Proceedings of the 9th Vienna International Conference on

Mathematical
Proceedings ofModelling
the 9th Vienna International Conference on
Mathematical Modelling
Proceedings
Vienna, ofModelling
the
Austria,
Mathematical 9th Vienna
February International
21-23, 2018 Conference on
Vienna, Austria, February 21-23, 2018 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Mathematical Modelling
Vienna, Austria, February 21-23, 2018
Vienna, Austria, February 21-23, 2018
ScienceDirect
IFAC PapersOnLine 51-2 (2018) 126–131
Calculation
Calculation of
of natural
natural frequencies
frequencies and
and
Calculation
damping
Calculation of
coefficients natural
of natural of frequencies
a and
multi-layered
frequencies and
damping
damping coefficients
coefficients of
of a
a multi-layered
multi-layered
composite
damping using
coefficients homogenization theory
of a multi-layered ⋆⋆
composite
composite using
using homogenization
homogenization theory
theory ⋆⋆
composite using homogenization
Alexey S. Shamaev, Vladlena V. Shumilova
theory
Alexey S. Shamaev, Vladlena V. Shumilova
Alexey S. Shamaev, Vladlena V. Shumilova
Ishlinsky Alexey for
Institute S. Shamaev, inVladlena
Problems in MechanicsV.of Shumilova
the Russian
Russian Academy
Academy
Ishlinsky Institute for Problems Mechanics of the
of
Ishlinsky Sciences,
Institute
of Institute Moscow,
for
Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Problems in
Russia (e-mail:
Mechanics sham@rambler.ru,
of the Russian
(e-mail: sham@rambler.ru,Academy
Ishlinsky
of Sciences,for Problems in Mechanics
v.v.shumilova@mail.ru)
Moscow, Russia of the Russian Academy
(e-mail: sham@rambler.ru,
v.v.shumilova@mail.ru)
of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (e-mail: sham@rambler.ru,
v.v.shumilova@mail.ru)
v.v.shumilova@mail.ru)
Abstract:
Abstract:
In
In this
this paper
Abstract: paper a a mathematical
mathematical model model thatthat describes
describes one-dimensional
one-dimensional vibrations
vibrations of of aa multi-layered
multi-layered
Abstract:
composite with periodic structure is considered. It is supposed that the composite consists
In this
composite
Inlarge
paper
this paper witha mathematical
periodic
a mathematical
model
structure
model
that
is describes
considered.
that describes Itone-dimensional
is supposed
one-dimensional that vibrations
the
vibrationscomposite consists of
of a multi-layered
of a multi-layered of
aacomposite number
large number with of
of alternating
periodic structure
alternating layers is of
layersis of an isotropic
considered.
an isotropic It elastic
is material
supposed
elastic that
material and
the
and an isotropic
composite
an non-aging
isotropic consists
non-aging of
composite
viscoelastic
a large number with periodic
material with
of alternatingstructure
long-term considered.
layers memory,
of an isotropic for It is
which supposed
the
elastic that
regular
material the
part
and of composite
anthe shear
isotropic consists
relaxation
non-aging of
viscoelastic
a large number material
of with
alternating long-term
layers memory,
of an for
isotropic which the
elastic regular
material part
and of
an the shear
isotropic relaxation
non-aging
kernel is
is approximated
viscoelastic
kernel material with
approximated by one
one exponential
bylong-term memory,
exponential function.
for which
function. In addition,
In the regularvibrations
addition, part of the are assumed
areshear to
to be
relaxation
viscoelastic
perpendicular
kernel is material
to
approximatedthe with
layers.
by long-term
oneThe memory,
homogenized
exponential formodel
function.which In the regularvibrations
corresponding
addition, part
to
vibrations of the
the
assumed
shear
original
are relaxation
composite
assumed
be
to be
perpendicular
kernel is to
approximatedthe layers.
byItone The homogenized
exponential model
function. corresponding
Incorresponding
addition, to
vibrations the original
are composite
assumed to be
model is
is also
perpendicular
model also considered.
to the layers.
considered. It is
isTheproved that
that natural
homogenized
proved naturalmodel frequencies
frequencies and
and damping coefficients
to the original
damping coefficients of
of the
composite the
perpendicular
multi-layered
model is also to the layers.
composite
considered. It The
(respectively,
is homogenized
proved homogenized
that naturalmodel corresponding
material)
frequencies are
and to the original
determined
damping by using
coefficientscomposite
non-real
of the
multi-layered composite
modelofis transcendental
also composite (respectively,
considered.(respectively,
It is proved cubic) homogenized
that natural material)
frequencies are
and determined
damping by using
coefficients non-real
of the
roots
multi-layered
roots of transcendental (respectively, homogenizedequations. Moreover,
material) are it is
determinedproposed by that
using non-real
multi-layered
roots of
of the composite (respectively,
cubic (respectively, cubic)
homogenizedequations. Moreover,
material) are for it is proposed
determined that non-real
by using non-real
roots
roots of
of the cubic equations
transcendental
equations
transcendental
can
can be be used
(respectively,
(respectively, used as
as initial
cubic)
cubic) initial approximations
equations. Moreover,
approximations
equations. Moreover,
it solving
for
it
is proposed
solving
is
the
the transcendental
proposed
that non-real
transcendental
that non-real
equations
roots of thenumerically.
equations cubic equations
numerically. The
The can accuracy
be usedof
accuracy ofas these
initialapproximations
these approximationsis
approximations isforinvestigated by
by calculating
solving the transcendental
investigated calculating
roots
the of the
natural cubic equations
frequencies and canthe be used as initial approximations for solving the transcendental
equations
the naturalnumerically.
equations frequencies The
numerically. The the damping
and accuracy
accuracydamping coefficients
of these
coefficients
of these
of
of multi-layered
approximations
approximations multi-layered composites
is investigated
composites
is investigated
with
with given
by calculating
given
by calculating
numerical
the natural
numerical characteristics.
frequencies
characteristics. and the damping coefficients of multi-layered composites with given
the naturalcharacteristics.
numerical frequencies and the damping coefficients of multi-layered composites with given
© 2018, IFAC
numerical (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
characteristics.
Keywords:
Keywords: Multi-layered composite,
Multi-layered composite, homogenized
homogenized model, model, natural
natural frequency,
frequency, damping
damping
coefficient.
Keywords:
coefficient. Multi-layered composite, homogenized model, natural frequency, damping
Keywords:
coefficient. Multi-layered composite, homogenized model, natural frequency, damping
coefficient.1.
1. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION example,
example, Christensen
Christensen (1979), (1979), Bakhvalov
Bakhvalov and and Panasenko
Panasenko
1. INTRODUCTION (1984),
example,
(1984), Pobedrya
Christensen
Pobedrya (1984),
(1984), Oleinik
(1979),
Oleinik et
Bakhvalov
et al.
al. (1992), Hornung
and Panasenko
(1992), Hornung
The dynamic 1. INTRODUCTION
processes in multi-layered composite ma- example,
(1997),
(1984), Christensen
Patrı́cio
Pobedrya et al.
(1984),(1979),
(2008),
OleinikBakhvalov
Nemat-Nasser
et al. and et
(1992), Panasenko
al. (2011).
Hornung
The dynamic processes in multi-layered composite ma- (1997), (1984), Patrı́cio
Pobedrya et al. (2008),
(1984), Nemat-Nasser
Oleinik et consist
al. (1992),et al. (2011).
Hornung
terials
The with
dynamic periodic
processes structure
in are usually
multi-layered described
composite by
ma- For
(1997),
For layered
layered mixed
Patrı́cio
mixedet composites
al. (2008),
composites that
Nemat-Nasser
that consist of
et
of elastic
al. and
(2011).
elastic and
terials with
The dynamic periodic
processes structure are
in multi-layered usually described
composite by
ma- (1997), Patrı́cio et al. (2008), Nemat-Nasser et al. (2011).
initial-boundary
terials with value
periodic problems
structure for
are differential
usually or integro-
described by viscoelastic
For layered
viscoelastic materials,
mixed
materials, the
composites homogenized
that
the homogenized consistmodels
of
models were
elastic
were andde-
de-
initial-boundary
terials with valuestructure
periodic problems are for differential
usually or integro-
described by For layered mixed composites that consist of elastic and
differential equations
initial-boundary value with periodic
problems for and rapidly
differential oscillating
or integro- rived
rived by
viscoelastic
by Shamaev
materials,
Shamaev and
and Shumilova
the (2012,
homogenized
Shumilova (2012, 2013).
models
2013). were de-
differential equations
initial-boundary value with periodic
problems and
for and rapidly
differential oscillating
or integro- viscoelastic materials, the homogenized models were de-
(with respect
differential
(with to
equations
respect the
to thewith spatial
with variables)
periodic
spatial variables) coefficients
rapidly oscillating
coefficients and
and In rived by Shamaev and Shumilova (2012, 2013).
differential
kernels. The equations periodic and rapidly oscillating In the
rived
theby present
Shamaev
present paper
paperand we study
study dynamic
we Shumilova (2012,
dynamic characteristics
2013).
characteristics such
such
(with
kernels.
(with The latter
respect
respect
to the
latter
to
circumstance
the
spatial
circumstance
spatial
leads
leads to
variables)
variables) to the fact
fact that
coefficients
the
coefficients that andthe
the In
and as natural
the presentfrequencies
paper we and
studydamping
dynamic coefficients of
characteristics a multi-
such
direct
kernels. numerical
The latter solution of
circumstance the above
leads toproblems
the fact is
that often
the as
In natural
the presentfrequencies
paper and
weandstudydamping
dynamic coefficients of
characteristics a multi-
such
direct
kernels. numerical
The latter solution of the leads
circumstance abovetoproblems
the fact is often
that the layered
as natural mixed composite.
frequencies To do
damping this, we need
coefficients to formulate
of a multi-
rather
direct
rather difficult.
numerical
difficult. In
In this
solution
this regard,
regard, it
of the
it is
is advisable
above
advisable to
problems
to find
find often layered
ishomo-
homo- as
a natural
spectral
mixed composite.
frequencies
problem whose
To do this,coefficients
andeigenvalues
damping we need toofformulate
represent a a multi-
spectrum
direct numerical layered mixed composite. To do this, we need to formulate
geneous
rather
geneous materials
difficult.
materials Insolution
whose
this
whose
of the
dynamic
regard,
dynamicit isabove
behavior
advisable
behavior
problems
is
isto findishomo-
close
close
often a spectral problem whose eigenvalues represent a spectrum
to
to the
the layered mixed composite. To composite.
do this, we need toa formulate
rather
dynamic difficult.
behavior In this
of theregard,
originalit is advisable
composites. to
Thefind homo-
dynamic aof
of natural
spectral vibrations
natural problem
vibrations whoseof
of the
eigenvalues
the composite. We
We establish
represent establish that
spectrum
that
geneous
dynamic materials
behavior of whose dynamic
the original behavior
composites. is close
The to
dynamic the a spectral
the problem
eigenvalues are whose
formed eigenvalues
by the represent
union of a spectrum
roots of M
geneous
processes materials
in such whose
homogeneous dynamic behavior
materials are is close
described to the
by of
thenatural vibrations
eigenvalues are of the
formed composite.
by the unionWe establish
of roots ofthat
M
dynamic
processes behavior of
in such homogeneousthe original composites.
materials The
are The dynamic
described by of natural
transcendental vibrations
equations, of thewhere
composite.
M is We
the establish
total that
number
dynamic behavior
initial-boundary of
value the original
problems composites.
for differential or dynamic
integro- the eigenvalues
transcendental are formed
equations, by
where the union
M union of
is theoftotalroots of
number M
processes in
initial-boundary such homogeneous
value materials
problemsmaterials are
for differential described
or integro- by the
of eigenvalues
elastic layers. are formed
These by
equations the cannot be roots
solvedof M
by
processes
differential in such
equations homogeneous
with coefficients andare described
kernels whichby transcendental
of elastic layers.equations,
These where
equations M is the
cannot total
be number
solved by
initial-boundary
differential equations value problems
with for
coefficients differential
and or
kernels integro-
which transcendental
direct analytical equations,
methods. where
On the M is
other the
hand, total number
eigenvalues
initial-boundary
are not depend onvalue
the problems
spatial for differential
variables. These or
new integro-
initial- of elastic
direct layers.
analytical These
methods. equations
On the cannot
other hand, be solved
eigenvalues by
differential
are not dependequationson the withspatialcoefficients
variables. and These kernels which of
new initial- of elastic
the layers.methods.
corresponding These equations
homogenized cannot
spectral be solved are
problem by
differential
boundary equations
value with coefficients and kernels which direct
of analytical
the analytical
corresponding On
homogenized the other hand,
spectral eigenvalues
problem are
are not depend
boundary value onproblems
the spatial
problems are
are called
variables.
called homogenized
These new initial-
homogenized prob-
prob- direct
the union of rootsmethods.
of On
cubic the other
equations. hand,
This eigenvalues
allows us
are not depend onproblems
the spatial of
thethe corresponding
of roots ofhomogenized spectral problem
allows are
lems
lems while
boundary
while the
value
the aforementioned
aforementioned arevariables.
homogeneous
homogeneous
Thesematerials
called homogenized new initial-
materials are
prob-
are of
to the
use
union
corresponding
them as convenient
cubic equations.
homogenized
initial spectralThis
approximations problem to
us
are
the
boundary
called value
homogenized problems
or are homogeneous
effective called
materials.homogenized prob- the
to useunion of roots
themof asroots of
convenient cubic equations.
initial This
approximations allows
to theus
lems
called while the
homogenized aforementioned
or effective materials. materials are the union
eigenvalues of the of
original cubic equations.
spectral problem. This allows us
lems while the aforementioned homogeneous to use them as convenient
materials are eigenvalues of the original spectral problem. initial approximations to the
called
The homogenized or effective materials. to use them as convenient initial approximations to the
calledmost
The common
commonormulti-layered
homogenized
most effective materials.
multi-layered composites
composites are are two-two- eigenvalues
The of the originalasspectral problem.
component
The most composites
common consisting
multi-layered of alternating
composites layers
are two- of The paper
eigenvalues
paper of is organized
is the follows.
originalasspectral
organized In
In Section
follows.problem. Section 22 we we in-
in-
component
The most composites
common consisting
multi-layered of alternating
composites layers
are two- of troduce
The paper initial-boundary
is organized value
as problems
follows. In which
Section 2describe
we in-
two different
component isotropic elastic or viscoelastic materials. In troduce initial-boundary value problems which describe
two differentcomposites consisting
isotropic elastic of alternating
or viscoelastic layers In
materials. of The paper
one-dimensional is organized
vibrations as follows.
of In Section 2describe
we in-
component
this
two case,
differentif composites
both
isotropic consisting
components
elastic or areof elastic
alternating
viscoelastic layers In
(respectively,
materials. of troduce
troduce
initial-boundary
one-dimensional vibrations
initial-boundary of an
value
value an original
problems
originalwhich
problems
multi-layered
multi-layered
which describe
this case, if both components are elastic (respectively, composite and a corresponding homogenized material.
two different
viscoelastic)
this isotropic
case, if materials, elastic
both components then or are
such viscoelastic
a composite materials.
is
elastic (respectively, usually In one-dimensional
one-dimensional
vibrations of an
composite and a corresponding
vibrations homogenized
of original
an original material. In
original multi-layered
multi-layered In
viscoelastic)
this case, materials,
if materials,
both components then such a composite
area composite
elastic is usually
(respectively, Sections
composite 3 and
and a4 we formulate
corresponding homogenizedand homogenized
material. In
called elastic
viscoelastic) (respectively, thenviscoelastic).
such The homogenized
is usually Sections
composite 3 and
and a4 corresponding
we formulate original homogenizedand homogenized
material. In
called elastic materials,
(respectively, viscoelastic). The homogenized spectral
Sections problems
3 and 4 we and determine natural frequencies and
viscoelastic)
models
called for layered
elastic elastic
(respectively, then
and such a composite
viscoelastic
viscoelastic). composites
The is usually
homogenized have spectral
Sections problems
3 and 4 andformulate
we determine
formulate
original
naturaland
original and
homogenized
frequencies
homogenized and
models for layered elastic and viscoelastic composites have damping coefficients andof the
calledstudied
been elastic (respectively,
in viscoelastic). The homogenized spectral
dampingproblemscoefficients andof the composite
determine naturaland
composite and the
the homoge-
frequencies and
homoge-
models
been
models studied
for in numerous
for layered
layered
elastic and
numerous
elastic
papers
papers
and
and
and monographs;
viscoelastic
viscoelastic
composites
monographs;
composites
see,
see, for
have
for spectral
have nized
damping problems
material.
coefficientsFinally, ofdetermine
in
the Sectionnatural
composite 5, we
andfrequencies
present
the and
some
homoge-
been studied in numerous papers and monographs; see, for damping nized material.coefficientsFinally, in Section
of the composite 5, and
we present
the homoge-some
⋆
been numerical
nized examples
material. which
Finally, inillustrate
Section the
5, theoretical
we present results
some
Thisstudied
work wasinsupported
numerous papers andScience
monographs; see, for numerical examples which illustrate the theoretical results
⋆ This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation under
by the Russian Foundation under nized
obtained material.
in the Finally, inillustrate
Section the 5, theoretical
we presentresults some
⋆
grant
This16-11-10343.
grant work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation under
16-11-10343.
⋆ This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation under
numerical
obtained
numerical the previous
inexamples
examples
whichsections.
previous
which sections.
illustrate the theoretical results
grant 16-11-10343. obtained in the previous sections.
grant 16-11-10343. obtained in the previous sections.
Copyright © 2018 IFAC 1
Copyright
2405-8963 ©© 2018,
2018 IFAC
IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) 1 Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Copyright
Peer review© 2018
under IFAC
responsibility of International Federation of 1 Control.
Automatic
Copyright © 2018 IFAC 1
10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.03.022
Proceedings of the 9th MATHMOD
Vienna, Austria, February 21-23, 2018 Alexey S. Shamaev et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 51-2 (2018) 126–131 127

2. ORIGINAL AND HOMOGENIZED MODELS OF where the square brackets [·]1n and [·]2m indicate the jump
A MULTI-LAYERED COMPOSITE in the enclosed quantities across the boundaries x = ξ1ε
(n)

(m)
Consider a domain Ω = (0, L)3 occupied by alternating and x = ξ2ε , respectively.
layers of an isotropic elastic material and an isotropic Finally, the problem is supplemented by homogeneous
non-aging viscoelastic material with long-term memory. initial and Dirichlet boundary conditions:
Let 2M be the total number of all elastic and viscoelastic uε (0, t) = uε (L, t) = 0, t > 0,
layers, ε be the total thickness of any two adjacent layers, ∂uε (3)
0 < ε ≪ L, and ε1 (respectively, ε2 ) be the thickness of uε (x, 0) = (x, 0) = 0, x ∈ (0, L).
every elastic (respectively, viscoelastic) layer. Note that ∂t
L = εM and ε1 + ε2 = ε. Assume additionally that all The homogenized model that corresponds to the original
layers are parallel to the plane Oyz. Denote the union model (1)-(3) and which is constructed for ε → 0 describes
of all elastic (respectively, viscoelastic) layers by Ω1ε one-dimensional vibrations of a homogeneous non-aging
(respectively, Ω2ε ). Obviously, Ω = Ω1ε ∪ Ω2ε ∪ Γε , where viscoelastic material with long-term memory (see Shamaev
Γε = ∂Ω1ε ∩ ∂Ω2ε are the interfaces of layers. Without loss and Shumilova (2012) or Shumilova (2015)). Namely, this
of generality, we can assume that model consists of the single integro-differential equation
M
∪ ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
Ωsε = Lsε × (0, L)2 , Lsε = L(m)
sε , s = 1, 2,
ρ 2 = α 2 − qe−ξt ∗ + f (x, t), x ∈ (0, L) (4)
∂t ∂x ∂x2
m=1
( ) ( )
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m+1) and homogeneous initial and Dirichlet boundary condi-
L1ε = ξ1ε , ξ2ε , L2ε = ξ2ε , ξ1ε ,
tions
(m)
ξ1ε = (m − 1)ε,
(m)
ξ2ε = mε − ε2 . u(0, t) = u(L, t) = 0, t > 0,
∂u (5)
u(x, 0) = (x, 0) = 0, x ∈ (0, L),
Throughout this paper we use the following notation and ∂t
conventions. Let Uε (x, y, z, t) be the displacement vector,
f (x, y, z, t) be the force vector, ρs be the composite density where ρ, α, q, ξ are the constants defined by
in Ωsε , and λs and µs be the Lamé constants in Ωsε . In εs
ρ = ρ1 h1 + ρ2 h2 , hs = , s = 1, 2,
addition, let G(t) and G1 (t) be the regular parts of the ε
shear and bulk relaxation kernels in Ω2ε (see Il’yushin and A1 a2 2A21 vh2
Pobedrya (1970) or Shamaev and Shumilova (2012)), and α= , q= ,
A1 h2 + a2 h1 3(A1 h2 + a2 h1 )2
G(t) = v exp(−γt), G1 (t) = 0, 2vh1
ξ=γ− .
v > 0, γ > 0, v ≤ 2γµ2 . 3(A1 h2 + a2 h1 )
Further, let the symbol (∗) denotes the operation of 3. ORIGINAL SPECTRAL PROBLEM
convolution with respect to the time variable t.
We now turn to the formulation of mathematical model In the sequel, we set f (x, t) ≡ 0 and consider only
of one-dimensional vibrations along the axis Ox of the natural vibrations of the composite. In order to describe
layered composite under consideration. Since the displace- natural frequencies of the composite, we apply the Laplace
ment vector and the force vector corresponding to such transform uε (x, t) → uελ (x) to problem (1)-(3). It follows
vibrations have the form that the function uελ satisfies the ordinary differential
Uε (x, y, z, t) = (uε (x, t), 0, 0), equations
f (x, y, z, t) = (f (x, t), 0, 0), ∂σλε
ρs λ2 uελ = , x ∈ Lsε , s = 1, 2 (6)
∂x
this model consists of the following partial differential and
integro-differential equations (for details see Shamaev and and the conditions
Shumilova (2012) or Shumilova (2015)): [uελ ]1n = 0, [σλε ]1n = 0 n = 2, ..., M,
(7)
2 ε
∂ u ∂σ ε [uελ ]2m = 0, [σλε ]2m = 0, m = 1, ..., M,
ρs 2 = + f (x, t), x ∈ Lsε , s = 1, 2, (1) uελ (0) = uελ (L) = 0, (8)
∂t ∂x
where σ ε (x, t) is the stress and where σλε is defined by
∂uε ∂uελ
σ ε = A1 , x ∈ L1ε , σλε = A1 , x ∈ L1ε ,
∂x ∂x
ε
∂u 2 ∂uε ∂u ε
σ ε = a2 − G(t) ∗ , x ∈ L2ε , σλε = A2λ λ , x ∈ L2ε ,
∂x 3 ∂x ∂x
A1 = λ1 + 2µ1 , a2 = λ2 + 2µ2 . 2v
A2λ = a2 − .
3(λ + γ)
Besides, at the interface between elastic and viscoelastic
layers the conditions of continuity of displacement and Taking λ for a spectral parameter, by the spectrum of
stress are imposed: natural vibrations of the composite we mean the set of all
[uε ]1n = 0, [σ ε ]1n = 0, n = 2, ..., M, complex numbers λ for which the spectral problem (6)-(8)
(2) has nontrivial solutions, i.e., Sε = {λ ∈ C : uελ (x) ̸≡ 0}.
[uε ]2m = 0, [σ ε ]2m = 0, m = 1, ..., M,

2
Proceedings of the 9th MATHMOD
128
Vienna, Austria, February 21-23, 2018 Alexey S. Shamaev et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 51-2 (2018) 126–131

Note that the positive imaginary parts of nonreal numbers 1

λ ∈ Sε represent the natural frequencies while their real (Wλε )12 = √ (1 + Kλ ) (−1 + exp(2K1λ ε
+ 2K2λ ε
))
λ ρ1 A1
parts, taken with opposite sign, represent the damping 1 ε ε
coefficients of the layered composite. + √ (1 − Kλ ) (exp(2K1λ ) − exp(2K2λ )) ,
λ ρ1 A1
( )
Our aim now is to find the elements of the set Sε . To do √ 1
this, fix a nonnegative integer m < M and consider the (Wλε )21 = λ ρ1 A1 1 + (−1 + exp(2K1λ ε
+ 2K2λ ε
))
( K λ)
equations √ 1 ε ε
+λ ρ1 A1 1 − (exp(2K1λ ) − exp(2K2λ )) ,
∂σλε Kλ
ρs λ2 uελ = , x ∈ L(m)
sε , s = 1, 2. ( )
∂x 1
(Wλε )22 = 1 + (1 + exp(2K1λ ε
+ 2K2λ ε
))
It is easy to check that these equations have the following ( K)λ
solutions: 1 ε ε
[ ( )] + 1− (exp(2K1λ ) + exp(2K2λ )) ,
uελ (x) = Csε
1m
(λ) exp −Ksλ x − ξsε(m) Kλ
[ ( )] (9)
2m
+Csε (λ) exp Ksλ x − ξsε(m)
, where we have introduced the
√ notation
ρ1 A1
x ∈ L(m)
sε , s = 1, 2, Kλ = .
ρ2 A2λ
where we denote
√ √ Now, using the periodicity condition in x, one can easily
ρ1 ρ2 show( that )
K1λ = λ ,
K2λ = λ , ( ε )
A1 A2λ uελ (L) uλ (0) M
ε
( ) = Pλ , Pλε = (Cλε Wλε ) . (10)
1
(m)
qsε (λ) σλε (L) σλε (0)
1m
Csε (λ) = p(m)
sε (λ) − √ ,
2 λ ρs As By using (8), equality (10) can be rewritten as
( ) ( ) ( )
(m) 0 0
2m 1 (m) qsε (λ) = P ε
.
Csε (λ) = psε (λ) + √ , σλε (L) λ σλε (0)
2 λ ρs As
p(m) ε (m) (m) ε (m) This means that λ ∈ Sε if λ is the root of the equation
sε (λ) = uλ (ξsε + 0), qsε (λ) = σλ (ξsε + 0).
(Pλε )12 = 0. (11)
From (9) it follows that
( ) ( ) Calculations show that
(m) (m)
uελ (ξ2ε − 0) 1 ε ε p1ε (λ) (Pλε )12 = Cλε (Wλε )12
(m) = exp(−K1λ )W1λ (m) ,
σλε (ξ2ε − 0) 2 q1ε (λ) K
∑ j−1 ε M +1−2j
( ) ( ) · (−1)j−1 CM ε
−j (Cλ tr Wλ ) ,
(m+1) (m)
uελ (ξ1ε − 0) 1 ε ε p2ε (λ) j=1
(m+1) = exp(−K2λ )W2λ (m) , ]
[
σλε (ξ1ε − 0) 2 q2ε (λ) M +1
ε
K= , tr Wλε = (Wλε )11 + (Wλε )22 ,
Ksλ = εs Ksλ , s = 1, 2, 2
ε ε j−1
where the elements (Wsλ )ij of the square matrices Wsλ are where CM −j are the binomial coefficients and the square
given by the formulas brackets [·] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal
ε
(Wsλ )11 = (Wsλ ε
)22 = (1 + exp(2Ksλ ε
)) , s = 1, 2, to the number enclosed in the brackets (Shamaev and
1 Shumilova (2016)).
ε ε
(W1λ )12 = √ (−1 + exp(2K1λ )) ,
λ ρ1 A1 We see that equation (11) can be decomposed into the two
1 independent equations
ε ε
(W2λ )12 = √ (−1 + exp(2K2λ )) , (Wλε )12 = 0 (12)
λ ρ2 A2λ
ε
√ ε
(W1λ )21 = λ ρ1 A1 (−1 + exp(2K1λ )) , and
ε
√ ε
K
∑
(W2λ )21 = λ ρ2 A2λ (−1 + exp(2K2λ )) . j−1
(−1)j−1 CM ε ε M +1−2j
−j (Cλ tr Wλ ) = 0.
j=1
Using conditions (7) on the boundaries of layers, we obtain
( ) ( )
(m+1)
uελ (ξ1ε + 0)
(m)
uελ (ξ1ε + 0) We next claim that the last equation, in turn, can be
ε ε
(m+1) = Cλ Wλ (m) , decomposed into M − 1 independent equations
σλε (ξ1ε + 0) σλε (ξ1ε + 0)
πk
1 Cλε tr Wλε = 2 cos , k = 1, ..., M − 1. (13)
Cλε = ε
exp(−K1λ ε
− K2λ ), Wλε = W2λ
ε ε
W1λ . M
4
Indeed, substituting l = j − 1, n = M − 1, and b = πk/M
ε ε
Multiplying the matrix W2λ by the matrix W1λ , we com- into the identity (see Gould (1972))
pute [n/2]
∑ sin(n + 1)b
(Wλε )11 = (1 + Kλ ) (1 + exp(2K1λ
ε
+ 2K2λε
)) (−1)l Cn−l
l
(2 cos b)n−2l =
ε ε
+(1 − Kλ ) (exp(2K1λ ) + exp(2K2λ )) , sin b
l=0

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gives In order to get a more precise information about the

K
∑ elements of the set S, denote by z1 and z2 the roots of
j−1 sin πk the equation
(−1)j−1 CM ε ε M +1−2j
−j (Cλ tr Wλ ) = = 0, ( )
j=1
sin(πk/M ) α3 2 2 2 2 1 1 ξ3
z + α ξ − αξq + q 2 z + (αξ − q) = 0.
k = 1, ..., M − 1, 27 27 3 4 27

and so (13) is proved. It is easy to check that if (8/9)αξ < q < αξ, then z1 > 0
and z2 > 0. In this case, introduce the notation
From (12) and (13) it follows that the set of eigenvalues { }
of the spectral problem (6)-(8) is the union of all non-zero L√
k1 = min k : k ∈ N, k ≥ ρz1 ,
roots of the following M transcendental equations: { π }
ε ε L√
(1 + Kλ ) (−1 + exp(2K1λ + 2K2λ )) k2 = max k : k ∈ N ∪ {0}, k ≤ ρz2 ,
ε ε
π
+(1 − Kλ ) (exp(2K1λ ) − exp(2K2λ )) = 0, (14)
( −1
) ε ε ε ε where, for the sake of definiteness, we assume that z1 < z2 .
2 + Kλ + Kλ (exp(−K1λ − K2λ ) + exp(K1λ + K2λ ))
( ) In addition, if q = (8/9)αξ, then we set
+ 2 − Kλ − Kλ−1 (exp(K1λ ε ε
− K2λ ε
) + exp(K2λ ε
− K1λ )) √
πk 3qL 3ρ
= 8 cos , k = 1, ..., M − 1. (15) k0 = .
M 8πα α

It is quite easy to see that equations (14) and (15) cannot Below we will consider two cases:
be solved by direct analytical methods. Therefore, we need (i) the sequences {λ2k }∞ ∞
k=1 and {λ3k }k=1 contain only
to resort to using numerical methods for solving these nonreal elements,
equations. As a result, we have to find sufficiently accurate (ii) the sequences {λ2k }∞ ∞
k=1 and {λ3k }k=1 contain a finite
initial approximations for their roots. This topic will be number of nonreal elements.
discussed in the following sections.
Case (i) occurs if one of the following conditions is satisfied:
4. HOMOGENIZED SPECTRAL PROBLEM 1) q < (8/9)αξ,
2) q = (8/9)αξ and k0 ∈
/ N,
Apply the Laplace transform u(x, t) → uλ (x) to problem 3) (8/9)αξ < q < αξ and k1 = k2 + 1.
(4), (5) (recall that f (x, t) ≡ 0). As a result, we obtain
( ) 2 Denote by ck the real part and by ωk the imaginary part of
q ∂ uλ λ2k . Without loss of generality, we can assume that ωk > 0.
ρλ2 uλ = α − , x ∈ (0, L), (16)
λ + ξ ∂x2 We have
uλ (0) = uλ (L) = 0. (17) λ2k = ck + iωk , λ3k = ck − iωk .

By definition, the spectrum of natural vibrations of the Recall that ck < 0 for all k ∈ N. Moreover, we have the
homogenized material is the set S = {λ ∈ C : uλ (x) ̸≡ 0}. following estimates for λ1k and ck (see Vlasov et al. (2010)
It was shown by Shamaev and Shumilova (2012) that the and Shumilova (2014)):
set S has the following structure: q
−ξ < λ1k < −ξ + ,
S = {λ1k }∞ ∞ ∞ α
k=1 ∪ {λ2k }k=1 ∪ {λ3k }k=1 ,
q
λ1k ∈ R, λ2k,3k ∈ C, − < ck < 0, k = 1, 2, ...
2α
where the eigenvalues λ1k , λ2k , and λ3k are the roots of The asymptotic behavior of the eigenvalues λ1k , λ2k , and
the cubic equations λ3k is described by relations
( )
απ 2 k 2 π2 k2 q 1
λ3 + ξλ2 + λ + (αξ − q) = 0. (18) λ1k = −ξ + + O , k → ∞,
ρL2 ρL2 α k2
( )
Note that the positive imaginary parts of nonreal roots q 1
ck = − +O , k → ∞,
of equations (18) represent the natural frequencies while 2α k2
their real parts, taken with opposite sign, represent the √
ωk π α
damping coefficients of the homogenized material. lim = .
k→∞ k L ρ
For any fixed k ∈ N equation (18) has either three real
roots either one real root and two complex conjugate Case (ii) occurs if one of the following conditions is
roots. It is important to note that there exists at most a satisfies:
finite number of equations (18) with three real roots (see
1) q = (8/9)αξ and k0 ∈ N,
Shumilova (2014)). This means that the set Sε contains
2) (8/9)αξ < q < αξ and k2 ≥ k1 .
infinitely many nonreal eigenvalues. Also, one can easily
calculate that αξ − q > 0. Moreover, using the Hurwitz If the first (respectively, second) condition holds then
stability criterion, we conclude that equations (18) do not λ2k,3k ∈ R for k = k0 (respectively, k = k1 , ..., k2 ) and
have roots with nonnegative real parts. λ2k,3k ∈ C \ R for all others numbers k ∈ N. Thus, in

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130
Vienna, Austria, February 21-23, 2018 Alexey S. Shamaev et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 51-2 (2018) 126–131

both cases the sequences {λ2k }∞ ∞

k=1 and {λ3k }k=1 contain Table 2. Damping factors for the homogenized
a finite number of real elements and an infinite number of and composite materials (M = 10)
nonreal elements.
(10) (10) (10)
dk dk ∆dk δdk
To complete the description of the eigenvalues of problem (s−1 ) (s−1 ) (s−1 ) (%)
(6), (7), it remains to note that if λ2k and λ3k are nonreal
k=1 72.7643 72.8000 0.0357 0.049
then λ1k , λ2k = ck + iωk , and λ3k = ck − iωk satisfy the k=2 72.7749 72.9188 0.1439 0.197
same estimates and asymptotic relations as above while if k=3 72.7769 73.1028 0.3259 0.446
they are real then k=4 72.7775 73.3614 0.5839 0.796
q k=5 72.7779 73.6947 0.9168 1.244
−ξ < λik < −ξ + , i = 1, 2, 3.
α
We now consider the numbers ck + iωk as the initial
Recall that dk = −ck and ωk represent the damping approximations to the roots of equations (14) and (15).
coefficients and the natural frequencies, respectively, of the Let Ek be ellipses whose centers are at the points (ck , ωk )
homogeneous viscoelastic material whose vibrations are in the complex plane and whose major axes are vertical.
described by the integro-differential equation (4). Since the Denote by Ck and Dk the lengths of their minor and
vibration behavior of this material is close to the vibration major semiaxes, respectively. Numerical studies based on
behavior of the original composite, we can use dk and ωk the well-known argument principle shows that if we choose
to approximate the damping coefficients and the natural
frequencies of the composite. In the next section we will C1 = 0.2 s−1 , C2 = 0.5 s−1 , C3 = 1 s−1 ,
explore numerically the accuracy of these approximations.
C4 = 1.5 s−1 , C5 = 2.5 s−1 ,
5. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES D1 = 35 s−1 , D2 = 260 s−1 , D3 = 910 s−1 ,
D4 = 2300 s−1 , D5 = 4800 s−1 ,
Consider a composite with the following numerical char-
acteristics: M = 10, L = 0.14 m, ε = 0.014 m, ε1 = (10)
ε2 = 0.007 m, ρ1 = 5500 kg/m3 , ρ2 = 2500 kg/m3 , λ1 = then the k-th equation (15) has exactly one root ck +
(10)
9.8 GPa, µ1 = 8.5 GPa, λ2 = 0.55 GPa, µ2 = 0.38 GPa, iωk lying inside the ellipse Ek . Next, shifting the centers
v = 300 GPa · s−1 , and γ = 400 s−1 . Note that since of ellipses Ek and reducing the lengths of their semiaxes,
M = 10, the composite consists of 10 elastic and 10 we can compute the numerical values of ck
(10) (10)
and ωk
viscoelastic layers. with any degree of accuracy. The numerical values of
(10) (10)
According to the above formulas, the homogenized model the natural frequencies ω1 ,..., ω5 and the damping
of composite (4), (5) describes homogeneous viscoelastic (10) (10) (10) (10)
coefficients d1 = −c1 , ..., d5 = −c5 with accuracy
material for which ρ = 4000 kg/m3 , α = 2.4979 GPa, q = up to 0.1 s−1 and 0.0001 s−1 , respectively, are given in
363.59 GPa · s−1 , and ξ = 392.8851 s−1 . Since q < (8/9)αξ, Tables 1 and 2. These tables also provide the absolute
equation (18) has one real root λ1k and two nonreal roots and relative errors
ck ± ωk i for every fixed k ∈ N. The asymptotic behavior (10)
of λ1k , ck , and ωk is as follows: (10) (10) (10) |ωk − ωk |
∆ωk = |ωk − ωk |, δωk = (10)
,
lim λ1k = −247.3282 s−1 , ωk
k→∞
ωk |dk − dk
(10)
|
lim ck = −72.7784 s−1 , lim = 17732.9 s−1 . ∆dk
(10)
= |dk − dk
(10)
|, δdk
(10)
=
k→∞ k→∞ k (10)
dk
We will restrict ourselves to finding the first five natural
(10) (10) of the approximations ωk and dk .
frequencies ω1 , ..., ω5 and the first five damping
(10) (10)
coefficients d1 , ..., d5 of the original composite. To do It is of interest to study the influence of the number of
this, we solve equations (18) for k = 1, 2, ..., 5 and find the the composite layers on the accuracy of the homogenized
first five nonreal roots c1 + iω1 , ..., c5 + iω5 . The numerical model. To this end, consider two composites which differ
values of the natural frequencies ω1 ,..., ω5 and the from the previous composite only in the number of elastic
damping coefficients d1 , ..., d5 of the homogenized material and viscoelastic layers; i.e., we set M = 14 for the first
with accuracy up to 0.1 s−1 and 0.0001 s−1 , respectively, composite (then we have ε = 0.01 m) and M = 28 for
are given in Tables 1 and 2. the second composite (then we have ε = 0.005 m). Using
Table 1. Natural frequencies for the homoge- initial approximations ck and ωk and arguing similarly as
(M ) (M )
nized and composite materials (M = 10) before, we can compute the roots ck +iωk of equations
(15) with any degree of accuracy. The numerical values of
(10) (10) (10) (M )
ωk ωk ∆ωk δωk the natural frequencies ωk and the damping coefficients
(s−1 ) (s−1 ) (s−1 ) (%) (M ) (M )
dk = −ck of the two above composites (with accuracy
k=1 17731.7 17701.6 30.1 0.170
up to 0.1 s−1 and 0.0001 s−1 , respectively) are given in
k=2 35465.2 35220.6 244.6 0.694
k=3 53198.3 52351.3 847.0 1.618
Tables 3–6.
k=4 70931.3 68849.1 2082.2 3.024 (M )
k=5 88664.2 84400.2 4264.0 5.052 As we can see from Tables 1–6, the relative errors δωk
(M )
and δdk increase with increasing k.

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Table 3. Natural frequencies for the composite increases rapidly with increasing the number of layers in
(M = 14) the composite. The obtained results clearly confirm that
homogenized models play an essential role in the study of
(14)
ωk ∆ωk
(14)
δωk
(14) dynamic behavior of multi-layered composites.
(s−1 ) (s−1 ) (%)
This paper only covers the study of natural frequencies and
k=1 17716.4 15.3 0.086
damping coefficients of two-phase elastic-viscoelastic com-
k=2 35341.7 123.5 0.349
k=3 52775.9 422.4 0.800 posite with periodic structure. In the future, the methods
k=4 69911.4 1019.9 1.459 outlined in the paper will be extended to study dynamic
k=5 86624.2 2040.0 2.355 characteristics of more general n-phase (n ≥ 2) mixed
composites. Furthermore, theoretical and experimental re-
Table 4. Natural frequencies for the composite sults will be compared for real world composite materials.
(M = 28)
REFERENCES
(28) (28) (28)
ωk ∆ωk δωk Bakhvalov, N.S and Panasenko, G.P. (1984) Averaging
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k=3 53094.5 103.8 0.196
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