SCC eects We use singular forms with: nouns which end in ies such as athletics, economics, electronics, gymnastics, mathematics (maths), physics, plies, ete. 2.9. Mathematics is my favourite subject at school ‘© nouns which describe illnesses (lu, pneumonia, tc), Including those which end in -s (measles, mumps, ete). 9. Pneumonia is @ serous iness. ¢ plural nouns when we talk about an amount of money, a time period, distance, weight, etc. ‘€9.A hundred thousand dolars was paid for an 1th century painting. (We referto the total amount ‘of money.) Two years Is a long time to be unemployed. ‘© group nouns such as family, team, group, crowd, class, company and government, when we mean the group as a unt. But we use plural verbs when ‘we mean the individuals that make up the group. 2. My family is very important to me. We mean the family asa unit) ‘My family are going away next weekend. (We mean the individual members of the family.) ‘We use plural forms with: the nouns people, police, clothes and stairs. 9. The police are looking forthe bank robbers. ‘# nouns which refer to objects that consist of two parts, such as. trousers, shorts, shoes, gloves, pyjamas, tights, ‘lasses, earrings, socks, scissors, etc. We do not use a/an or @ number with these words. We use the phrase pai of. instead. 0.9. Where are my glasses? | need a new pair of glasses. ©) rnin ror sme where neceary. 11 We booked ..a. 2 The police found window on the ground. 00m in the Grand Hotel ‘lass from the broken 3. Thereis 00m for five people in my car. 4 She usually drinks lass of orange juice in the morning. 5. There was hair in my soup. 6 Ineed paper to write my letters on. 140 7 Her hair is long and blonde. 8 The Eiffel Tower is made of iron, 9 He decided to buy ppaper to read on 0 the train, have got iron, but itis very ol. Gy enserine tne comect word 1 10 @~-. How many biscuits was/were there in the tin? | don't know. These trousers is/are too long. You must have bought the wrong size. My hair isfare a mess today. Don't be silly. You look lovely need some new socks. ‘There is/are a new pair in that bag for you. What happened to that escaped criminal? The police is/are stil looking for him, Did you see Steve at the party? No. There wasiwere too many other people there. Do you like my new shoes? Oh yes. My shoes is/are very similar, actually. {cant stand people who never do/does anything for themselves. "Nor can I. No one should depend totaly on others. ‘My shor is/are dirty. Well, you'l have to wear a ski. ‘The stairs in the cathedral wasiwere very steep. Yes. | was exhausted when I reached the top. POR OP OPORSPSrar Brore Be careful! Those scissors ...re.. vey sharp. Maths John's favourite subject at school The police investigating the crime. These trousers: to0 big for me, ‘The stairs in my house made of wood His new furniture very modern. ‘The weather {going to be bad this weekend, My advice that you get a new job. His new clothes very fashionable. The team all training hard for Saturday's match, ‘The money in the jer... for this week's shopping, ‘My pyiamas ...... not on my bed. Where... they? Mumps ‘a childhood disease, My luggage inthe car already. Your hair very long again, Tom's gloves made of sott leather. The class all working on a project together. Athetios my favourite sport My shoes too small for me now.The Indefinite UNG Cine Waar ‘4 + consonant sound (/b/,/d/,/9/, Il, fp, ete.) ‘an + vowel sound (/ai,/e/, IV, fa, In, ete.) alanisused: | © with singular countable nouns after the verb to bbe to say what someone/something Is. eg. He'sapilot. — i's a torch. © with the verb have (got). eg. Mary has (got) a car. © in certain expressions when we want to show how often we do something. 18.9. She goes shopping twice a month, alan is not used: ‘© with uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns. We use some instead of a/an. e.g. We need some flour and some sugar. They bought some stamps. ® before an adjective if it Is not followed by a noun. However, ifthe adjective is followed noun, we use a if the adjective begins with a consonant sound and an if the adjective begins with a vowel sound. e.g, It's a house. i's big. It's a big house. This s John’s car. I's new. I's also an expen- meee © rise emnensoran ioe: . —— © treme sore wtn a or ene 1 Al saw ...0me... nice trousers and lovely dress in a shop today. B: Did you buy anything? 2. &: Would you like fruit? B:Yes, please. I'l have range. 3. &Can you give me advice? B: Yes. You should take holiday. 4A What's that? Bits (ld diary found, Nouns - 5 A Thats unusual ring, BI know. It's antique. 6 A:Did you get ‘card for Bob? B: Yes, | got him present, too, ‘We use one in the singular and ones in the plural to avold repeating the noun when It Is clear what we mean. 8.9. My new car is much faster than my old ane. (=my old car) | don't usually wear siver earrings. | wear gold ones. (=gold earrings) Cera @ We use a/an to refer to an unspecified thing. It ‘means any one. ‘eg She bought a blouse. (We are not talking about a ‘specitic blouse.) We use one when we are counting, to put emphasis ‘on number. eg.She bought one blouse. (She didn't buy two blouses.) © We use a/an + adjective + one. 2.9./'m looking fora flat. | want a big one. (NOT: I want aon) © We use one with the words nightimorning/day/time, etc., usually in narration. ‘e9.One night there was a terible storm. © We use one or one of .. when we mean one pPersonithing out of many. It usually contrasts with other. ‘@g.One book was about history, but the others were ‘about geography. ‘One of my friends isa vet. © We use alan or one with no ditference in meaning ‘when counting or measuring time, distance, welght, etc. ‘@9.He paid alone hundred pounds forthe ring. We need ajone kilo of potatoes. ‘Sandra will be away for afone year. 1 I'm looking for have any? 2 There was book about animals, but the others were adventure stories. 14. ook about animals. Do you 1= Articles 3 They saw ld flm at the cinema yesterday. 4 don't lke these boots, but | really lke the you're wearing. 8 Tom found ‘mouse in the kitchen, so he ut mousetraps everywhere. 6 ‘morning there was a power cut 7 I'm looking for bag. Ineed a large ‘8 There were two dresses in the shop | liked, but | only bought By v1 te oops wit a or om A: W's your birthday soon, What would you like as 1)..2.. git? B: Actually, there are lots of things | want, so I'l give you 2) it ‘Ac Alright, Tl write it down, B: First, ! need 3) new bike. | would also like 4) ‘clothes and 8) money, A: A bike is 6) expensive gift, and we ought you 7) {good one two years ago. B: Well, you could buy me 8) ‘guitar instead! ‘A: But you can’t play the guitar! B: I know, but | want to lear, A: So, you mean you want me to pay for 9) lessons too? B: Yes, please! A | bought 1) ..2.. set of plates yesterday, but | have broken 2) of them already. I can't have 3 dinner party without 4) full set of plates. B14 ay. | will buy 2) cottage in the country. It wil have 3) big garden so Iwill be able to keep 4) 09. © I need 1) car. | want 2) with power steering and 3) sun root. | can afford 4)... second hand car, but! rather buy 5) new 6) 1D Suddenly there was 1) knock atthe door. 2) ‘old man stood outside. He was wearing 3) ‘uit and carrying 4) suitease in 8) conn haand and 6)... umbrella in the other. E There wore 1) {ozen people in the room and not 2) ‘of them knew how to use 3) ‘computer F ‘Thave 1) terrible headache. | think 1 will take 2) tablet and lie down for halt 3) hour. "I hate headaches. | had 4) yesterday at work. 142 Look at the table. In pairs, ask and ‘answer questions using a sultable verb from the list, as in the example. ‘mine, produce, grow, find 9. SA: Are diamonds mined in China? ‘SB: No, they aren't. They're mined in South Africa. 1. diamonds/South Africa 5 bananas/West Indies 2 Edam cheese/Holland 6 timber/North America 3 tealindia 7 pandas/Tibet 4 sikiChina, 8 lve oilftaly EQ, newts tne sontences in the passe 1 You need a lot of experience for this job. Allof of experience is needed for this job 2 The hairdresser washed my hair. My hair 3. Paul's mother bought him some trousers. Apair of trousers 4 Many children catch measies. Measles 5. They gave me very good advice. The advice 6 They paid a hundred pounds for the table. ‘A hundred pounds 7 Allchildren study mathematics at school Mathematics. 8. Itis reported that the weather is fine in London today. The weather 9 They called the police when they discovered the burglary. The police 10 He showed us the accommodation before we booked it The accommodation 11. They gave us some good news. The news 12. We do research in this laboratory Research 13. The porter took their luggage to their rooms. Their luggage 14 Where do you keep the scissors? Where 418 The policeman directed the trafic past the accident. The traficThe Definite Article The ‘The definite article the Is used with countable and uncountable nouns. 2.9. the music, the woman, the trees ‘© with nouns when we are talking about something ‘specific, that is, when the noun is mentioned for a second time or is already known. In other words, ‘when we can answer the question ‘Who?’ or ‘wr 29.1 rcohed @ lotr and a postcard on my bith ey “The letter was from my parents and the post- card was from my fiend. ‘® with nouns which are unique (the sun, the moon, _ the Earth, etc). ‘© with the names of rivers (the Nile), seas (the Black Sea), oct ), mountain ranges (the Pyrenees), deserts (the Gobi), groups of islands (the Canary Islands) and countries: when they Include words auch as state, kingdom, republic, ete. (the United States). © with the names of musical instruments (the the saxophone) and dances (the tango). © with me names of hotels (the Sheraton Hoth, cinemas, ships (tne con Man), organieatons (he UN), newspapers {Tne Ties} and muveume tbe Lowe). * mith naonaty words ane Belgians) and names tamil @he Johnsons). © with ties when the name ofthe person isnot mentioned (lhe Duchess of Kent, the Quven) but! Oueen Wary. © swith the words ticming,afterioon and evening. (Ho goes home i the evening. © with the. wor ‘2.9. She went to the station to meet Jim. ‘ with historical periods/events (the Stone Age, the Middle Ages, the First World War) but: World War I. ‘® with the words only, last, first (used as adjec- tives). e.g, He was the last person to arrive. ‘© with adjectives/adverbs In the superlative form. 4g. She is the most intelligent woman I've ever met. Bob drives the most carefully of al. @ with uncountable and plural countable nouns ‘when talking about something in general, that is, when we cannot answer the question ‘Who? or “Which?” €.9. Trees produce oxygen. (Which trees? Trees in general) with proper nouns. e.. This is Tom. with the names of countries (Egypt), cities (Rome), ‘streets (Oxford Seed), parks (Hyde Park), moun- tains (Mont Blanc), ralway stations (Victoria Station), bridges (Tower Bridge), Individual islands (Rhodes), lakes (Lake Ontario) and continents (Asia). © with the names of sports, games, activities, days, months, celebrations, colours, drinks, meals and languages (when they are not followed by the word language’). 9.1 speak French. but: The French language is ‘spoken in some parts of Canada. with the words thisithat/these/those {this bag, those cars) NOT: the this bag © with possessive adjectives or the possessive case. 6.9. That isn't my car — it's Keith's ‘® with titles when the person’s name is mentioned . oe (Prince Charles, resident Reagan). with two-word names when the first word Is the hname ot a person or place (Luton Airpon) but: the White House. with names of pubs, shops, banks and hotels ‘named after the people who started them and fend in of’. Harrods, Lloyds Bank, Emma's pub but: the Black Bull (pub) because ‘Black’ is not a name of a person or place) © with the words school, church, bed, hospital, College, university, cour, prison or home when ‘we refer tothe purpose for which they exist. 9. Jack was in prison. (He was a prisoner.) Jack's mother went tothe prison to see him. (She went tothe prison as a visitor) with the words home, fatherimother when we talk about our own home/parents. Father is at home. ‘ with means of transport: by bus/caritrain/plane, ‘te. e.g, She traveled by plane. © with the names of ilinesses. eg. He's got malaria but: fluithe flu, measlesithe measles, mumps! the mumps 143