PRICE F9 i¢c:> ‘TIONAL NUMBERS othr PB q_ ‘8 called a rational = pand q do not have any common factor other than 1. a rational number as -15 is an integer, 19 is an integer and 19 #0. Same way, each of the following numbers is a rational number. Sate 68 — 9 ete. 19)rea eee i i => js not in standard form as 24 i i (ii) Rational number 57 is Qt in 'S positive but 15 and 24 have 1 and 3 as their common factors. Remember : 4. Every integer is a rational number but the converse is not true. 5 - () 5= 2 isa rational number as § and 1 are integers and 1 + 0. 8 i (i) -8= > is arational number as -8 and 1 are integers and 1 +0. (iii) Every natural number is an integer and so a rational number. (iv) Every whole number is also an integer and so a rational number. oO 0 o ‘i 5) O= in integer form is a (iv) If-87 18 7 (ii) 1118 = -> thena= “a then a= arate positive and negative rational numbers from the following : 15 ~15 -8' 8 Oe zi 8 (ii) > (r= 4x3 12, 4x4 16 =7x3 ~ =2i °° —7x4 = 28 ‘ aaa 16 = Rational numbers a Tat and Toe are equivalent to the given rational number the following are not rational numbers : (i) 0 (iii) $ 0 W™) o> of the following integers as a rational number with denominator 7 : (i) 8 (ii) 0 Ww 7)13. Express each of the following rational numbers to the lowest terms : 12 —120 in ae 0 45 yaa ol 2 14 fi 2X ft) 256 = =oxonour 2 |14 | Alternative method : Find H.C.F. of numerator 14 and denominator 56 which is 14, Now divide each term of the given rational number by their H.C.F. 14. to get the required answer. ee 56 Clearly, 14. Express each of the following rational number el. eS - (i) cg (ii) 5, (ili) Ee a0 Arational number is said to be in Standard form, number is in its lowest terms.TATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS ON NUMBER LINE 4, Draw a straight line. Mark a point O on this line and name it 0 (zero). On the right side of O, mark points A, B, C, D, E, ..... on the line drawn such that the distance between consecutive points is the same. ie. OA=AB=BC=CD-...... 3. Inthe same way, on the same line mark points A’, B’, C’, D’, etc. on the left side of O such that OA’ = A’B’ = BC’ On the whole, we must have ; B‘C’ = A’B’ = OA’ = OA = AB = BC = CD = The points A, B, C, D, E, , which are on the right side of zero (0), represent positive integers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and the points A’, B’, C’, D’, E’, which are on the left side of zero, represent negative integers -1, -2, -3, —4, See the number line given below : foe DC UB AY OFA BG oD OE OF OG Bue 2 10 1 2 8. 4 5 Example 1: ERE, si 3 Represent rational numbers ->.~, 2, 2 and 2 on the same number line Solution : Draw a number line as shown below : Cc feeAO O A A TB S C Perea Ht 1 0, y «tl 2 2 2 2 Consider C’B’ = B‘A’ = A’O = OA = AB = BC = one unit length Clearly, A represents 1, B represents 2 and C represents 3. In the same way, A’ represents -1, B’ represents = ~—2 and C’ represents -3. ‘Since denominator of each given rational number is 2, mark middle points of each of OA, AB, BC and OA’, A’B’, B’C’ to divide each of OA, AB, BC and OA’, A’B’, B’C’ into two ‘equal parts. Now the given points are marked on this number line. Inthe number ine now obtained, P represents ~ 2, @ represents ~ 5, R represents 2 3 2part on the left side of 0; for 2 mark Rat the 20 e left side of 0; for 3 at th J for 5 mark the 5” Pe on the right side of 0. an -2 ee Cleary, P represents | Q respresents 2 R represents The following numbe! aie will make the a more cl 1 numbers. Every positive rational number is greater than 0 (zero) and is greater than every negative number e.g. 8 > 0,8 >-5, 8 >-93, 8 > -1235, etc. . Every negative rational number is less than 0 (zero) and is less than every positive number : e.g. -8 <0, -8 <5, -8 < 93, -8 < 123, ete. . Zero (0) is greater than every negative number and is smaller than every positive number : BI eg.0>-5,0>-55, 3 0<5,0< 55, etc. een Compare > and - =. olution : 5. é oe , 7 iS @ positive rational number and - = is a negative rational number. Since a positive rational number is always greater than 0 and greater than every negative number, 2 ter than - = 7 iS greater than - =. (Ans.) 1. Find the L.C.M. of denominators 5 and 7. LGM. of § and 7 = 35 C5)mo of a rational 2 joth the ter fas multiplying 2 Sine Lae n-20ro Sumber the value of ze | ravonal nl armper does NOt change. 35 , ai numper with greater numerator is a For the s2m° denominator, 1M ration’ 2t is greater than 35 and § Gogetax canoes a co (fi faa bxc> b is greater than g" le 5a a one a c * ade rd ie. bade simitarty on cross-multiplyingd 5 3 and 2 we get: gx7and 5x5 21 and 25 21<25 = F = 2 is smaller than 2. (Ans.) Example 5* Compare = and olution * Express each given rational number with a positive denominator. a 3 8 ae ond 5 > ke the rete of both rational numbers the same. For this. Now, mal 8 ana ct 8x7 7 16 S— and 75x7 “. LC.M. of 7 and 15 soe 105 oC -45 Is greater than -56 Bei eater than = = greater than 555 a 7 is greater than —> 15—— ‘arrange the rational numbers = 2. aes) 40’ —@ 29d > in ascending order. Pugh: fh satay “fora Sta a ommee andes ~9x4 -7x5 3x10 = Fox4’ 8x5 aNd Go4q [LCM of 10, 8 and 4 = 40} _ =88 =35 aan Soom aay Since -36 <- 35 <- 30, sy 2 29 40 < 40 ~ 40 Cera iap eae -9 Te (Ans.) "When both the given rational numbers are negative, compare them without their negative signs. * For rational numbers — 8 3 8 and qs compare 7 and 75 - Sa 7 and 45 => 3x15 and 8x7 = 45 and 56 For any two numbers a and b: (ifa>b > -a<-b (i) ifa -a>-b emeaon =F 1 13) Beoeag = 8 12 7 2a Been 13 rar a eae ee: 24 is 24) = axa Taxe OMI pq (LCM. of 8, 12 and 24 is 24) and x in which -13 > -14 > -15 = BedFor any tao rational numbers a and & marked on a number line, j 1. ais on the left of & then ais smaiierthand ie. ab Example 8 - 3 Using number line, compare the numbers = and ~>, Solution Mark given rational numbers roughly on a number line as shown below : Ss, 5 ee GOR Ii Since P is on the right of Q, (@5) 3(S) BETWEEN TWO GIVEN NUMBERS. An infinite (unlimited) number of rational numbers can be obtained (inserted) beh two given rational numbers. 6 3 €.9. Consider two rational numbers - muciece 5 LC.M. of denominators 11 and 5=55 Be =xS 0 | 8 -axt1 09 Sipeexs 555) 5 = Gxt = -30< 33 > 30 >-33 -30 -33 -30 80, G5 ISgreater than [= ie, a el =), -93 55 > 55 =32 . 33 and $5 2@ two rational numbers between “55 and 35° are two ronal numbers betveen a thod of finding (inserting) rational numbers between ai y t this chapter, we shall confine ourselves to the meth ed that different methods of inserting rational nut y give different results. 4 Concise MATHEMATICS Middle Schooland 38 eg “4 e rational number between ‘ 1 8s 5 inators 15 and 25 = 75, 6x3 -18 fo and Se 75 25x3, 75 (Ans,) Oi 7, 6 2 : = and — |== ken as the two rational numbers between 15° 15 al g) canbe take 1 3 (ii) -8 and 25 (vi) Sand -1 ih Soe 2 z (iii) 8 and 5 7 5 (vi) za. and —& —{ 994, Arrange the given rational numbers in ascending order : } 4 5 2 | 7 = 5 ) “5. ap aNd ey Far = ii owes) 40° =a0 84 =is if i 5. Arrange the given rational numbers in descending order : 3-13 8 a i) 2, = and —— 0 2 and (10 cop aero) 6. Fill in the blanks : 3 : @ 3 and fare on the... side of Zer0, @ = and < are on the ......... Sides of Zero. 5 3 rH (ii) ~g and—75 are on the .... side of zero. hes 3 (w) 2 and—=> are on the ....... Sides of zer0. Insert three rational numbers between : ee rrihS NYS and ASI 1 () 3 and a (ii) 7 and 5 1) ~} and -t ert four rational numbers between : Pend 2 (i) ~5 and 5 (ii) -3 ande PROBLEMS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS (All Operations) dition of Rational Numbers : ing the denominator Same, add the numerators. 1, express the rational number obtained in its lowest terms.2 ee ee a yer oan [- L.C.M. of 3 and 4 is 12, make each denominator equal to 12} 12 L.C.M. of 5 and 10 is 10) aS) 10 she [-: L.C.M. of 18 and 27 is 54] ee .: L.C.M. of 18 and 27 is 54] 33514 19 54 (54 4 ek [- L.C.M. of 16 and 12 is 48] 4x4 7x2 A — + —, + jnax0 . L.C.M. of 9, 12 and 18 is 36) Femeexc * isxea;-& ee I fag) * 36 * 36 Beeeiat4 | 1621414 | 37 +14 _ -23 36 - ear 36 36 ee alta)e/ axG 7x9 os * 1069 tw LOM. ot yy A =10 a8 4 "5a * ba 10eMB= 21 31 AB, ms bd bea Vee Numt Case 1 : When denominators are equal : _ 2x12 7x1 tKi2” 12x1“8x1 3x8 “ext * 1x8 [ye LOM. of 8 and 1 = 8) eaeeee cred 19 1g DQ ca 6 oe oh. 4 ~ -3x7 4 eae7) 27 [ LOM, of 1 and 7» 7} esi =21-4 -25 7a, ae 7 Ses. Og =-2422 eae L.C.M, of 6 and 3 = 6) Meo "sts Sg Fe LOM. of 6 and 3 = 6) : 5 5 3x8 = (8) =-G4+3=-5 +B 5 24 -5+24 19 =-> = = “LOM. re a fa a Fe [. LCM, of 8 and 1 = 8) i rational number pases. 18 [-: L.C.M. of 1 and 25 = 25] 1x25 * 25 =100 13 100413 _ -87 loca) > as By es 25Let xbe subtracted from —&- 2 ian = ke 2612 (iii) a7 . ig and = w) oe"LS =8 2 “9 13 pes iin. te Series + a) (ii) 4a SMEG OSs 3 5 +2 (WS toae iy) SSF ee =8 (i) Fy from = (ii) 7g from FE 5 as 18 (v) Fy from -2. il mo 0 Gat 7 Fo fom S (li) 35 from Gil), =] from -2 8 from 1 (V) Gg from o (vi) 0 from = 5 FE 3 (viii) 3 from 76 (ix) 4 fre 73 r 1 2 sum of two rational numbers is =, . If one of them i: is = find the other. 24° ; -7 2 sum of two rational numbers is qe: If one of them is 5 2 , find the other. } sum of two rational numbers is +4. If one of them is -4. find the other. 3 53 should ae added to 32 to get 06” : =3 9 should be added to a9 to get 250 2 4 d be subtracted from 3S to get 1? hei mie numbers is — =. If one of them is —2, find the other.418 4 18 52 @ 9 *x20- 9 * 20 ~ 9x20 © 2045 45 234 (0. 10 1 3) 0) (24)-(2S)- (> 4 6x8 6x40 3x5 , 6x8 eta L.C.M. of 5, 5x8) 40 | 8x6 oN 48 240 15 40” 40 ~ 40 _ ~48- 240-15 = ETA = 0s 40 23 40 Example 14 : A eciet Moves with a speed of 72 % hours? 5 Km per hour. How much distance will_ eee [Reciprocal of = is 2 =5-25%*3 5&3! {Ans.) = (Ans.) 7 35 ee 7 ee 1G, 4: ga x Ans.) E z (Ans. aa pe: (Ans.) 3 4 E* 8: § (Ans.) 10 * 25 > 10> =9'5 2x35 &oe 12 of two rational numbers Is 5 : Hone of then oe: 12 product of two rational numbers = S and one of these two numbers = a 1 6 The other number = = + (-$) 12 (-2) 12 eee =5*(6)""5 *6 > oem Example 16 4 3 een: oa Evaluate oboak) + (45 aig): 3 3 il 23 J‘ =-/sta/]-+!— 45 10 -(3 a)+( To) (721), 23x ) = \ mano * Olam 34421 46-33 i) 55 13 Boe = 10 10pm Olena 1. Evaluate : & 8 pe ie O G*7 Da i 45-13 1 2 7) eis ) ie BME [ or -9 (i) 3) «(%) 7) x20, 2 Beer 1 2 2 3 0 Z ana 4 (ii) ¥q and LO (iii) 63 and —% ., 13. 25 1 1 0) Fe and ae (v) 1% and 18 (vi) 274 and - oped: a = 2 (i) 5y and 16 (vil) 35 and = (ix) 63 and ~g 2 3 Aen 5 W 25 and-10 (xi) 5 and-14 (xii) -24 and 76is) (-*6) wy (Z~2) + () «(-) 7) a (=H) () (F-) i (#2) }-(s*4r) (3-3) - (3-3) -(F-¢ 1 of a5 m cloth, if one metre cloth costs 2 9253 1 ing with a speed of 655 km per hour. How much distance will it cover in eee) 5 pea 8 4 Dog a ae El ih fle i u 3 (v) -14 by <5 (vi) 2 2 by 45 7 24 1 a (vill) 4g by--g 2 5 2 SAA Dee il 6 ae ili) |S 41S | 2132 +13 (ii) 355 13 (iii) ( oe 3] + (5 1) = roduct of two numbers is 14. If one of the numbers is ——, find the other. , Suey cost of 11 pens is = 2474 . Find the cost of one pen. identical articles can be bought for @ 28. Find the cost of each article. -3 ‘ay _ 9 what number should ian be multiplied so that the product is -— 16 ee ey ly what number should 7 be divided so that the result is y 1) Vvaluate (2. S (2- By Ree +3) + 15 5Teel (i) =o + 18 <5. oe ail Op Pp’ eG (viii) -2 oF (-3) 2. The sum of two rational numbers is f th 52 3. The sum of two rational numbers is _5. If one of them is =— 3 4. What rational number should be added to ~ 7g {0 get 7 3 5. What rational number should be added to — 5 toget2? What rational number should be subtracted from AB to get 3a 2 5 8 7. What rational number should be subtracted from to get 5 7 a4) P (2) (i) (eas) +( _ (82 13-75 00 (EAS ao ©) (SF)- le e (w) ( 7 aon) 9. The product of two rational numbers is 24. If one of them is ate 8. cee 10. By what rational number should we mutiply = =, so that the prodt 11. State true or false : (i) The quotient of two integers is always a rational number Oe 4 fi (i) — 55 is greater than 5 Naa 2 iv) ins oe 15 12. Find x, if : Nee 7 2 O-Fex- WD Zarek0 EES 1 g 3 x = Be SS 2 3 CF es — 5 8 a km from a place P towards East. From there. he waiks 2 fer towers final position from the place P_