L7-Equilibrium of Forces

FORCE REACTION
MOMENT
10 Force / Reaction / Moment Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 1
Force vs. Moment
1 Force (vertical)
2 Force (horizontal)
Force is an action that tends to:
• change the shape of an object
• move an object
• change the motion of an object
US units: # (pound), kip (1 k=1000 #)
SI units: N (Newton), kN (kilo-Newton=1000 Newton)
3 Moment
An action that tends to:
• rotate an object
• turn an object
• bend an object (bending moment)
M = P L (Force x lever arm)
(lever arm perpendicular to force)
US units: #’, k’, #”, k”
SI units: N-m (Newton-meter), kN-m
+ Static Equilibrium
1 ΣH=0 (Sum of horizontal forces = 0)
- 100 + 100 = 0
2 ΣV=0 (Sum of vertical forces = 0)

-100 – 100 + 200 = 0
3 ΣM=0 (Sum of moments = 0)

Left: M = -50# x 8’ = - 400 #’
Right: M = 200# x 2’ = +400 #’
- 400 + 400 = 0
Equilibrium equations are essential
for structural design and analysis ☺
Equilibrium equations
ΣH=0
ΣV=0
define
• Diagonal forces
by
• Horizontal component
• Vertical component
Vertical component
l force
i ago na
D
Horizontal component
Beam supports
1 Pin supports at both ends
subject bending AND tension
under load (like a suspended cable)
This support is statically indeterminate
and complex to analyze
2 Left support: roller

right support: pin
subject to bending under load
(simply supported)
3 Most wood beams are considered

simply supported (one roller & one pin)
wood walls are flexible to act like roller
Diagrams: Symbols: Beam supports
1 Roller support
Free in X-direction Y
Fixed in Y-direction X
Free in rotation
2 Pin support
Fixed in X-direction
Fixed in Y-direction
Free in rotation
3 Fixed support
Fixed in X-direction
Fixed in Y-direction
Fixed in rotation
Reactions
The following examples illustrate use of the three equations of
statics tofind horizontal, vertical and moment reactions.
1 Weight lifter: P = 400#, L = 6’
Σ V = 0, ↑+
R – P = 0, R = P R = 400#
Σ M = 0, +
PL–M=0
M = P L = 400 x 6 M =2,400#’
2. Flag pole: L = 20’, W = 80# (wind load on flag)
ΣH=0→+
W–H=0
H=W H = 80#
Σ M = 0, +
W L+M=0, M=-WL=-80x20 M = -1,600#’
3 Tow truck: P = 2k,, C = 7’, L = 10’
Σ Ma = 0 +
Rb L - P C = 0, Rb = P C / L = 2 x 7 / 10 Rb = 1.4k
Σ Mb = 0 +
Ra L - P (C+L) = 0
Ra = P (C+L) /L = 2 (7+10) / 10 Ra = +3.4k
Check Σ V = 0
a b Σ V = 0 = +3.4 –1.4 –2 ΣV=0
Note: The lever arm is always perpendicular to load
A negative answer implies the arrow should be reversed
Ra Rb Rb pointing downward is provided by truck weight
Beam reactions
To find reactions for asymmetrical beams:
• Draw an abstract beam diagram to illustrate computations
• Use Σ M = 0 at one support to find reaction at other support
• Verify results for vertical equilibrium
1 Roof framing
2 Abstract beam diagram
Assume:
DL = 10 psf
LL = 20 psf
Σ = 30 psf
Uniform beam load:

w = 30 psf x 2’ w = 60 plf
Substitute total beam load for uniform load at its centroid
Total beam load
W = w L = 60 (12+4) W = 960#
W = 960 #
Support reactions:
Σ Mb = 0 +
12 Ra – 4 W = 0
Ra = 4 x 960 / 12 Ra = 320#
Σ Ma = 0 +
8 W – 12 Rb
12 Rb = 8 x 960
Rb = 8 x 960 / 12 Rb = 640#
Check Σ V = 0 ↑+
Ra + Rb – W= 320 + 640 – 960 = 0 ΣV=0
Beam Reactions
1 Beam with point loads
Assume: P = 1.2 k
R = 5 P / 2 = 5 x 1.2 / 2 R=3k
2 Beam with overhang and point loads
Assume: P = 2 k
Σ Mb = 0 +
12 Ra–2x16–2x12–2x8-2x4 = 0
Ra = (32 + 24 + 16 + 8) / 12 Ra = 6.67 k
Σ Ma = 0 +
-12 Rb–2x4+2x4+2x8+2x12 = 0
Rb = (2 x 8 + 2 x 12) / 12 Rb = 3.33 k
Check Σ V = 0 ↑+
6.67 + 3.33 – 5 x 2 ΣV=0
3 Beam with uniform load and point load (wall)
Assume: w = 100 plf, P = 800 #
Σ Mc = 0 +
16 Ra – 100x16x8 – 800x12+800x0 = 0
Ra = (100x16x8 + 800x12) / 16 Ra = 1,400 #
Σ Ma = 0 +
-16 Rc + 100x16x8 + 800x4 + 800x16 = 0
Rc = (100x16x8 + 800x4 + 800x16) / 16 Rc = 1800 #
Check Σ V = 0 ↑+
1400+1800–100x16–800-800 ΣV=0
Beam reactions
= 4’ = 16’
C = 4’
L = 16’
X1 = (4+16)/2-4 X1 = 6’
X2 = (4+16) / 2 X2 = 10’
10’ 10’ Beam reactions
Beam with overhang
w = 100 plf
6’ 10’
4’ 16’ W = w (4’+16’)
W = 100 x 20 W = 2000#
Σ Mc = 0
16 Rb – 10 W = 0
16 Rb – 10 x 2000 = 0
16 Rb = 10 x 2000
Rb = 10 x 2000 / 16 Rb = 1,250#
Σ Mb = 0
- 16 Rc + 6 x 2000 = 0
16 Rc = 6 x 2000
Rc = 6 x 2000 / 16 Rc = 750#
ΣV=0
1250 + 750 – 2000 = 0 Σ V = 0, ok
12’ 12’
Beam reactions
Beam with 2 overhangs
w = 200 plf
7’ 8’
5’ 15’ 4’
W = w (5’+15’+4’)
W = 200 x 24 W = 4800#
Σ Mc = 0
15 Rb – 8 W = 0
15 Rb – 8 x 4800 = 0
15 Rb = 8 x 4800
Rb = 8 x 4800 / 15 Rb = 2,560#
Σ Mb = 0
- 15 Rc + 7 x 4800 = 0
15 Rc = 7 x 4800
Rc = 7 x 4800 / 15 Rc = 2,240#
ΣV=0
2560 + 2240 – 4800 = 0 Σ V = 0, ok
Wood beams and joists
Steel beams and joists
Concrete beams and joists

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FORCE REACTION

2 ΣV=0 (Sum of vertical forces = 0)

3 ΣM=0 (Sum of moments = 0)

2 Left support: roller

3 Most wood beams are considered

Uniform beam load:

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