INTRODUCTION

TO SURVEYING
INSTRUCTOR: CPT
DEFINITION OF SURVEYING
SURVEYING is the art of determining the positions of points on
or near the earth’s surface by means of measurements in the
three elements of space; namely distance, direction, and
elevation.
(Rayner and Schmidt)

SURVEYING is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical

distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines,
of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points
by predetermined angular and linear measurements.
(Davis, Foote, Anderson and Mikhail)
DEFINITION OF SURVEYING
SURVEYING is the art of making such measurements of the relative
positions of points on the surface of the earth that, on drawing
them to scale, natural and artificial features may be exhibited in
their correct horizontal or vertical relationship.
(Clarke)

SURVEYING is that branch of applied mathematics which teaches

the art of determining the area of any portion of the earth’s
surface, the length and directions of the boundary lines, the
contour of the surfaces, and of accurately delineating the whole
paper.
(Webster)
DEFINITION OF SURVEYING
SURVEYING is the science or art of making such
measurements as are necessary to determine the relative
position of points above, on, or beneath the surface of
the earth, or to establish such point.
(Breed, Hosmer, and Bone)

SURVEYING is the science and art of determining relative

positions of points above, on, or beneath the surface of
the earth, or establishing such points.
(Brinker and Wolf)
DEFINITION OF SURVEYING
The art and science of determining angular and
linear measurements to establish the form, extent,
and relative position of points, lines, and areas on or
near the surface of the earth or on other
extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics
and the use of specialized equipment and
techniques.
(La Putt)
GENERAL CLASSFICATION OF SURVEYS
PLANE SURVEYING
1. The earth surface is considered as
plain surface
2. Survey accuracy is low
3. Use normal instrument like, chain,
measuring tape, theodolite, etc.
4. Carried out for small area of <250km
5. The curvature of the earth is ignored
6. Economic and easy survey method
GEODETIC SURVEYING
1. The earth surface is considered as
curved survey
2. Survey accuracy is high
3. Uses more precise instruments and
modern technologies such as GPS
4. Carried out for small area of >250km
5. The curvature of the earth is taken into
account
GENERAL CLASSFICATIONS
OF SURVEYS
TYPES OF SURVEYS
CADASTRAL SURVEYS
CITY SURVEYS
CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS
FORESTRY SURVEYS
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS
INDUSTRIAL SURVEYS
MINE SURVEYS
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS
ROUTE SURVEYS
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS
TYPES OF SURVEYS

• Cadastral Surveys
Closed surveys in urban and rural locations to
determine and define property lines and
boundaries, corners, and area
TYPES OF SURVEYS

• City Surveys
Are surveys of the areas in and near a city for
the purpose of planning expansions or
improvements, locating property lines, fixing
reference monuments, determining the
physical features and configuration of the
land, and preparing maps.
TYPES OF SURVEYS

• Construction Surveys Undertaken at

construction site to provide data regarding
grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground
configuration, and the location and
elevation of structures which are of
concern to engineers, architects, and
builders
TYPES OF SURVEYS
• Forestry Surveys
Survey in connection with forest management and
mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest
lands.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
• Hydrographic Surveys
Surveys made to map shore lines, chart the shape of areas
underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
• Industrial Surveys
Use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction and
assembly of aircraft, lay-out and installation of heavy and
complex machinery, and in other industries requiring very
accurate dimension layouts.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
• Mine Surveys
Determines the position of all underground excavations and
surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining
claims, determine geological formations, to calculate
excavated volumes, and establish lines and grades for other
related mining work.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
• Photogrammetric Surveys
Survey which uses photographs taken with specially designed
cameras either from airplanes or ground stations.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
• Route Surveys
Involves the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork
quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in
connection with the planning, design, and construction of
highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and
other linear projects.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
• Topographic Surveys
Surveys to determine the shape of the ground, the location
and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.
SURVEYING MEASUREMENTS
Direct Measurement
Comparison of the measured
quantity with a standard
measuring unit (makes use of
instruments to measure the
quantity)
Indirect Measurement
Made when it is not possible
to apply a measuring
instrument directly to a
quantity.
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT
1. Linear, Area, and Volume Measurements

2. Angular Measurements • Radians - SI unit for

plane angles (the angle subtended by an arc of a
circle having a length equal to the radius of a circle).
A. Sexagesimal Units - the degree, minute, second B.
Centesimal Units - uses grads (360° = 400 grads) - the
grad is divided into 100 centesimal minutes and the
minute is divided into 100 centesimal seconds.
SURVEYING
FIELD NOTES
TYPES OF NOTES

• SKETCHES
• TABULATIONS
• EXPLANATORY NOTES
• COMPUTATIONS
• COMBINATIONS OF THE
ABOVE
INFORMATIONS
FOUND IN FIELD
NOTES
• Title of the Field Work or
Name of the Project
• Time of Day and Date
• Weather Conditions
• Names of Group Members
and their Designations
• List of Equipment
FIELD PARTY SURVEY
1. Chief of Party – the person who is responsible for the overall
direction, supervision and operational control of the survey
party. Responsible for submitting survey reports and records,
and sees to it that these are complete, accurate and adheres
to prescribed technical standards and specifications.
2. Assistant Chief of Party – the person whose duty is to assist
the chief of party in the accomplishment of the task assigned
to the survey party. Conducts ground reconnaissance and
investigates sites of a proposed project to gather necessary
data prior the employment of surveying equipment,
instruments and accessories used in the survey operation.
Prepares field and office reports and survey plans for
submission to chief of party.
FIELD PARTY SURVEY
3. Instrument Man – the person whose duty is to set up, level,
and operate surveying instruments. Sees to it that instruments
to be used are in good working condition and in proper
adjustment.
4. Technician – the person who is responsible for use and
operation of all electronic instruments required in a field work
operation. It is the duty of the technician to see to it that these
equipment are functioning properly, are regularly calibrated,
and are in proper adjustment. Responsible for the
establishment of a twoway communication link by radio
between members of the survey party and the office , and
between members of the survey party where distant stations or
long survey lines are involved.
FIELD PARTY SURVEY
5. Computer– the person whose duty is to perform all
computations of survey data and works out necessary
computational checks required in a field work operation.
6. Recorder – the person whose duty is to keep a record of all
sketches, drawings, measurements and observations taken or
needed for a field work operation.
7. Head Tapeman – the person responsible for accuracy and
speed of all linear measurements with tape. Determines and
directs the marking of stations to be occupied by instruments
and directs clearing of obstruction along the line of sight.
Responsible for eliminating or reducing possible errors and
mistakes in taping.
FIELD PARTY SURVEY
8. Rear Tape Man – the person whose duty is to assist the head
tapeman during taping operations and in other related work
9. Flag Man – the person whose duty is to hold the flagpole or
range pole at selected points as directed by the instrumentman.
Where electronic distance measuring instruments are used, he
is responsible for setting up reflectors or targets.
10.Rodman – the person who holds the stadia or leveling rod
when sights are to be taken on it.
11.Axeman/Lineman – the person whose duty is to clear the
line of sight. Responsible also for the safety and security of
members of the survey party at the survey site.
FIELD PARTY SURVEY
13.Aidman– the person whose duty is to render first
aid treatment to members of the survey party who
are involved in accidents involving their health,
safety, and well being.
14.Utilityman – the person whose duties are to
render other forms of assistance needed by the
survey party or as directed by the chief of party.
TYPES OF ERROR
1. Systematic Errors
• This type of error is one which will always
have the same sign and magnitude as long as field
conditions remain constant and unchanged.
2. Accidental Errors •
These errors are purely accidental in
character. The occurrence of such errors are matters
of chance as they are likely to be positive or negative,
and may tend in part to compensate or average out
according to laws of probability.
SOURCES OF ERRORS
1. Instrumental Errors
• Due to imperfections of the instrument used.
2. Natural Errors
• Caused by variations in the phenomena of
nature.
3. Personal Errors
• Arise from the limitations of the senses of sight,
touch and hearing of the human observer which are likely
to be erroneous or inaccurate.
PRECISION AND
ACCURACY

Precision refers to the degree of refinement

or consistency of a group of observations and
is evaluated based on discrepancy size.

Accuracy denotes the absolute nearness of

observed quantities to their true values
MOST PROBABLE VALUE, mpv
• refers to a quantity which, based on available data, has more
chance of being correct than has any other
σ 𝑥𝑛
𝑚𝑝𝑣 = 𝑥ҧ =
𝑛
STANDARD ERROR, E
σ(𝑚𝑝𝑣 − 𝑥)2 σ 𝑣2
𝐸=± =±
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
RESIDUAL, 𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑥 − 𝑚𝑝𝑣
STANDARD ERROR OF THE MEAN, Em

σ(𝑚𝑝𝑣 − 𝑥)2 𝐸
𝐸𝑚 = ± =±
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛
PROBABLE ERROR
It means that the probability of true error being less or
greater than the probable error is 50%
σ(𝑚𝑝𝑣 − 𝑥)2 σ 𝑣2
𝑃𝐸𝑠 = ±0.6745 = ±0.6745
𝑛−1 𝑛−1

σ(𝑚𝑝𝑣 − 𝑥)2 σ 𝑣2
𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.6745 = ±0.6745
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)

RELATIVE PRECISION
𝑃𝐸𝑚
𝑅𝑃 =
𝑚𝑝𝑣
ERROR OF A SUM
𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ± 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝐿1 ± 𝐸1 𝐿2 ± 𝐸2 𝐿3 ± 𝐸3

𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ± 𝐸1 2 + 𝐸2 2 + 𝐸3 2 + ⋯ + 𝐸𝑛 2

ERROR OF A PRODUCT ERROR OF A POWER

𝑒𝐴 2
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ± 𝑃( )
𝐴

𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ± (𝐴𝑥𝐸𝐵 )2 + (𝐵𝑥𝐸𝐴 )2

WEIGHTED
MEASUREMENTS
1. The weight is DIRECTLY proportional to the
NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS OR
MEASUREMENTS
2. The weight is INVERSELY proportional to the
SQUARE OF PROBABLE ERRORS
3. The weight is INVERSELY proportional to the
DISTANCE
4. The weight is INVERSELY proportional to the
NUMBER OF SET-UPS