BAM - Berlin

New
New Radiography
Radiography Standards
Standards
--Buenos
BuenosAires
Aires2007
2007--

Uwe Ewert

Requests
Requestsand
andinformation
informationto:
to:
uwe.ewert@bam.de
uwe.ewert@bam.de 1

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

Technologies for film replacement
• Computed Radiography (CR) with phosphor
imaging plates
• New High Definition Computed Radiography
(HD CR)
• Digital Detector Arrays (DDA)
• New High Contrast Sensitivity Radiography
with DDAs.

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

Status of Film Replacement
- 2005: Computed Radiography standards were completed and
published in USA and Europe!
- The Digital Industrial Radiology (DIR) procedure is different from the film
radiography procedure
- But: The optical impression of digital radiographic images is not different
from film images in its structure (if not digitally processed, except
brightness and contrast control)
- RT-trained personal can interpret digital images in analogy to film
- Digital images need a Computer for presentation and may be altered by
specialized image processing
- A basic training in image processing is essential to avoid miss
interpretation
- Quantitative assessment of flaw sizes is improved by digital processing
but the results may differ from those ones of film interpretation
- The new electronic reference catalogues may support correct image
assessment 3

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 New Standards on Digital Industrial Radiology

EN 13068 Radioscopy needs revision

EN 14096, ISO 14096 Film Digitisation
EN 14784 CR Part 1: Classification of Systems, Part 2: General
principles
ASTM CR Classification (E 2446), Long term stability (E2445),
Guide (E 2007), Practice (E 2033)
ASME (BPVC, S.XI) Radiography (CR) with Phosphor Imaging Plates
CR Code Case 2476
ASTM E 07 DDA under development
ASTM E 2422 First digital catalogue, light alloy casting

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 Proposed Projects

Qualification of CR systems
Long term stability of CR systems

Possible liaison with ISO TC 44 SC5

For NDT of welds

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 Classification
Classification
-- Basis
Basis for
for Film
Film Replacement
Replacement isis the
the Image
Image Quality
Quality --

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

Film
Film Replacement
Replacement on
on the
the Basis
Basis of
of Image
Image Quality
Quality Tests
Tests

E 94 Film Radiography

CNR
Unsharpness
SNR

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

Signal to Noise Ratio

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 Effect
Effect of
of Granularity/Noise
Granularity/Noise

Lost of information / perceptibility

sD
9

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

Film
FilmSystem
SystemClasses
Classesare
arethe
theBasis
Basisfor
forCR-Classification
CR-Classification

Minimum
Maximum
System class Minimum gradient at gradient-noise
granularity at
ratio at
USA D=2 above D0 D=4 above D0 D=2 above D0 D=2 above D0
World Europe Japan
ASTM
ISO 11699-1 CEN 584-1 K7627-97
E1815-96 G2 G4 G2 /σ D σD
C1 Special 4,5 7,5 300 0,018
T1
C2 T1 4,3 7,4 270 0,018
C3 I 4,1 6,8 180 0,023
T2
C4 T2 4,1 6,8 150 0,028
T3 C5 II T3 3,8 6,4 120 0,032
T4 C6 III T4 3,5 5,0 100 0,039
W-A W-A 3,8 5,7 135 0,027
W-B W-B 3,5 5,0 110 0,032
W-C W-C <3,5 <5,0 80 0,039

Part 1: Classification of Systems

10

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

Classification by
- SNR and
IP
IP System
System
- Spatial resolution classes
classes
e.g.: IP-3/200

Table 1: IP-scanner system classes in

dependence on the minimum SNR
IP System classes
System class System class System class Minimum
CEN ISO ASTM Signal-noise ratio
New table 1
IP 1 IP-AS Special 130
IP 2 IP-T 1 117 with 6 classes!
IP 3 78
IP 4 IP-T2 IP-AS 1 65
IP 5 IP-T3 IP-AS 2 52
IP 6 IP-T4 IP-AS 3 43

NOTE:The SNR-values of table 1 are equivalent to EN 584-1, ISO 11699-1, ASTM E 1815-96
They are calculated by: SNR = log (e) · (Gradient/Granularity) of table 1 of the corresponding
standards and up-rounded. The calculation of measured SNR values shall be performed from
dose proportional data. Part 1: Classification of Systems
11

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

How
How to
to measure
measure SNR
SNR in
in an
an easy
easy way
way

12

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

Step
StepWedge
WedgeMethod:
Method: Measure Signal/Noise Ratio

Cu-step wedge
Collimator

Cu-Filter
X-ray tube Cu-step wedge IP in a
cassette

Fig. 1: Scheme for the measurement of the SNR with

the step wedge method.

Demo

13

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 CR Limitation by SNR-Saturation
250

L
100T
35 V
D C R
H
200
Dürr

t DIC
r ve
cu
m
Fi l
, A ja
SNR normalized

150 DDA D2

FujiFilm CR XG1
D3
100
D4
D5
SNR measured, XG1
D7 XG1, ST-VI
50
D8 Class Limit IP1
HD-CR 35V, HD-IP, Dürr
NDT-film, Agfa at D=2
Ajat, DIC100 TL
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SQRT (Dose / mGy)
Normalized SNR vs. square root of Exposure Dose
14

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

Minimum
Minimum Read-out
Read-out Values
Values
instead
instead of
of
Minimum
Minimum Optical
Optical Density
Density
for
for Digital
Digital Detectors?
Detectors?
CR Film

Grey value 956 Answer: Yes they do! More than this!
Sensitivity 400 One CR system substitutes different film systems
Latitude 3
Opt. Density = 2
Grey value Film system class
(read-out value)
956 Special
815 T1 (D4)
Do all values above 956 fulfill the
standard requirement?
712 T2 (D7)
608 T3

15

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 Standard
Standard Methods
Methods
for
for
SNR
SNR Measurement
Measurement
FUJIFILM
1. Step exposure AC-3
2. Step wedge exposure
Manufacturer
1. Cu-Filter
2. User
Diaphragm Collimator

Collimator

Cu-Filter
X-ray tube Cu-step wedge IP in a
cassette
X-ray tube IP in a cassette Fig. 1: Scheme for the measurement of the SNR with the step wedge
method.

Part 1: Classification of Systems

16

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

IQI-perception (wires, plate holes)
Material, keV
CNR
∆w
= SNRITotal ⋅ µeff
{ Scatter protection
Screens and filters

Exposure time
{ Tube current
Detector efficiency
See proceedings!

17

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 Phantom
- Long term stability tests -

18

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

Evaluation Phantom:

• spatial resolution (by duplex-wire method, optional converging line pairs)

• contrast (recognized contrast percentage of the material to examine)
• slipping (yes/no)
• jitter (yes/no)
• shading (percentage at selected distance)

19

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

Spatial Resolution

20

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 Wrong angle - Recommendation 5°
Duplex
Duplexwire
wireIQI
IQI

BAM-snail for test of Pair 9 = 250 µm

source position 20% dip

21

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

E2002
E2002
Unsharpness
UnsharpnessMeasurement
Measurementwith
withthe
theDuplex
DuplexWire
WireIQI
IQI

Wire diameter
Element Unsharpness and -distances Tolerances
number

22

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

FujiFilm NDT X-ray
X-raytube:
tube:Seifert
SeifertIsovolt
Isovolt320
320
100
100 kV, 1 mA, 1 min, smallfocus
kV, 1 mA, 1 min, small focus
SDD = 1000
SDD = 1000 mmmm

Agfa NDT

Agfa Prototype
(blue) 8 9 10 11 12 13

digitised grey values

scanning: Agfa DPS,
pixel distance: 28.2 µm (900 dpi)
8 9 10 11 12 13 double wire
0.32 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.13 0.10 mm resolution

23

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

European
European Standard
Standard on
on Computed
Computed Radiography
Radiography
EN
EN 14784
14784

Non-destructive
Non-destructivetesting
testing
--Industrial
Industrialcomputed
computedradiography
radiographywith
with
phosphor
phosphorimaging
imagingplates
plates--
Part
Part2:2:General
Generalprinciples
principlesfor
forexamination
examination
of
ofmetallic
metallicmaterials
materialsusing
usingX-rays
X-rays
and
andgamma
gammarays rays

24

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 EN 14784-2 25
Film Replacement Octobre 2007
 Limitations by Unsharpness

1 1/ 3
ug = ⋅ w
3 Inch
2 Inch
1 Inch ASME a
US Aerospace
ASME
ISO/EN class A

US Aerospace a = 15 class B
ISO/EN class B a = 7.5 class A

26

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 Liaison with ISO TC 44 SC5
in Preparation

AA Network
Network ofof
European
European NDT
NDT Standards
Standards
for
for
Weld
Weld Inspection
Inspection
on
on the
the way
way to
to ISO
ISO
U. Ewert

27

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 Quality
Quality Levels
Levels by
by EN
EN ISO
ISO 5817
5817
Title: “Welding — Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and
their alloys (beam welding excluded) — Quality levels for
imperfections”
• ISO 5817 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied
processes, Subcommittee SC 10, Unification of requirements in the field of metal welding.
• The standard is considered as harmonized with the European Pressurized Equipment
Directive (PED) and EN 13445

Quality
Quality Levels
Levels by
by EN
EN ISO
ISO 10042
10042
Title: “Welding — Arc-welded joints in aluminum and its alloys —
Quality levels for imperfections”

28

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

Old
OldFlow
FlowChart
Chart Revision of ISO 5817
• 2003 published as DIN EN ISO
Welding • EN 25817 withdrawn
Revision of EN 30042
• 2004 withdrawn
ISO 5817 ISO 10042 • Revision published as DIN EN
ISO 10042

ISO 17635 • Almost all standards

for acceptance criteria
shall be revised.

• Priority was given to

EN 12517

• DVS Welding
reference radiographs
were adapted
ISO 5817
ISO 10042

29

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 New
NewFlow
FlowChart
Chart
Welding Product Standards
Quality levels
based on
EN ISO 5817 EN ISO 10042 others
real size of
imperfections

Interface between EN 12062 ISO 17635

quality levels and
acceptance levels Method Transfer
for indications Function

Technique Radiographic Eddy Magnetic Penetrant Ultrasonic Visual

Current Particle Examination

Testing See extra EN 1711 EN 1290 EN 571-1 See extra EN 970

graph graph

Characterization and Steel Steel: Steel:

Acceptance level (ferritic): EN 1289 EN ISO 5817
EN 1291 Aluminum: Aluminum:
EN ISO 10042

30

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 New
NewFlow
FlowChart
Chart
Welding Product Standards
Quality levels
based on
EN ISO 5817 EN ISO 10042 others
real size of
imperfections

Interface between EN 12062

quality levels and
acceptance levels Method Transfer
for indications Function

Technique Radiographic

Testing RT: RS: CR:

Film Radioscopy Computed
Radiography (digital) Radiography
EN 1435 EN 13068-3 EN 14784-2

Steel: Steel: Steel:

Characterization EN 12517-1 EN 12517-1 EN 12517-1
and Acceptance Aluminum: Aluminum: Aluminum:
level EN 12517-2 EN 12517-2 EN 12517-2

31

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 New
NewFlow
FlowChart
Chart
Welding Product Standards
Quality levels
based on
EN ISO 5817 EN ISO 10042 others
real size of
imperfections

Interface between EN 12062

quality levels and
acceptance levels Method Transfer
for indications Function

Technique Radiographic Ultrasonic

UT UT
Testing Pulse Echo TOFD
EN 1714 TS 14751

Characterization EN 1713

Steel: Steel:
Acceptance EN 1712 EN 15617
level

32

Film Replacement Octobre 2007

 END

33

Film Replacement Octobre 2007