Practica 1

20/11/23, 16:47 PhysioEx Exercise 1 Activity 1
PhysioEx Lab Report

Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability
Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion)
Name: sofia moreira martinez
Date: 20 November 2023
Session ID: session-d0e3b363-fb97-847d-1eb4-5ce9e074096b
Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 33% by answering 1 out of 3 questions correctly.
1 The driving force for diffusion is
Your answer: ATP.
Correct answer: the kinetic energy of the molecules in motion.
2 In diffusion, molecules move
You correctly answered: from high concentration to low concentration.
3 Which of the following dialysis membranes has the largest pore size?
Your answer: 100 MWCO.
Correct answer: 200 MWCO.
Experiment Results
Predict Questions
1 Predict Question 1: The molecular weight of urea is 60.07. Do you think urea will diffuse
through the 20 MWCO membrane?
Your answer: Yes, but very slowly.
2 Predict Question 2: Recall that glucose is a monosaccharide, albumin is a protein with 607
amino acids, and the average molecular weight of a single amino acid is 135 g/mol.
Which of the following will be able to diffuse through the 200 MWCO membrane?
Your answer: both glucose and albumin.
Stop & Think Questions

1 The reason sodium chloride didn't diffuse left to right is that
You correctly answered: the membrane pore size was too small.
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physioex.pearson.es.ezbusc.usc.gal/exercise-1/ex01act01/ 1/4
2 Glucose is a six-carbon sugar. Albumin is a protein with 607 amino acids. The average
molecular weight of a single amino acid is 135 g/mol. There is no reason to run these
solutes at the 20 MWCO because
You correctly answered: glucose and albumin are both too large to pass.
3 The rate of diffusion for urea
You correctly answered: is slower than that for sodium because urea is a larger molecule.
Experiment Data
Solute MWCO Left Solute Right Solute Average
(mM) (mM) Diffusion
(mM/sec)
Na+ Cl- 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Urea 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Albumin 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Glucose 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Na+ Cl- 20 9.00 0.00 0.0000
Urea 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Albumin 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Glucose 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Na+ Cl- 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Urea 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Albumin 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Glucose 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Na+ Cl- 20 9.00 0.00 0.0000
Urea 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Albumin 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Glucose 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Na+ Cl- 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Urea 20 9.00 0.00 0.0000
Albumin 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Glucose 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Na+ Cl- 50 9.00 0.00 0.0150
Urea 50 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Albumin 50 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Glucose 50 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Na+ Cl- 50 18.00 0.00 0.0273
Urea 50 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Albumin 50 0.00 0.00 0.0000
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Glucose 50 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Na+ Cl- 100 9.00 0.00 0.0150
Urea 100 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Albumin 100 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Glucose 100 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Na+ Cl- 100 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Urea 100 9.00 0.00 0.0094
Albumin 100 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Glucose 100 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Na+ Cl- 200 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Urea 200 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Albumin 200 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Glucose 200 9.00 0.00 0.0042
Na+ Cl- 200 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Urea 200 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Albumin 200 9.00 0.00 0.0000
Glucose 200 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Post-lab Quiz Results

1 The effect of increasing the concentration of sodium chloride from 9 mM to 18 mM in the

left beaker was to
You correctly answered: increase the rate of diffusion.
2 Describe the difference between the rate of diffusion seen for sodium and urea.
Your answer: Urea diffused faster because it is smaller than sodium.
Correct answer: Urea diffused more slowly because it is larger than sodium.
3 Which of the following solutes did not pass through any of the membranes?
Your answer: glucose.
Correct answer: albumin.
4 When diffusion stops, we say the solution has reached
You correctly answered: equilibrium.
Review Sheet Results

1 Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion. i
Your answer:
1.- Gradiente de concentración: mas tasa de transmisión, mas gradiente.

2.- Tamaño de la molécula: pequeña, mas rapido, grande mas lento.
2 Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane?
How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
No, no pasa debido a su tamaño.
3 Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200
MWCO membrane. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
La albumina no pasa y la glucosa si en la membrana.
4 Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose, sodium
chloride, albumin, and urea.
Your answer:
1.- Na Cl
2.- Urea
3.- Glucosa
4.- Albumina.
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PhysioEx Lab Report

Activity 2: Simulated Facilitated Diffusion
Session ID: session-13737ceb-d918-5cd7-3812-ac230e2e7216

1 Molecules need a carrier protein to help them move across a membrane because
Your answer: they are not lipid soluble.
Correct answer: they are lipid insoluble or they are too large.
2 Which of the following is true of facilitated diffusion?
Your answer: Movement is active and against a concentration gradient.
Correct answer: Movement is passive and down a concentration gradient.
3 Examples of solutes that might require facilitated diffusion include
You correctly answered: all of the above.
4 Which of the following would not affect the rate of facilitated diffusion?
You correctly answered: the amount of intracellular ATP.
Experiment Results
Predict Questions
1 Predict Question 1: What effect do you think increasing the number of protein carriers
will have on the glucose transport rate?
Your answer: The glucose transport rate will decrease.
2 Predict Question 2: What effect do you think adding Na+Cl- will have on the glucose
transport rate?
Your answer: The glucose transport rate will increase.

1 What happened to the glucose transport rate when the glucose concentration was
increased from 2 mM to 8 mM?
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You correctly answered: The glucose transport rate increased.
2 Describe the conditions that resulted in the fastest rate of glucose transport.
You correctly answered: 700 glucose carrier proteins and 8 mM glucose.
3 Why do you think equilibrium wasn't reached?
You correctly answered: The membrane proteins were saturated.
Experiment Data
Run Number Solute Start Conc. L Start Conc. R Carriers Rate
(mM) (mM) (mM/sec)
1 Na+ Cl- 0.00 0.00 500 0.0000
1 Glucose 2.00 0.00 500 0.0008
2 Na+ Cl- 0.00 0.00 500 0.0000
2 Glucose 8.00 0.00 500 0.0023
3 Na+ Cl- 0.00 0.00 700 0.0000
3 Glucose 2.00 0.00 700 0.0010
4 Na+ Cl- 0.00 0.00 700 0.0000
4 Glucose 8.00 0.00 700 0.0031
5 Na+ Cl- 0.00 0.00 100 0.0000
5 Glucose 10.00 0.00 100 0.0017
6 Na+ Cl- 0.00 2.00 700 0.0042
6 Glucose 2.00 0.00 700 0.0010

1 What variable(s) increased the rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose?
Your answer: adding sodium chloride.
Correct answer: increasing the concentration of glucose and increasing the number of
membrane carriers.
2 For facilitated diffusion, increasing the concentration of glucose on one side of the
membrane is the same as
Your answer: changing the direction of diffusion.
Correct answer: making the concentration gradient steeper.
3 When all of the membrane carriers are engaged, or busy, we say they are
You correctly answered: saturated.

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4 Na+Cl- had no effect on glucose transport because
You correctly answered: sodium is not required for glucose transport in the simulation.

1 Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way
in which it is different from simple diffusion.
Your answer:
no hay consumo de ATP similitud

proteinas transportadoras diferencias.
2 The larger value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corresponds to an
increase in the rate of glucose transport. Explain why the rate increased. How well did the
results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
aumentara el transporte de glucosa.
3 Explain your prediction for the effect Na+Cl- might have on glucose transport. In other
words, explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did the results compare
with your prediction?
Your answer:
no tiene efecto en el transporte de glucosa.
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PhysioEx Lab Report

Activity 3: Simulating Osmotic Pressure
Session ID: session-1544c30f-0220-1303-e902-e4e33242dcb5

1 Which of the following is true of osmosis?
You correctly answered: It is a type of diffusion.
2 Which of the following occurs when a hypertonic solution is added to cells?
Your answer: Water enters the cells.
Correct answer: The cells shrink.
3 The variable that affects osmotic pressure is
Your answer: the rate of diffusion.
Correct answer: the concentration of nondiffusing solutes.
4 The net movement of water would be into the cell in a
You correctly answered: hypotonic solution.
Experiment Results
Predict Questions
1 Predict Question 1: What effect do you think increasing the Na+ Cl- concentration will
have?
Your answer: decreased osmotic pressure.
2 Predict Question 2: What do you think will be the pressure result of the current
experimental conditions?
Your answer: pressure above the left beaker.

1 Why do you think there is no pressure change?
You correctly answered: Sodium is able to diffuse through the pores.

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2 Why do you think there was no pressure change?
You correctly answered: There is no net movement of water because the solute
concentrations are the same.
Experiment Data
Run Solute MWCO Start Pressure Start Pressure Rate
Number Conc. L L (mm Conc. R R (mm (mM/sec)
(mM) Hg) (mM) Hg)
1 Na+ Cl- 20 5.00 170 0.00 0 0.0000
1 Albumin 20 0.00 170 0.00 0 0.0000
1 Glucose 20 0.00 170 0.00 0 0.0000
2 Na+ Cl- 20 10.00 340 0.00 0 0.0000
2 Albumin 20 0.00 340 0.00 0 0.0000
2 Glucose 20 0.00 340 0.00 0 0.0000
3 Na+ Cl- 50 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.0167
3 Albumin 50 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0000
3 Glucose 50 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0000
4 Na+ Cl- 100 0.00 136 0.00 0 0.0000
4 Albumin 100 0.00 136 0.00 0 0.0000
4 Glucose 100 8.00 136 0.00 0 0.0000
5 Na+ Cl- 100 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0000
5 Albumin 100 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0000
5 Glucose 100 8.00 0 8.00 0 0.0000
6 Na+ Cl- 200 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0000
6 Albumin 200 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0000
6 Glucose 200 8.00 0 0.00 0 0.0036
7 Na+ Cl- 200 0.00 153 0.00 0 0.0000
7 Albumin 200 9.00 153 0.00 0 0.0000
7 Glucose 200 0.00 153 10.00 0 0.0044

1 If you double the concentration of a nondiffusible solute that is on one side of a

membrane, the osmotic pressure will
Your answer: go to zero.
Correct answer: double.
2 Which membrane did not allow Na+ Cl- to pass through? i

You correctly answered: 20 MWCO.
3 When a solute is able to diffuse through a membrane
Your answer: there is net movement of water.
Correct answer: equilibrium is reached.
4 Water diffuses
You correctly answered: toward solutes.

1 Explain the effect that increasing the Na+ Cl- concentration had on osmotic pressure and
why it has this effect. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Aumenta la presión osmotica.
2 Describe one way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in which it
is different.
Your answer:
similar: no requiere ATP

diferencia: una se mueve en solutos y en la osmosis se mueve el agua.
3 Solutes are sometimes measured in milliosmoles. Explain the statement, “Water chases
milliosmoles.”
Your answer:
El agua persigue los miliosmoles se refiere a que el agua va siempre donde haya mayor
concentracion de solutos.
4 The conditions were 9 mM albumin in the left beaker and 10 mM glucose in the right
beaker with the 200 MWCO membrane in place. Explain the results. How well did the
results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
La presion en el lado izquierdo va a ser mayor, ya que la glucosa y el agua pasan al lado
izquierdo y la albumina no puede pasar la membrana.
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PhysioEx Lab Report

Activity 4: Simulating Filtration
Session ID: session-034eed38-1ce0-c087-f592-c467da9fe4fe

1 Filtration is a process that
You correctly answered: is passive.
2 Filtration is dependent upon a
You correctly answered: hydrostatic pressure gradient.
3 The filtrate
You correctly answered: All of these answers are correct.
4 An important place that filtration takes place in the body is in
You correctly answered: the kidneys.
Experiment Results
Predict Questions
1 Predict Question 1: What effect will increasing the pore size of the filter have on the
filtration rate?
Your answer: There will be no effect on filtration rate.
2 Predict Question 2: What will happen if you increase the pressure above the beaker (the
driving pressure)?
Your answer: The concentration of the solutes in the filtrate will increase.

1 The reason none of the solutes were present in the filtrate was that
You correctly answered: the solutes were all too large to pass through.
2 What does an increase in the driving pressure correspond to in the body?
You correctly answered: an increase in blood pressure.

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Experiment Data
Run Solute MWCO Pressure Filter Residue Start Filter
Number (mm Hg) Rate Conc. Conc.
(ml/sec) (mg/ml) (mg/ml)
1 Na+ Cl- 20 50 1.00 present 5 0.00
1 Urea 20 50 1.00 present 5 0.00
1 Glucose 20 50 1.00 present 5 0.00
Powdered
1 20 50 1.00 present 5 0.00
Charcoal
2 Na+ Cl- 50 50 2.50 present 5 4.81
2 Urea 50 50 2.50 present 5 0.00
2 Glucose 50 50 2.50 present 5 0.00
Powdered
2 50 50 2.50 present 5 0.00
Charcoal
3 Na+ Cl- 200 50 present 5 4.81
3 Urea 200 50 present 5 4.74
3 Glucose 200 50 present 5 4.39
Powdered
3 200 50 present 5 0.00
Charcoal
4 Na+ Cl- 200 100 present 5 4.81
4 Urea 200 100 present 5 4.74
4 Glucose 200 100 present 5 4.39
Powdered
4 200 100 present 5 0.00
Charcoal

1 After filtration, substances that pass through the filter are called the filtrate, which
includes
You correctly answered: all of the above.
2 The top beaker in the simulation corresponds to
You correctly answered: the blood capillary.
3 Why was there not 100% recovery of the Na+Cl- solute with any of the membranes?
Your answer: The solute was too large to fit through the pores.
Correct answer: Some of the solute remained on the membrane filter.
4 An increase in blood pressure would probably initially __________ filtration in the kidneys.
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You correctly answered: increase the rate of.

1 Explain in your own words why increasing the pore size increased the filtration rate. Use
an analogy to support your statement. How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
la filtracion va en aumento.
2 Which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? Explain why.
Your answer:
carbon activo no pasa por la presion.
3 Why did increasing the pressure increase the filtration rate but not the concentration of
solutes? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
la concentracion de los solutos no varia por la presion.
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PhysioEx Lab Report

Activity 5: Simulating Active Transport
Session ID: session-60604269-ef6e-3b0e-4f59-b735514b714d

1 The movement of sodium and potassium maintained by the Na+-K+ pump
You correctly answered: requires energy and is against a concentration gradient.
2 The sodium-potassium pump is classified as a(n)
You correctly answered: antiporter.
3 The sodium-potassium pump moves _____ sodium ions and _____ potassium ions
simultaneously.
You correctly answered: 3, 2.
4 Solutes that require active transport for movement might be too large to pass or might
be
You correctly answered: lipid insoluble.
Experiment Results
Predict Questions
1 Predict Question 1: What do you think will result from these experimental conditions?
Your answer: Na+ will be partially transported.
2 Predict Question 2: Do you think the addition of glucose carriers will affect the transport
of sodium or potassium?
Your answer: No, it will not affect the transport of either ion.

1 Why did the sodium transport stop before the transport was completed?
You correctly answered: The ATP was depleted.
2 Why was the equilibrium for the solutes reached earlier?

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You correctly answered: There were more pumps for transport.
Experiment Data
Run Solute ATP (mM) Start Start Pumps Carriers Rate
Number Conc. L Conc. R (mM/sec)
(mM) (mM)
1 Na+ Cl- 1 9.000 0.000 500 --- 0.0188
1 K+ Cl- 1 0.000 6.000 500 --- 0.0125
1 Glucose --- 0.000 0.000 --- 0 0.0000
2 Na+ Cl- 3 9.000 0.000 500 --- 0.0025
2 K+ Cl- 3 0.000 6.000 500 --- 0.0017
2 Glucose --- 0.000 0.000 --- 0 0.0000
3 Na+ Cl- 3 9.000 0.000 500 --- 0.0000
3 K+ Cl- 3 0.000 0.000 500 --- 0.0000
3 Glucose --- 0.000 0.000 --- 0 0.0000
4 Na+ Cl- 3 9.000 0.000 800 --- 0.0042
4 K+ Cl- 3 0.000 6.000 800 --- 0.0028
4 Glucose --- 0.000 0.000 --- 0 0.0000
5 Na+ Cl- 3 9.000 0.000 800 --- 0.0042
5 K+ Cl- 3 0.000 6.000 800 --- 0.0028
5 Glucose --- 0.000 10.000 --- 400 0.0028#

1 What happened when you increased the amount of ATP dispensed with the same
concentration of sodium and potassium on either side of the membrane?
Your answer: The ions were transported more slowly.
Correct answer: More ions were transported.
2 At what concentration of ATP were the sodium and potassium maximally transported?
You correctly answered: 3 mM ATP.
3 What was the effect of adding more Na+-K+ pumps to the simulated cell?
You correctly answered: Transport of the ions was faster.
4 Describe the effect of adding glucose carriers to the sodium and potassium transport.
You correctly answered: There was no change in the transport rate because glucose is
transported independently.
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1 Describe the significance of using 9 mM sodium chloride inside the cell and 6 mM
potassium chloride outside the cell, instead of other concentration ratios.
Your answer:
El sodio entran 3 moleculas y potasio entran 2 usar 9 sodio y 6 de potasio.
2 Explain why there was no sodium transport even though ATP was present. How well did
the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Si no hay potasio pararian las bombas se quedaria abierta hacia afuera y cerrada hacia
adentro y solo se cambiaria el sodio.
3 Explain why the addition of glucose carriers had no effect on sodium or potassium
transport. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
No tiene efecto porque son canales distintos y no se relacionan.
4 Do you think glucose is being actively transported or transported by facilitated diffusion

in this experiment? Explain your answer.
Your answer:
La glucosa se transporta al favor del gradiente de difusion facilitada no consume ATP.
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PhysioEx Lab Report

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology
Activity 1: The Muscle Twitch and the Latent Period
Session ID: session-71de7565-f13b-e803-e97c-d39a6d07bf4c

1 Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by
You correctly answered: tendons.
2 Skeletal muscles are composed of hundreds to thousands of individual cells called
Your answer: myofibrils.
Correct answer: fibers.
3 The term motor unit refers to
You correctly answered: one motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it
innervates.
4 The motor neuron and muscle fiber intersect at what is called
You correctly answered: the neuromuscular junction.
5 A twitch is
Your answer: one contractile response to a series of action potentials.
Correct answer: one contractile response to a single action potential.
Experiment Results
Predict Question
1 Predict Question: Will changes to the stimulus voltage alter the duration of the latent
period?
Your answer: Yes, changing the stimulus voltage will change the latent period duration
proportionately.

1 What is the period of time that elapses between the generation of an action potential and
the start of muscle tension development in a muscle fiber? i
You correctly answered: The latent period.
2 What occurs during the latent period of these isometric contractions?
Your answer: Muscle fiber cross bridges are cycling at sub-maximal rates.
Correct answer: All the steps of excitation-contraction coupling occur.

Experiment Data
Voltage (v) Length (mm) Active Force Passive Force Total Force Latent
Period
(msec)
0 75 0 0 0 ----
3 75 1.04 0 1.04 ----
4 75 1.32 0 1.32 0
2 75 0.66 0 0.66 0
3 75 1.04 0 1.04 0
4 75 1.32 0 1.32 0
5 75 1.51 0 1.51 0
6 75 1.65 0 1.65 0
7 75 1.74 0 1.74 0
8 75 1.81 0 1.81 0
9 75 1.82 0 1.82 0
10 75 1.82 0 1.82 0
Voltage = 0 V
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Voltage = 3 V
Voltage = 4 V
Voltage = 2 V
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Voltage = 3 V
Voltage = 4 V
Voltage = 5 V
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Voltage = 6 V
Voltage = 7 V
Voltage = 8 V
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Voltage = 9 V
Voltage = 10 V

1 An action potential in a motor neuron triggers the release of which neurotransmitter?
Your answer: glutamate.
Correct answer: acetylcholine.
2 The term skeletal muscle fiber refers to
Your answer: an individual myosin fiber.
Correct answer: an individual skeletal muscle cell.
3 The graded depolarization in the skeletal muscle fiber that is elicited in response to one
action potential from the motor neuron is called
Your answer: an EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential).
Correct answer: an EPP (end-plate potential).
4 Which of the following is not a phase of a skeletal muscle twitch?

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You correctly answered: hyperpolarization phase.
5 A skeletal muscle twitch is
You correctly answered: one contractile response to a single action potential.
6 Which of the following correctly matches the twitch phase with its definition?
Your answer: the contraction phase: the time between an action potential in a muscle cell
and the start of muscle tension.
Correct answer: the contraction phase: the time between the end of the latent period and
peak muscle tension.

1 Define the terms skeletal muscle fiber, motor unit, skeletal muscle twitch, electrical
stimulus, and latent period.
Your answer:
Fibra muscular: celula multinucleada con capacidad contractil.

Unidad de motor: es una unica motoneurona alfa de las fibras musculares.
twitch: fibra muscular se contrae por el sistema nervioso.
estimulo electrico: para activar los musculos debiles o paralizados.
periodo latente: tiempo desde una exposicion a algo que puede causar una enfermedad.
2 What is the role of acetylcholine in a skeletal muscle contraction?
Your answer:
El rol es se une a cetoreceptores y genera un potencial de accion el cual va hacia los

tubulos t, y libera calcio.
3 Describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle fibers.
Your answer:
Sale calcio y la actina se une a las cabezas de miosina la proteina y molecula troponina
une al calcio cambia la conformacion y la miosina ejerce la palanca para que se genera la
contraccion muscular.
4 Describe the three phases of a skeletal muscle twitch.
Your answer:
1.- Fase de latencia

2.- Fase de contracción.
3.- Fase de relajación.
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5 Does the duration of the latent period change with different stimulus voltages? How well
did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
La fase de latencia no cambio, no aumento porque el voltaje no afecta la contraccion.
6 At the threshold stimulus, do sodium ions start to move into or out of the cell to bring
about the membrane depolarization?
Your answer:
Los iones de sodio se mueven adentro de la celula.
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PhysioEx Lab Report

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology
Activity 2: The Effect of Stimulus Voltage on Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Session ID: session-86c91669-8830-308b-f0f7-aa3db480a289

1 Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated (stimulated) by
You correctly answered: motor neurons.
2 A single action potential propagating down a motor axon results in
You correctly answered: a single action potential and a single contractile event in the
muscle fibers it innervates.
3 In resting skeletal muscle, calcium is stored in
You correctly answered: the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4 During the latent period for an isometric contraction
You correctly answered: the cellular events involved in excitation-contraction coupling

occur.
Experiment Results
Predict Question
1 Predict Question: As the stimulus voltage is increased from 1.0 volt up to 10 volts, what
will happen to the amount of active force generated with each stimulus?
Your answer: The active force will continually increase.

1 What do you observe in the active force display when the stimulus voltage is set to 0.0,
and why does this observation make sense?
You correctly answered: 0.00; there was no activation of skeletal muscle fibers by this
stimulus.
2 What is the lowest stimulus voltage that induces active force in the skeletal muscle?
You correctly answered: threshold voltage.

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3 Enter the threshold voltage for this experiment.
You answered: 0.1 volts.
4 Enter the maximal voltage for this experiment.
You answered: 10.0 volts.

Experiment Data
Voltage (v) Length (mm) Active Force Passive Force Total Force
0.0 75 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.2 75 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.1 75 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.0 75 0.15 0.00 0.15
0.5 75 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.6 75 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.7 75 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.8 75 0.02 0.00 0.02
0.9 75 0.09 0.00 0.09
1.0 75 0.21 0.00 0.05
1.1 75 0.26 0.00 0.04
1.2 75 0.32 0.00 0.19
1.3 75 0.37 0.00 0.23
1.4 75 0.43 0.00 0.24
1.5 75 0.48 0.00 0.15
1.6 75 0.53 0.00 0.32
1.7 75 0.53 0.00 0.41
1.7 75 0.57 0.00 0.19
1.8 75 0.62 0.00 0.62
1.9 75 0.66 0.00 0.66
3.0 75 1.04 0.00 1.04
4.0 75 1.32 0.00 1.32
5.0 75 1.60 0.00 1.60
6.0 75 1.74 0.00 0.26
7.0 75 1.69 0.00 1.69
8.0 75 1.76 0.00 1.76
9.0 75 1.81 0.00 1.81
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Voltage = 0.0 V
Voltage = 0.2 V
Voltage = 0.1 V
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Voltage = 1.0 V
Voltage = 0.5 V
Voltage = 0.6 V
i
Voltage = 0.7 V
Voltage = 0.8 V
Voltage = 0.9 V
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Voltage = 1.0 V
Voltage = 1.1 V
Voltage = 1.2 V
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Voltage = 1.3 V
Voltage = 1.4 V
Voltage = 1.5 V
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Voltage = 1.6 V
Voltage = 1.7 V
Voltage = 1.7 V
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Voltage = 1.8 V
Voltage = 1.9 V
Voltage = 3.0 V
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Voltage = 4.0 V
Voltage = 5.0 V
Voltage = 6.0 V
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Voltage = 7.0 V
Voltage = 8.0 V
Voltage = 9.0 V
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1 Motor unit recruitment refers to
You correctly answered: an increase in the number of active muscle fibers to increase the
force developed in a muscle.
2 Active tension (or force) in a skeletal muscle fiber results from
You correctly answered: activation of cross bridge cycling via increased intracellular
calcium levels.
3 The is the minimal stimulus needed to cause a depolarization of the muscle plasma
membrane (sarcolemma).
You correctly answered: threshold voltage.
4 By definition, the is the amount of stimulus required to successfully recruit all the
muscle fibers into developing active force.
You correctly answered: maximal voltage.
5 Why was a maximal voltage observed in this experiment?
You correctly answered: At the maximal voltage, all the muscle fibers contained in this
muscle are depolarized and they all develop active force (that is, they were all successfully
recruited).
6 A sufficiently strong electrical stimulus applied to an isolated, mounted skeletal muscle

induces the development of muscle force, or muscle tension. Which of the following
statements concerning this observation is true?
i
You correctly answered: The electrical stimulus mimics acetylcholine release at a

neuromuscular junction.

1 Describe the effect of increasing stimulus voltage on isolated skeletal muscle. Specifically,
what happened to the muscle force generated with stronger electrical stimulations and
why did this change occur? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
As the stimulus voltage is increased past the muscle's threshold voltage, the amount of
force in the entire muscle increases. Each time the voltage was increased the force
generated from the muscle also increased. This occurs because as the voltage increases,
and is delivered to the whole muscle, more fibers are activated and causes total force
produced by the muscles to increase.
2 How is this change in whole-muscle force achieved in vivo?
Your answer:
The increase of electrical current causes a progressive increase in the amount of muscle
force based on the amount of the electrical current. At the beginning stage, the electric
current must surpass the threshold voltage. Once the stimulus voltage goes beyond the
threshold it creates whole muscle force. Increasingly the force gets stronger with the
higher stimulus voltage until it plateaus at Maximal tension. The Maximal tension has a
maximum amount of voltage that it will achieve to increase the force, but only to a
maximum point. Whole-Muscle Force is achieved in Vivo by recruitment of additional
motor units that increase the total muscle force produced.
3 What happened in the isolated skeletal muscle when the maximal voltage was applied?
Your answer:
All of the muscle fibers in the isolated skeletal muscle became depolarized and all
developed active force. So each of the fibers were involved in the active force generated
from the maximal voltage.
i

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20/11/23, 16:47 PhysioEx Exercise 1 Activity 1

PhysioEx Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

1 The driving force for diffusion is

Your answer: ATP.

Correct answer: the kinetic energy of the molecules in motion.

2 In diffusion, molecules move

You correctly answered: from high concentration to low concentration.

Your answer: 100 MWCO.

Correct answer: 200 MWCO.

Your answer: Yes, but very slowly.

Your answer: both glucose and albumin.

Stop & Think Questions

3 The rate of diffusion for urea

Glucose 50 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Post-lab Quiz Results

1 The effect of increasing the concentration of sodium chloride from 9 mM to 18 mM in the

You correctly answered: increase the rate of diffusion.

Your answer: Urea diffused faster because it is smaller than sodium.

Your answer: glucose.

Correct answer: albumin.

4 When diffusion stops, we say the solution has reached

You correctly answered: equilibrium.

Review Sheet Results

1.- Gradiente de concentración: mas tasa de transmisión, mas gradiente.

No, no pasa debido a su tamaño.

La albumina no pasa y la glucosa si en la membrana.

PhysioEx Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

Your answer: they are not lipid soluble.

2 Which of the following is true of facilitated diffusion?

Your answer: Movement is active and against a concentration gradient.

Correct answer: Movement is passive and down a concentration gradient.

3 Examples of solutes that might require facilitated diffusion include

You correctly answered: all of the above.

You correctly answered: the amount of intracellular ATP.

Your answer: The glucose transport rate will decrease.

Your answer: The glucose transport rate will increase.

Stop & Think Questions

You correctly answered: The glucose transport rate increased.

You correctly answered: 700 glucose carrier proteins and 8 mM glucose.

3 Why do you think equilibrium wasn't reached?

You correctly answered: The membrane proteins were saturated.

Post-lab Quiz Results

1 What variable(s) increased the rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose?

Your answer: adding sodium chloride.

Your answer: changing the direction of diffusion.

Correct answer: making the concentration gradient steeper.

You correctly answered: saturated.

4 Na+Cl- had no effect on glucose transport because

Review Sheet Results

no hay consumo de ATP similitud

aumentara el transporte de glucosa.

no tiene efecto en el transporte de glucosa.

PhysioEx Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

1 Which of the following is true of osmosis?

You correctly answered: It is a type of diffusion.

2 Which of the following occurs when a hypertonic solution is added to cells?

Your answer: Water enters the cells.

Correct answer: The cells shrink.

3 The variable that affects osmotic pressure is