yt D+ ay 22+ xz +) 1a chink: xde tran R? va tinh cde nguyén him edi 06300 Ghugng 8 Ham nhiéu bién thu (nghién ett nding cao) 2 Bé sung ca. Ham ding cap «Ta goi moi b6 phan C cia R? sao cho:- vreC, Vie Ry Axe C 18 ndn (hose non dung) cba R”. Doe gid c6 thé pip cic thay Adi cba dinh ngbiia nay, vi du: WreC VAER ALEC, © Cho 1 mot non cla RP, a € Rf: C > RA mot dh aa. Ta noi fed tinh chit e -dAng cdip (hoae a - ding cfip duemg) khi va chi khi: VreC VAERY fx) = 2 fa, bday cOng vay, dOc gid 06 hd gap cdc thay ddi cba dinh nghia nay, wi dy (néa ae N): VxECVAER RIERA PW. R@ rang 18, néu f'# 0 va nd f Ib ce- ding ep va a’ - dang cp thi a = a. Néuf0 vi fed tinh a ing ep hi a duce goi Ki edip cita f Moi anh xg fs CR duge yoi li ding edip khi va chi khitén tai ae R saocho fli aeding cp. 1) Vida: Kigm tra tinh ding cp ca clic duh x4 sau day va My xé¢ dinh ep cba ching : af: C7 trong 46 C= {(3,)) € Rs px 2 O} (Lay. bi fs CAR , trong dé C= B-(0.0)} wma GR y+ Wong doc = R*~{(0,0)). wl, Sh Bao 2) a) Dieu kién Euler: ec) f: Gid si C a mot nn mci RP, ce Rif: CR 1A mot dah xa thude lp C! wen C Ching minh sing f 1A a-ding edip khi va chi khi: Veet eS Saf, @) = af). ia Vi mus dich nay, ta 6d thé nghién ctu gs hi fU2) véi x EC ed dink. by Gid st C18 mot non mocha K, we Rf CR thude lop C?. Chuing minh ring ndu fc6 tinh @-dang edp thi: Vee. Of (a+2afy ety LGy) = ala -DfGoy).Chuong 9 Bé sung vé phép tinh tich phan (Phan 2) Chuong nay danh cho sinh vién PT, PT* . Trong Tap 2 (chuong 13) ta di nghién cétu tich phan dudng, tich phan kép, tich phan boi 3 va cdc khdi lugng. im quin tinh, momen quan tinh 6) vGi cdc day, tam phiing, vat rin, | Van dé 6 day Id xét mot cdch ngan gon cic (va cac tam phing trong khong gian). Vide nghién ctu duge dit ra trong mot khong gian afin Euclide co dinh hudng E co s6 chiéu i 3, duge trang bi cd thé 1A mot hé quy chiéu truc chudn ‘tryc tiép (0; 73 jk), cée tye duge goi Bi (x's), (v'y), (2/2). Thudng ta déng nhat E, vi R? ai todn tuong ty déi véi cde tim ghénh bang céch trang bj cho R’ tich vd hung thong thudng va ed sd chink tic. Cé thé tign Igi néu ta déng nhat mot phan td cua E, (rong tng R°) vdi mot edt cdc thanh phan ciia nd trong co si; js &) (ong img. co sé chinh tic). 9.1 Tich phan mat 9.1.1 Anh xa thude lép Ct Vain dé & day Ia mé rong khai ni¢m lop C! déi véi cdc dnh xa duge x4c dinh tren mét bo phan khong nbat thiét phai mo cia RY (xem 8.1.2, Dinh nghia 1). @ =~ Dinhnghia Gia sit (», g) © (N")%; D 1A mot bo phan cia RY. Anh xa F: D—» RP duac goi la thuée I6p C! tren D khi va chi khi t6n tai mot bo phan mé U cua RY va mét Anh xa F : U —> BR? sao cho: DcU WreD, Fix) = FO) F thude kip Cl trén bo phan méU cia RY . Noi ciich khac, F thug 46p C' wen D khi va chi khi F c6 mot mé rong (F ) thude isp C' wen mot bo phan mé (W/) chita BD.302 Chung 9 Bé sung vé phép tinh tich phan 9.1.2 Mat 6 day ta khong néu fen mot khé khan mio vé khai nigm mat (xem ca Tap hinh hoc). Mit lop tham sé hod Ii mdt nh xa F: D> R° trong dé D 1a mot_ 66 phan eita Rx. Mat S$ 1a Anh cia mét Idp tham sé hod + FUt.v): (uv) € DY. Ta néi rang F 1a mot biéu dién tham sé cila S. Dé nhac lai [A F nhan céc gid tri trong &?, c6 thé tign loi néu ky higu P(u,¥) hoac F(u,y) thay cho Ftv). Khai niém yéu to dién tich Gia st F: D->RIW mo Isp tham s6 héa thuge lép C1, S= (FOr (ave DI, (4.9) € D, My € Flug.vo) K¢ higu C, (tong tg C,) Li dudng cong vé trén S bang cfich e6 dinh v= vq (Itong ting = Hy), nghia 1a: Cy ={Fluvy) eR, (uv) € DI Cy = (Flag) VER, (ug) € DI. sn gs Fe aF " Gia sit ho (Zee. 5, (to-¥) ) 1a doc lap. . aa ti - aC 4 oF Vecta chi phuong cia tiép myén tai My voi C, (tuong ting C,) Fttorvo (tuong eng S wo) } (xem Tap hinh hee). ay Cho (1,¥) € D, Au = u-ttg; A F(u,v) va xét mot ming ciia S, “giéng nhu" mot hinh binh binh od céc dinh 1A Fug. %9) Figs Flava), Flu). Néu Au va Av déu "bé" ta c6 thé co ming nay cia J tring véi hinh binh hinh cé dinh !& My vA 0 nén bai cae vecto Au F u0.¥0) va dy Foe) Dien tich 7 y oF cia hink binh hab nay 18 [aE (ag,0%9) a Gagsrod dy ou av "Bidu théc” [Fewer duge goi la yéu 16 didn tich cha S va ‘ y thuong duge ky higu la ds.9.1 Tichphan mat 303 vinu: 1) Yéis t6 dién tich trén mét hinh tru tron xoay Mot biéu dién tham sé cla hinh try trOn xoay Scé truc (2'z) va ban kinh lar la pak, (Bp oircus® re sin@.c) trong dé D =(-n:m] x R. sin, oosd, 0), WOT. Tir dé en Etu) =r va cudi cilng 1a: dS =r dé dz. 2) Yeu to dién tich trén mot hink non tron xoay Mét biéu dién tham sé cia mot nén tron xoay 6 tryc (z'z) va nita gée & dink ( ae pS] la: F: por at (0.2) (zane cos@.ztan@sin@.z) wong d6 D = [-mn] x R. 6 day: = (-ztana sin®,2ztanarcos8,0), ae = (tana cos@.tana sin8,1). Tirds ez | = (gtanorcos0}? +(ztanarsin OF +(2tan? a)? = 2 SU dds. cos’ Tacé hé cha ging. vi 2 va tre giao 30 9 nen f2F Ff _ PF 30 a: vacudi cing: dS = 3) Yeu to dién tich trén mé6t mal edu4 Chuemg 9 Bé sung vé phép tinh tich phan 3) Véu t6 dign tich trén mét mat cau Mot bigu dign tham sé cia mat cdu S 6 tam O, ban kinh 7 a: F : D> R (A.grr(reosptos@rcos prin rsin gy) + trong d6 D = \-nn{ £4 ]0 day ta sit dung toa d6 ciu) 6 day: FF = (-reos psin O.rcosyeos 9.0), =rsin pcos O.-r'sin gsinO.rcos@), * Tir dé: = aye ar Ie a = cox? pcos) +0" cos? psin ay +47 2 sin peosy" =r 4 2 ova cos” g vA cudicingla dS =r ?cosgddg- Didu chi ¥ cudi vi du 2) cing cé gid trj tai day. 9.1.3 Tich phan mat @ = Dinh nghia Gid su | D 1a mot compac cia R’ F: DR? la mot lép tham s6 hed thuge Idp C! ff D> RIA mot anh xa thuge Iép C' Ta goi tich phan kép: ff Flu) D 1a tich phan mat. Tinh bat bién cia tich phan mat khi thay déi biéu dién tham sé Ta pitt nguyen ede ky hi¢u va cde gid thigt cha dinh nghia tren. Cho A 1a mot aF , aF er FN dy ae 5 |e compac cha R?; J: D —> A Ta mot song anh sao cho ¢ va €' déu thade ldp C! vi &: A> R? duce xéc dinh boi G= Fog. V6i sy lam dung o6 dién cae ky hig al, 1 13 |9.1. Tich phan mat 305 va, | OF OOF &G trdé a= = du vy Vee av dv au} OX” BY . ar OF eG * ac wa vi thé f= ldery oY Yas, ’ au av | ot ONY ay trong dé tot (418 ma iran Jacobi cla ¢! theo (X.Y) (xem 8.1.3.1) Dinh nghia 2). Theo cong thite déi bién trong tich phan kép (T4p 2. | oF oF. {fff Gee A Sr] ) Dinh ly): deride fh og! eG ac = flor sac fon a eGoca i digu ching 16 tich phén mat khong phy thudc 16p tham sO hod bigu dién mat. Tich phan mat ndi wen thudng duge ky higu béi ff fOM MS trong dé M12 diém is chay ciia § (nghia AM = Ftv), F ky mot biéu dig tham s6 cia 5), fUM) ding dé chi mét cdch lam dung fisny), va dS 1a "yeu W dign tich” cla $ (xem 9.1.2) ¢ ’ ewe . . Nhgin xét: Trong thuc té, sy cd mat cla can thie do Jam cho phép tinh tich phan mat ee thudng khé khan, tham chi cd “khong thuc hién duge” (dan 163 cde ham dic bigu. vi Du: Tinh tich phan mat ffranas trong dé $ [a mat xe dinh boi: x Mot biéu dign tham sé ctia SL F DaR* * Ga orcosia'sin iy) vcosit y . trong dé. D =(-a.x)x[0;1]. Tirdé: OF OF oF a OE = yf Ca Ov lel (xem thém 9.1.2 vi du 2), hode chit ¢ ring - weer, au * &Chuong 9 Bé sung vé phép tinh tich phan _{ pr sin? ndudy = Al f cos? sin? wn) fi) = Vay: if FUNdS = fhe 2 cos? Bai tap 0 944 Tinh ede tich phan mat Jl rons trong ede vi du sau: a) flvyz) = xve™ vi $ la mot phin cha mit iry xce dinh boi v4? = 1,062 81, r>0,¥20. 1 b) fia) = Inz aS la chém cau xac dinh boi HY HP =I, Sz8h.9.2 Dién tich mot phan cla mat 307 9.2 Dién tich mot phan cia mat 9.2.1 Dai cuong ° Dinh nghia Gia six $18 mot mat c6 biéu dién tham s6 F: D— R? thuoc l6p C'. Ta goi s6 thuc ky hieu 1a A(S) va xa dinh boi AS) = fl. aF oF lan Oy] la dién tich cia S. Nhdn xét: —|| dudv SF ldudv véi f=1 ne 2) Néu S la mot mién phing, doc gid sé thay 18 ta lai tim duoc dién tich cua mién phing S (xem tap 2, 13.2.3, Ménh dé 1). 3) Bang céch ky higu dS la yéu t6 dién tich ctia S (xem 9.1.2) ta cé: A(S) = ff ds. s vi DU Tinh dién tich phan xoan 6c xdc dinh boi: x = arcos@, y = at sin8, z = hd, @:ne [0.5 elo. ya (ah) € (Ry c6 dinh. J) Day Ja trudng hop riéng cia tich phan mat jf S(uv)} D V6i cac ky hiéu tén: ni FF _ (-atsind 0 a ( shin |. a ( R thudc Ip C' (xem dinh ly vé cc ham dn 8.4), Nhu vay, $.c6 thé biéu dién tham SOF: D—+R> ,tirdd a 2 2 =,/l+ ee. 22 . Ox oy CoyrrCny, ery) Ky hiéu p 298; q Oe. (ky hiéu Monge) ta c6é: ax oy A(S) = ffi +p +qrdxdy. ‘| vi DU: OF _ aF OF , aF| Ov dy og oy Tinh dién tich phan cla parabéloit ¢6 phuong trinh z = xy va chiéu xudng mat phing Oy duge hinh tron D xéc dinh boi .x7+y" <1. Trong vi du nay p=y, =, vay: A(S)= ff itr? ty andy. 1D Ta tinh tich phan kép nay bing céch chuyén sang toa d6 doc cuc (A= earls 10:1: 3 1 Age [vivre “se +o | - Fave -1)~3,829.. 10 Ta nhan thay gid tri bing s6 thu duoe In hon zmot chit (1a dign tfch cla D). Téng quat hon A(S) = ff Vi+p? +¢?dady> ff dxdy = A(D) D> D>9.2 Dién tich mot phan cla mat 309 2) Dién tich mét mat tru z Cho § 1a mot mat tru c6 dudng sinh song song v6i (c'z), 71a giao tuyén cha S véi mat phingxOy: (x= x(w), y= ys = 0); u € 1 mot bidu dién tham sé cla (gia sit thudc lép Cl, h € R,. Mot biéu dién tham s6 cia miéng S, cua S$ nim gifia hai mat phang cé phuong trinh z= Ovaz=A la: F Do=R Guyaa,yen er) trong dé D = 1x [0:1]. Vi thé xu) 2 (0 Ew) 2 a : OE cu) | oe eee ( Ax'(u) ou cu Ov 0 ht 0 \ 1 ay ((« ‘wy +(y'wo) p va vi vay: I 45) ff, i( (rw) Pe(vwyP dudv 1 =n { (( “wy +(x @y p du=h) 1 vi I(/} 1a chiéu dai cha cung /"(xem Tap hinh hoc). 3) Dién tich mét mat tron xoay Cho C 1a mét dung cong phing (thudng 1a z chinh quy) nim trong mat phang yOz (chang han), $1 mat trdn xoay, sinh ra béi phép quay ; ta néi C 1A mét (nita) kinh tuyén Ky higu s toa do cong tren C (xem Tap 2, 12.4.2 va Tap hinh hoc) va gid <= 0, y = ys), 2(s), » € 1), biéu dién tham s6 cia C 1a ham cotta s; tacé: Vs € I, Q's) + (2) Mot biéu dién tham s6 cita 1a F: Ix[-m2]>R° (s DACs) cosO.y(s)sin B2(8))310 Chugng9 — Bd sung vé phép tinh tich phan . —yls)sind . OF Tacé: = s y(spcosé |, ES 4) 0 =e (-velepoos tid6 =e OF | —ysyc'tsysind |. 5 JOy'@) ar Vay: pease oF =o +6 Ta cing c6 thé nban thay ring, vi: oF a 86 a nén [e- a Eig. AS) = [v(oo]d dy = 20 Jb ds. és ad} in Ay vi DU: 1) Dién tich mat cau Mot biéu dign tham sé céa nits dutmg trdn C Lae x =O. y=rcos@ 2 Fla ban kinh cia mat edu S. Vay thi : z AS) = aur [sas =a fF 5 2) Dién tich mat xuyéin ‘Theo dinh nghfa, mat xuyén Ia mat tao ra bai mot duimg tron quay chung quanh mot duéng, thing nam trén cimg mot mat phing véi nd. Xét dutmg trn C c6 bidu dién tham s6: w= 0; y = at rcost: at rem, 6 € (O2n) voi (aye( RY 6 dinh. G day lagiash abr Toa d6 cong siren C c6 gid tr] as = rt. Dian tich eda mat xuyén S, do C quay xung quanh (2'=) sinh ra Ta:9.2 Didn tich mét phan cha mat 344 on A(S)= af (a+rcost)rdt = 4727ar. Ta cing 06 thé sirdung dinh ly Guldin 1 (9.4.2, Dinh ly 1). 3) Dign tich mién hyperbéldit tron xoay Cho $ [a mét migng cha mat byperbéloit trdn xoay xdc dinh béi : aye? O va Brie (8) cS dinh va a< 8 , de RY, C6 dinh (cita s6 Viviani) w (abode (n:) 6 dinh eaytee d) 4x20,y20,220 re Ri cédinh x+ysr =r Peyhs 2 —2axrs0 0 (ae RL «x pe 6 dinh, e)4z x+y sttante9.3 Thong luong 343 9.3 Thong luong 9.3.1 Dai cuong Ta khong néu ra & day khé khan vé khdi nigm dinh huéng mot mat. Ta “dinh hudng™ mét mat boi vectd phap “ra” Fi (tai méi diém M cia S) ma khong néu lén khé khan vé mat ly thuyét. Bing cach ky higu F: DOR® lamor Civ yroF (av) biéu dién tham s6 cia S.¢6 mét vecto vudng gée si Stal 3 . OF oF ay as voi S tai M( = Fav) 1a a, Tit dd, khong ou Ov ké dén dau: aF oF _|oF OF ean du Gy au °° Binh nghia Gia sit |S 14 mot mat dinh hudng M la mot diém chay tren S n 1a vecto truc chudn ra tai M cha S dS 1a yéu t6 dign tich cita S $: U—> R718 mot trudng vecta thuge {6p C! trén mot bo phan U cia R’ chia S. _. Ta goi s6 thuc om) Jl@avinas strong 66 Kin Bi tich v6 huéng ciia A) va 7, 18 thong luong cia é qua S. vi DU: “Tinh thong heong cha trang # 2063.2) (442) qua niga mBt edu 5, twa ten dutmg tron tam O, true (zz), ban kinh | va 6 phia tren mat phing xOy. por Mot bidu didn tham sO cha $18 F: : (B.p+(cos Beos9, sin Geos ¢, sin}114 Chuong9 —Bé sung vé phép tinh tich phan trong dé D = [ mrh 05 | (toa d6 cu). Ra rang A n=(cosPcosg, sin@cose, sing). Mat khéc chiing ta da tinh durge dS (xem 9.1.2, Vidu 3). dS = cosg dO dg. Thong lugng cia @ qua mat S4a ff atias = ff J (2sind e050 00s? g + sin? p)cos eddy s [-ee{od] a = . = j sin20d0 [08 ode +2n[ sin? peospdp =, “A Oo 0 3 Nhdu xét; Sit dung lai cde kf higu trong Dinh aghia ( 1.3) ta 6: ff armas = ff, Fu») (¢ A # ala sa oF aF —. oF OF = [J fFe (ZF lon ff, om ha bing cdch kf hiéu [.,.,.] chi mt h6n tich trong Rr. Bai tap o 9.3.4 Tinhthong lugng cla trutng 9 :(x,y,2)+9 (4.2) qua mal Strong cae vi dy sau day: (4,942) = (0.0.2) a) sa et 2 Somat céucé phuemg trink x? +9? 42? =1 py Ponzd= (ney) Slatam giée x+2y+z=2.x20,y20,7=0 off bn2)= (92.7.2) SL mot phidn mat try dave xée dinh, theo foa dO try, Boi: aw x=acos0,y = asind0¢ 2S nos0s% (ahe(Rs) 6 din. 9.3.2. ChoS 1a moi mat, J 1Amér trudmg veota thude Isp C* 1rén mot bo phan mi cla R? chita $. Ching minh ring: if (dan.r)as} At) Sup oan. Ss MeS9.3 Thonglugng 315 9.3.2 Gdc khoi aa Dinh nghia : Gia sir § 1a mot mat sao cho moi nita dung thing géc O cat S khong qua 1 diém. Véi méi M cha S, gid sit m 12 giao diém cha mat cdu tam O bain kinh 1 véi nita dudng thing [OM); gia sit 21a phan mat c4u duge biéu dién boi m. Ta goi sé thuc A(J) 1a géc kh6i theo d6 S duoc nhin tir 0. Z Vi du: géc kh6i theo dé mat cau Stam O va ban kinh 1 duge nhin tir O bang 47 (vi A(4) = 4). Bing céch sit dung cdc tog do cau, $ e6 mot biéu dién tham so F: =k (8.9) 19(R(B.9)c0s 90s 9.K(0,9)sin Boos p.K(A,P)sing) trong dé R(@,9) = |OM| phu thuge Ova g Tir do suy ra 2c6 mot biéu dién tham sé ? rR? (A.e) (cos @ cose.sin @cosgsing) ‘Theo 9.1.2, Vidu 3, ta c6: A®)= [ez= Jl coma Bie: re vi F=RG nen tacé: a Gere RG RG |_| FEI. Roetap” ap 30’ dp Mat khée GG, 00" sing 0 cosy Gia st R # 0 (nghia 1a O¢S) ta 06: a (7% me (La(eSete joo: Ube cosAcosp -sindsing —cossing| #3 7} ae sinOcosg cosAcosg —sin@sing| = cose. Fan,316 Chudng9 —Bé sung vé phép tinh tich phan trong dé (mét céch lam dung) ky higu dn (5 ae F sao é og Ta cing thay ee néu G:(u,v)+> Glu,v) 1a mot biéu dién tham s6 khdc cha mat ¢6 huong 5 sao cho eae "a" tai moi diém cita S,, thi khi dé : 30 a9 oF oF dod 2 (CC OC ity 20° dg du dv Ta da chttng minh két qua sau e Ménh dé Cho S 1a mot mat dinh hudng khong chifa O, sao cho moi ntra - dudng thing xudt phat tir O cat S tai khong qué mot diém va F: DR} 1a mot biéu dién tham s6 cia S. (uv) Fay), V6i M € S, taky hituR= OM va dn (Foe 3 un : u Ov Géc khéi, theo dé ta nhin S tir O c6 gif tri ff D Nhu vay, géc khdi theo dé ta nhin S tir bang thong lugng cia trudng aah qua S. Vf DU: Tinh géc kh6i theo d6 ta nhin tir O hinh vudng xde dinh boi (-a SxS a,—a sy R*. Vecto Gy)Pyh) phap ra tai M12 n=(0,0,1). Tir dé géc kh6i Q céin tim 1a: Q- i oe yn dxdy a. =4 ( h(x? +y? +h?) 2dxdy . Ocal? Chai ¥ dén sur d6i eT qua dung thing x = y_ va chuyén sang toa d9 doc cue, ta c6: Q-= a pap PP 18 = sel ors sos? wet ha? +12 cos? 8 (p> +I?) 1 dt h =2r-8h & 3 29 = 8Arcsin = (a2 +h2)-W {2(a? +h?)9.3 Thong lugng 317 Bai tap 9.3.3 Tinh géc khdi O theo dé ta nhin tir O. chom cau § xéc dinh bdi: 2 2 au +y aco a esaion zzcos@ 2 9.3.3. Dinh ly Stokes va Ostrogradski Ching ta khong néu [én mot khé khan nao vé bién gidi dinh huéng OS cila mot mat 6 hudng S. @ Dinhly1 (Dinh ly Stokes) Gia sir $14 mot mat dinh huéng véi bien co huéng OS va ¢ la mot truéng vecta thudc I6p C! trén mot bo phan mé cua R? chita S. Luu s6 cia @ doc theo AS. bing thong lugng cla roto cha g qua S: [ecard = [f (regains: Ky higu A, B, C 1a cée thanh phan ciia @. @MjdM ding dé chi A dx + B dy + Cdz (xem Tap 2, 13.1.5). Ta cong nhan dinh ly Strokes, tuy nhién ta sé néu ra mot ching minh mot ph4n cé gié tri trong trung hop nhdng mat "don gidn” nhét. Gia sit F : D > R° 1a mot biéu din tham s6 ctia S, AD Ta bién cia D trong IR. Ta thita nhan rang bién dS ctia S.c6 biéu dién tham sé 18 thu hep. cla F trén QD. Khi dé ta c6: [an - [,@Puo. or S lap Ou ov — oar = = OF Ky higu: P= F)—. Q=6,F)—.- y higu GP. O= 8.4,318 Chuong9 Bd sung vé phép tinh tich phan Theo céng thie Green—Ricnmann (Tap 2, 13.2.6) va gia sit F thugc lép C?: [ raet oa = i (2-F haus. 80 _ AGF) aF peek Tacs: au de on OF "yar ap _agpoF yer | Bo a ack, Twd6: OQ oP _AgboFaF agoFy oF ou av ou ee ox og mao 26, a 26) | Ou Ox” Bu oy “ae & =(2%%_ & oy) (06; _ ad 22)(2i 2) 8 Bee 8y| a& & a ax | o[e-2)& & (24-20) |e a(2-2). | Oh dy Ge} [Ox Oxaz a) ley alla ay jou av ou éy du av Voi ky higu A, B, Cla cdc thanh phiin cua ¢ aghia la p= Ai+B}+Ck. lay ay] fae az} jax ao vi OF OF lau avs jou Ov; Ge oly Be ay “fae asf ‘lax asl! "ay ay au Ovl leu Ol lee & va Tog M) = (<- BEE) (ES nvm ay a a: ax [ani [pre a Ox | Foteca nds vi DU: 1) Tinh iu 86 cla trung J: (y,2) 9 (xt yzyvz ay) doc theo dudng tron tam O, true (2'z), ban kinh 1 (theo chiéu thuan, mét Lan).9.3 Thong lugng 319 OP 20 90 _ aR Ry higu P,Q, R 1d cée think phin cha g, thi rang A SoS". B= Bs Ox, Vi tén tai mO1 mat phang dinh huéng S sao cho dudng ton dang xéi 1a bien cla S va @ thudc I6p C! tren R’ nen ta két ludn, theo dinh Ly Stokes: j, G(M)dM =0. iS oR -2. Va nhur vay rot (= 0. Pay tty bien C cila hinh wong trong mat xOy c6 cdc dinh lien tigp 18 (11,0). (-1.1,0). (11,0), (11,0). 2) Tinh luu 86 cha tueng }: (.%.2) of JS | dye theo Mét dudng tron F, tam O, tryc (22). ban kinh 1, va $1a mat gigi han boi F va C. Ta c6 thé dp dung dint ly Stakes ddi voi S, c6 bien AS hgp bi C va Bang cach tinh tryc tigp cho thay : ¥ @uyz) € (R-{0.0)} * R. Tolga, 7. =0. Theo dinh ly Stokes: [soba - [saan - ff, oatan = Sh. (ci9@Hi}as. leds j eenent = [satan - f"( {(-sin8y? +05? oyi6 = 21. . on Nhdin xét: Néu $ 1a moc mat “kin”, nghia 1a néu OS = 6 thi j (roigGjn)as = 0 80 moi 'S trutng @ thuge Iép C! tren mot bd phan mé cia R? chifa S. . > Dinh ly2 (Dinh 1f Ostrogradski) Gia sit | V 1a mét mién cia khong gian S la bién cé huGng cla V n Ja vecto phép don vj ra tai mot diém chay M cila S 1a mot trudng vecto thude lop C’ tren V. Khi dé thong luong cla @ qua mat S bing tich phan boi ba cita dive cia g: Jf, oomn)as = Sf | dvd tye .20 Chusng9 —Bé sung vé phép tinh tich phan Ching ta cong nhan dinh ly Ostrogradski, nhung cling nhu déi véi dinh iy Stokes, ta dua ra mot chang minh trong trudng hop riéng. Gia sit min V duge xdc dinh bi; V = [eww ae R; \ ned i OYE ZEO (VY. vi D 1A mot compac thude R? va g,, ~: D> R_ lign tye sao cho : ¥ (cy) € D, Oy (xy) $ Gey) (xem Tap 2 14.2.4). ‘Taky hieu 5 fssaem’ soo } 2=o(4y) _ 3, (wyeD ® - noe * (exe nk (x,y)€ OD Sy =4(nyz)e RB: 3 {o> ve {oe coer} sao cho OV =S, US; US; Vecto phip ra i, (tong ting my ) tai diém chay cha S, (vong img S) la - O- 7 ny = 2017. 2% 5% (evong ung ay m= yet Qik ), Vecto phép ra iy tai diém chay clia S, truc giao vai i. Ky higu P,Q. R fa cée thénh phén cba $ sao cho 3 = Pit QJ+ RK. Tacd: OR _ e=e2ny) ff seaadrse Jf yn fee dey = I R(x, 9.2 y))dady ~ff,® (2 7.Gi(sy))dxdy. Mat kde, vi kay =-l, big = 1, Ml, (Rkmg as, SM, (xii) ass J, Tudo ff, Shae = Jf (mtes . Voi gid thiét rang V cé thé duce biéu dién mot cdch tuong ty nhu di lam tit diu chitng minh va bang c4ch hoan vix, y, Z, ta dutge + 3 = 0, nén ta cb: sf,8 (x %Ga6e y)) dady ff Rome nies 0. u 49,3 Théngivong 324 {ff Zee [J (Pos. [ff oe {f,(ci=es vA cudi cing : iff aiva Ct xdytlz = ff (2. a set =f (Pi+Oj+RE =j] (Gein)as s s ‘vi DU: Tinh thong Itong cia trudng } : @&y.2) FF Gyz.tyexy2) qua bien cia bink tp phutong don vi [0:1]". Ky hiew V 1 hin i phoong vdi bién S, dinh J¥ Ostrogradski cho: Sf. Hin) as =fif, dive Mydrdyctz = Whur ena + xy)drdydz = (f stn} =i. Lgayty?, (axt yet AZ a) Tinh rota cha trutng veeta a i‘ (x+2y)e* Peay? yl z z bj Tar d6 suy ra thong long cla trubng vecte « x “tay” soe? 3: yl] @rener ery z 0 qua mat S tgo bai bon tam gide noi lign diém (0,1,0) véi ee didm: (0.0.0). (0.0.1), (10,1), 20,0). . 0 9.3.5 Tinh thong higng ota trudng vecto J :(6y.2)> 8(x.y.2) qua mat Strong cdc vf du sau day: [i n=(@+y2.0+ ax terxy) a) Siimatedu x? + yt =12 Chuang 86 sung vé phép tinh tich phan9.4 Khéi lugng, tam quan tinh, momen quén tinh cla mot ban ghénh 9.4 Khéi lugng, tam quan tinh, momen quan tinh eda mot ban ghénh 9.4.1 Ban ghénh @ = Sjnhnghia Ta goi 14 ban ghénh moi cap (S,o) trong 46 5 14 mot mat cha R? va o: S R, 1A mét Anh xa Hién tuc; oduge goi 1A ty trong (bé mat) cia ban ghénh (S, 0). Ta thém vao hé théng vat chat di xé1 trong Tap 2 (13.4.1) Dinh nghia cac ban ghénh. Néu o khong di, thi ta noi ban ghénh (S, 0) 14 dong nhat. Nhan xét: Mot ban phing (xem Tap 2 13.4.1) trong R” c6 thé duge coi 14 mot bin ghénh trong R°, bj chia trong R? x {0} 9.4.2. Khoi lvong cha mét ban ghénh ¢ Binh nghia Ta goi, sO thyc y xdc dinh béi tich phan mat: He ff o(M)dS, trong d6 M 1A mét diém chay cha S va dS 1a mot i yéu té dién tich, I& khéi long céa mot ban ghénh (S,0) cla R®. Nhu vay, néu Sc6 mot bigu digatham s6 F: D-»JR3 thi khéi lugng eita (S, 0) oy Fur) sila: = foe.) o vi DU: ‘Tinh khét Iwong ciia ban ghéah (S,0), wong dé S 1A mot phdn mat én duge xdc dink bai + radx? ty? 0 0) va V 1a mot mién cita R® c6 duoc bing cach quay D xung quanh (z'z). Thé tich cha V c6 gid wi la: 27ygA(D) , trong dé yg la toa d6 trong tam G cha ban phang déng nha D. Nhdn xét : Trong tim G cia D, néi chung khong tring véi trong tam G ciia bién ca D. Ta sé lu6n tinh téo dé khong nhém Lin hai trong tam ding trong hai dinh ly Guldin. Vi DU: 1) Thé tich cua hinh tru tron xoay Oday: AWD) = rhvayg = 5 tide WV) = 27h, 2) The tich cua hinh nén tron xoay th r Oday: A(D) =— vayg = =, td6 WY) = at 3) Thé tich cia hinh xuyén Oday: AW) = a vayg =a, trd6 WV) = 24 ar, 4) Tinh thé tich cia mién duge ta ra bang cach quay nita — lemniscat cho béi huong trinh doc eye (2 = Voos20 , -2 < @<~) thuge mat yOz quanh (22). Pl Z 45985 Mt yOxq328 Chuong9 Bé sung vé phép tinh tich phan Dién tich A(D) cia mién D trong nira dudng lemniscat duge cho bai (xem Tap 2, 13.1.6, Vi dy 2): ‘ Z i 4 pdd= [Fcos2au0= ee * D 2 a Mat khdc, toa do yg cia trong tam G cia D duge cho béi: = ( leos20 4 2 3 AD)yq = [f yavay = [e prsinddp da == [4 (cos2) cos 40 1D aa 0 0 2g 3 26a = 2(q-2?)2a =< [2 2 c0s* pag==. janes [2 tt ee igalh fi Am aplG 2 Tir dé: YW)=20y A=. Bai tap 9.4.1. Xéc dinh tam quan tinh cta bin ghénh déng nhit (S,0) v6i $ duge xéc dinh boi: xe Pea’, (vay y+ (2a) 2 4a", OS 2 $ 2a 9.4.2. Tinh dign tich mat $ trong cfc vi du sau: a) 220 +) Mat trdn xoay tao bai mat hinh tim (p = a( + cosd) theo toa do doc cue (a 70 66 dinh) quay xung quanh duvng tiép tuyén cia nd tai diém Idi. 9.4.4 Momen quan tinh cia mot ban ghénh @ = Dinh nghia Gia sir H 1a mot dudng thing hodc mét mat phing cla IR: yéi moi M thudc R’ ta ky hiéu d(M,H) la khoang cach tt M dén H. Momen quan tinh cua mot ban ghénh (5.0) d6i vGi H 1a s6 thuc J, kee dnb: ia it o(M)(a(M,H)) ds, Is trong dé M chay'trén $ va dS 1a yéu t6 dign tich cia S. Cée két qua thu duge trong Tap 2, 13.4.4 doi v6i céic day, ban phang, khdi vin e6 gid9.4 Khéi lucng, tam quan tinh, mémen quan tinh cla Mot banghénh 329 ¢ Momen qudn tinh cia mot bin ghénh (5,0) déi voi mot dutmg thing D bing téng momen quén tinh cita (S,a) déi voi hai mat phing vudng géc chita D. @ Momen quén tinh cia mét ban ghénh (So) déi'vdi mot diém A bing ting cic momen quén tinh cita (S,a) déi voi 3 mat phing qua A va timg doi mot vudng géc y6i nhau. @ Mémen quén tinh cita mot ban ghénh (5,0) d6i voi mot diém A bang oita téng céc momen quan tinh d6i voi 3 dudng thing qua A va ting doi mgt vuéng géc vdi nhau. Trong thuc té, cic két qui trén duge biéu dién bang céc cong thiic: Bete = hoy # Leos Iy'y = Lea + Loz» ! 2k = hort hyo: 1 19 = hoytheos + hors fo = gh thy ty). vidU: 1) Tinh momen quén tinh {,, d0i véi (2'2) cla ban ghénh déng nhat (5.1), trong dé $ 1A mat duge xe dinh bai 2=xshy, O R® trong 46 (MU, ye sy) oF aF OF Oe Oy 3 a fltsh?yeatch?y = Vl +x? chy (xem 9.2.2 1). ax Tac6: fp. fj OP ty? Wit x chydedy cour {L576 fo} FL LH) va sau khi tinh ton: Jy, = A524 nin + 2)oAd (2 + Intl + v2)} ct 2) Tinh momen quén tinh cia bin ghénh déng nhét (8,1), trong 46 5 1a mat edu tam O, ban kinh r, 461 vai O, A6i v6i 3 truc toa 40, d6i v6i 3 mat phing toa dé: © = [com Es lave =o te cosptOdg (xem 9.1.2, Vidy 3), trong 46 D= [-neh[-2.4]. . Vay: lo=ort{ [a] Fionoieloante | lez 2 © Vihoy + hoy + fro: Jo v8 do ly do d3i ximg vat chat troy = b0:= hon fa suy ra: 4 4 Feoy = bio. = yon =O e Tuomg ty 1 4 hoy +1102) egre