PSCAD simulation exercise 2

Student’s name & number: Ali El Rifai E123737

PSCAD simulation exercise 2

- Task 4: Power and frequency control

- Task 5: Transient/angle stability

- Task 6: Power system damping with power system stabilizer

(PSS)

- Task 7: Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

PSCAD simulation exercise 2

At first

1. Open PSCAD-program

2. Choose Open – Open Workspace and double-click from folder ‘Exercise 2’ ’Exercise_2’ –
workspace
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

Task 4: Power and frequency control

4.1 Power control of one synchronous generator
Fig.1 shows simple power system in which one generator is feeding two constant power loads
through 50 km 400 kV transmission line. PSCAD project file already includes the power control
system (Fig. 2). Synchronous generator (SG) power control is implemented so that first momentary
frequency f is calculated from the rotor speed W and then nominal frequency f_nom is deducted(-)
from the calculated f (based on the momentary rotor speed W) in order to obtain frequency
deviation Δf. SG power control (Fig. 2) then tries to correct this frequency deviation Δf with the
static/droop which changes the generator mechanical torque T m (i.e. also mechanical power P m) and
eventually also generator electrical torque Te (and electrical power Pe).

Figure 1.

Figure 2. Synchronous generator power control system

PSCAD simulation exercise 2

a) Effect of static/droop setting

Open Project file Task_4_1a_final

I) Choose 3 % value for the static/droop (Fig. 3). Run the simulation so that at t = 2.5 s load L1
(150 MW, Fig. 1 and Fig. 4) is connected to the power system.

Figure 3.
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

Figure 4.
Question 4.1: In which value the generator frequency (rotating speed) stabilizes at the end of the
simulation run? 49.656 HZ

Question 4.2: How large is the steady-state frequency deviation from nominal frequency in this
case? 50-49.656= 0:344HZ

Question 4.3: How much generator mechanical torque T m changes? 0.655 Pu to a maximum value
of 1.04 Pu and it stabilizes at 0.88765 Pu

Question 4.4: How much generator active power P output changes? from 185 MW to 608.565 MW
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

Question 4.5: How much generator reactive power Q output changes? from 0 to 107
MVAR

II) Choose 6 % value for the static/droop (Fig. 3). Run the simulation so that at t = 2.5 s load L1
(150 MW, Fig. 1 and Fig. 4) is connected to the power system.

Question 4.6: In which value the generator frequency (rotating speed) stabilizes at the end of the
simulation run? 49.30458HZ

Question 4.7: How large is the steady-state frequency deviation from nominal frequency in this
case? 50-49.30458=0.69542 HZ

Question 4.8: How much generator mechanical torque Tm changes? from 0.655Pu to 0.8889Pu
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

Question 4.9: How much generator active power P output changes? from 185.544MW to
606.997MW

Question 4.10: How much generator reactive power Q output changes? from 15.8065 MVAR to
103.715MVAR

Question 4.11: How the static/droop setting change 3% => 6 % affected on the results?
 The steady sate error increases from 0.3 to 0.69.
 The value the generator frequency (rotating speed) stabilizes at the end
reduced a bit when we change the droop setting from 3% to 6%.
 The maximum value of the active and reactive power reduces a bit it when we
change the droop setting from 3% to 6%.
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

b) Effect of adding PI-controller

Open Project file Task_4_1b_final

In previous case a) the steady state frequency deviated from the nominal frequency after
load change. In real systems frequency control tries to maintain frequency always close to
nominal value. This requires control system modification so that integrator is added to the
control system (in this case PI-controller, Fig. 5).

Figure 5.
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

III) Choose 3 % value for the static/droop (Fig. 3). Run the simulation so that at t = 2.5 s load L1
(150 MW, Fig. 1 and Fig. 4) is connected to the power system.

Question 4.12: In which value the generator frequency (rotating speed) stabilizes at the end of the
simulation run? 49.997 HZ

Question 4.13: How large is the steady-state frequency deviation from nominal frequency in this
case?50- 49.997= 0.003 HZ

Question 4.14: How much generator mechanical torque Tm changes? from 0 to 0.655067 Pu

Question 4.15: How much generator active power P output changes? from 0 to 614MW

Question 4.16: How much generator reactive power Q output changes? from 0.06 MVAR to
109.99 MVAR
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

IV) Choose 6 % value for the static/droop (Fig. 3). Run the simulation so that at t = 2.5 s load
L1 (150 MW, Fig. 1 and Fig. 4) is connected to the power system.

Question 4.17: In which value the generator frequency (rotating speed) stabilizes at the end of the
simulation run? 49.999HZ

Question 4.18: How large is the steady-state frequency deviation from nominal frequency in this
case? 0.001 HZ

Question 4.19: How much generator mechanical torque Tm changes? from 0.02 Pu to 0.65483Pu

Question 4.20: How much generator active power P output changes?

from 185.44 MW to 612.565MW
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

Question 4.21: How much generator reactive power Q output changes? 0 to 113.4929 MVAR

Question 4.22: How the static/droop setting change 3% => 6 % affected on the results?

4.2 Power control of two parallel synchronous generators

In this case we are studying power system shown in Fig. 6. Now we have also another identical
generator connected to the power system. Also the load has been doubled.

Figure 6.
a) Effect of static/droop setting
Open Project file Task_4_2a_final
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

V) Choose 3 % value for the static/droop of generator 1 and 6 % for the generator 2. Run the
simulation so that at t = 2.5 s load L1 (300 MW, Fig. 1 and Fig. 4) is connected to the power
system.

Question 4.23: In which value the generator frequency (rotating speed) stabilizes at the end of the
simulation run?

Question 4.24: How large is the steady-state frequency deviation from nominal frequency in this
case?

Question 4.25: How much generator 1 mechanical torque Tm changes?

Question 4.26: How much generator 1 active power P output changes?

Question 4.27: How much generator 1 reactive power Q output changes?

Question 4.28: How much generator 2 mechanical torque Tm changes?

PSCAD simulation exercise 2

Question 4.29: How much generator 2 active power P output changes?

Question 4.30: How much generator 2 reactive power Q output changes?

Question 4.31: How generators different static/droop settings affected on their P and Q output?

a) Effect of adding PI-controller

Open Project file Task_4_2b_final
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

PI-controller is added to generator 1 control system i.e. generator 1 tries to return power
system frequency back to nominal value.

VI) Choose 3 % value for the static/droop of generator 1 and 6 % for the generator 2. Run the
simulation so that at t = 2.5 s load L1 (300 MW, Fig. 1 and Fig. 4) is connected to the power
system.

Question 4.32: In which value the generator frequency (rotating speed) stabilizes at the end of the
simulation run?

Question 4.33: How large is the steady-state frequency deviation from nominal frequency in this
case?

Question 4.34: How much generator 1 mechanical torque Tm changes?

Question 4.35: How much generator 1 active power P output changes?

Question 4.36: How much generator 1 reactive power Q output changes?

Question 4.37: How much generator 2 mechanical torque Tm changes?

Question 4.38: How much generator 2 active power P output changes?

Question 4.39: How much generator 2 reactive power Q output changes?

Question 4.40: How generators P and Q output changed in this case in which generator 1 control
system had a PI-controller?

Task 5: Transient/angle stability

5.1 Critical fault clearing time in radial power system
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

Fig. 7 presents simple power system with generator, transformer and transmission line. Determine
critical fault clearing time (with five milliseconds accuracy) for 3-phase short-circuit faults occuring
at points A and B.
Fault duration/time can be changed from Timed Fault Logic” component.

Figure 7.

a) Critical fault clearing time, fault at point A

Open Project file Task_5_1a_final

Question 5.1: What is critical fault clearing time with five milliseconds accuracy for 3-phase short-
circuit fault occuring at t = 2.5 s without losing transient/angle stability after first swing (initial fault
duration/time is 150 ms)?

b) Critical fault clearing time, fault at point B

PSCAD simulation exercise 2

Open Project file Task_5_1b_final

Question 5.2: What is critical fault clearing time with five milliseconds accuracy for 3-phase short-
circuit fault occuring at t = 2.5 s without losing transient/angle stability after first swing (initial fault
duration/time is 150 ms)?
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

5.2 Angle stability improvement by adding parallel transmission line

Fig. 7 power system is strengthened by adding parallel transmission line as shown in Fig. 8.

Figure 8.
a) Critical fault clearing time, fault at point A
Open Project file Task_5_2a_final

Question 5.3: What is critical fault clearing time with five milliseconds accuracy for 3-phase short-
circuit fault occuring at t = 2.5 s without losing transient/angle stability after first swing (initial fault
duration/time is 300 ms)?
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

b) Critical fault clearing time, fault at point B

Open Project file Task_5_2b_final

Question 5.4: What is critical fault clearing time with five milliseconds accuracy for 3-phase short-
circuit fault occuring at t = 2.5 s without losing transient/angle stability after first swing (initial fault
duration/time is 300 ms)?
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

5.3 Angle stability improvement by adding series compensation

Fig. 7 power system transmission capacity is improved by 50 % series compensation (Fig. 9)
(project file Task_5_3_final).

Determine critical fault clearing time for a 3-phase short-circuit fault occuring in point B (Fig. 9).

Figure 9.

Critical fault clearing time, fault at point B

Question 5.5: What is critical fault clearing time with five milliseconds accuracy for 3-phase short-
circuit fault occuring at t = 2.5 s without losing transient/angle stability after first swing (initial fault
duration/time is 300 ms)?

Question 5.6: What other possibilities exist which could be used for increasing the critical fault
clearing time?
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

Task 6: Power system damping with power system stabilizer (PSS)

Fig. 10 shows a simple power system with generator, transformer and transmission line. (project file
Task_6_final).

Run simulation once in order to see that the power system is unstable (low-frequency oscillations
increase slowly during the simulation).

Figure 10.

Power system damping (to prevent oscillations which may lead to black out) is traditionally
improved by utilizing power system stabilizers (PSSs) (Fig. 11).
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

Figure 11.
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

PSS-component which is used in the simulation model has initial values for different parameters.
Attach/connect PSS-component output Vs to AC exciter Vs input and run four different simulations
1)-4) with PSS time constants T1-T4 shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Time constants for different case studies 1)-4)

Case 1) 2) 3) 4)

T1 & T 3 0,015 0,15 0,15 0,35

T2 & T 4 0,3 0,3 0,03 0,03

Unstable/
stable

Question 6.1: What is the effect of time constants T 1-T4 value on Fig. 12 parameters behavior on
different cases 1)-4)? Which Table 1 cases are unstable and stable?

Figure 12.
PSCAD simulation exercise 2

Task 7: Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

Fig. 13 shows power system in which two weak systems are interconnected by a transmission line
(project file Task_7_final).

In order to increase the power transmission on the transmission line and improve system stability,
SVC is connected in the middle of the transmission line. Change the other system equivalent INF1
phase/angle as shown in Table 2 (equivalent INF2 phase/angle is 0 in all cases). Consider also
voltage levels for system equivalents in different cases (see Table 2).

Figure 13.
 PSCAD simulation exercise 2

Question 7.1: How SVC’s 400 kV connection point voltage and reactive power output is changed
in different cases (Table 2)?

Table 2.

INF1 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 5 0 0 0
angle/phase

INF 1 and 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 410 420
INF2 voltages
(kV)

SVC
connection
point voltage
(kV)

SVC’s
reactive power
(MVAr)
PSCAD simulation exercise 2